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  • 从源码角度深入理解Handler

    为了获得良好的用户体验,Android不允许开发者在UI线程中调用耗时操作,否则会报ANR异常,很多时候,比如我们要去网络请求数据,或者遍历本地文件夹都需要我们在新线程中来完成,新线程中不能更新UI,一个常规的解决方法就是在主线程中实例化一个Handler,在新线程中将消息封装在一个Message中,发送到主线程中,然后主线程来更新界面。这些都很简单,我们就不多说了,今天我主要想通过阅读源码来理解Handler,Looper之间的关系。


    缘起


    促使我去看Handler源码是由于在公司的开发中遇到的一个问题,一位同事在一个非UI线程中实例化Handler,结果程序一启动就崩溃,当时来问我,我以前也没遇到过,不知道是什么原因,但是我发现这个问题是由于新线程导致的,就是不能在新线程中创建Handler,但是究竟是什么原因,当时并没有发现。


    上下求索


    这周时间充裕,决定看一下原因,通过阅读源码来彻底了解Handler的工作机制。

    首先,会崩溃的代码是这样的:

            new Thread(new Runnable() {
    
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    mHandler = new Handler() {
    
                        @Override
                        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                            super.handleMessage(msg);
                            switch (msg.what) {
                            case 0:
                                Log.i("lenve", msg.obj.toString());
                                break;
    
                            default:
                                break;
                            }
                        }
    
                    };
                }
            }).start();

    报的错是这样的:
    这里写图片描述

    说是Can’t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare(),就是说呀不能在没有调用Looper.prepare的线程中创建Handler,那么我们在创建之前如果调用Looper.prepared(),结果又会怎么样呢?

    好吧,那么就在创建Handler之前加上一句Looper.prepared(),这个时候应用不崩溃了,而且日志也能如期打印出来,代码如下:

            new Thread(new Runnable() {
    
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    Looper.prepare();
                    mHandler = new Handler() {
    
                        @Override
                        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                            super.handleMessage(msg);
                            switch (msg.what) {
                            case 0:
                                Log.i("lenve", msg.obj.toString());
                                break;
    
                            default:
                                break;
                            }
                        }
    
                    };
                }
            }).start();

    那么Looper.prepare()究竟做了什么?我们先来看看Handler的构造方法,代码如下:

        /**
         * Default constructor associates this handler with the {@link Looper} for the
         * current thread.
         *
         * If this thread does not have a looper, this handler won't be able to receive messages
         * so an exception is thrown.
         */
        public Handler() {
            this(null, false);
        }

    看代码之前我们先来看看注释,说是默认的构造方法将这个Handler与当前的Thread关联,如果当前的Thread没有一个Looper,那么这个Handler不能接收消息,会抛出一个异常。然后看看代码,还是很简单的,只有一句,this(null,false);这是调用了另外一个有两个参数的构造方法,那我们就再看看这个有两个参数的构造函数:

        public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
            if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
                final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
                if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                        (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                    Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                        klass.getCanonicalName());
                }
            }
    
            mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
            if (mLooper == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException(
                    "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
            }
            mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
            mCallback = callback;
            mAsynchronous = async;
        }

    这个构造函数有两个参数,第一个参数是回调函数,这个不用多说,第二参数是说这个Handler是不是异步的,很明显,如果我们使用了无参构造方法来获得一个Handler实例,那么这个Handler不是异步的。那么这个构造函数中有一句是获得一个Looper对象的,如果获得的值为null,那么就会抛出一个异常,这个抛出的异常就是我们刚才看到的那么异常,看来问题就出在mLooper = Looper.myLooper();这句里。那我们看看myLooper这个方法:

        /**
         * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns
         * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
         */
        public static Looper myLooper() {
            return sThreadLocal.get();
        }

    注释说的很明白了,返回一个和当前Thread关联的Looper对象,如果当前Thread没有关联一个Looper对象,那么就会返回一个null。这里之所以会返回一个null是因为TheadLocal创建之后就没有执行过set方法,所以它根本就不会有Looper对象。那我们看看Looper.prepare()究竟做了什么让Handler可以正常使用了。
    源码如下:

        public static void prepare() {
            prepare(true);
        }
    
        private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
            if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
            }
            sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
        }

    当我们执行prepare函数时,它又会调用它的重载函数,在这个重载函数中,如果当前Thead已经有了一个Looper,那么再次调用就会抛出一个异常,这也是为什么我们常说一个线程中只有一个Looper,如果当前线程中没有Looper,那么就会创建一个新的Looper给它。

    这下总算弄明白了,为什么在新线程中使用Handler一定要先调用Looper.prepare(),这个时候有的童鞋可能会有疑问,什么我们在UI线程中使用Handler不用先调用一下Looper.prepare()?
    这里我们得看看ActivityThread类中的相关方法

        public static void main(String[] args) {
            SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
    
            // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
            // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
            // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
            CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
    
            Environment.initForCurrentUser();
    
            // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
            EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
    
            Security.addProvider(new AndroidKeyStoreProvider());
    
            // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
            final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
            TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
    
            Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
    
            Looper.prepareMainLooper();
    
            ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
            thread.attach(false);
    
            if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
                sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
            }
    
            AsyncTask.init();
    
            if (false) {
                Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                        LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
            }
    
            Looper.loop();
    
            throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
        }

    在ActivityThread类的main方法中调用了prepareMainLooper方法,那我们看看这个方法:

        /**
         * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
         * application's main looper. The main looper for your application
         * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
         * to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()}
         */
        public static void prepareMainLooper() {
            prepare(false);
            synchronized (Looper.class) {
                if (sMainLooper != null) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
                }
                sMainLooper = myLooper();
            }
        }

    最后的最后,还有调用了我们前文说的prepare方法。也就是说在UI线程中,不用我们自己创建Looper,系统会自动为我们添加一个Looper。

    说到这里,第一个问题总算解决了,下面我们就要看看消息的发送流程了。
    当我们调用sendMessage方法时,经过一路追踪,最后来到了这里:

        public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
            MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
            if (queue == null) {
                RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                        this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
                Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
                return false;
            }
            return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
        }

    先是一个Message队列,这个mQueue在我们创建一个Looper对象的时候就被new出来了。最后返回的这个东西是把一个Message放入Message队列中,我们再看看这个入队的方法:

        private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
            msg.target = this;
            if (mAsynchronous) {
                msg.setAsynchronous(true);
            }
            return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
        }

    注意这里有个msg.target = this;把当前的Handler交给了msg.target,这里是个伏笔,下文我们会用到这个。继续往下看,这个是MessageQueue类中的enqueueMessage方法:

        boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
            if (msg.isInUse()) {
                throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
            }
            if (msg.target == null) {
                throw new AndroidRuntimeException("Message must have a target.");
            }
    
            boolean needWake;
            synchronized (this) {
                if (mQuiting) {
                    RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                            msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                    Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
                    return false;
                }
    
                msg.when = when;
                Message p = mMessages;
                if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                    // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                    msg.next = p;
                    mMessages = msg;
                    needWake = mBlocked;
                } else {
                    // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                    // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                    // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                    needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                    Message prev;
                    for (;;) {
                        prev = p;
                        p = p.next;
                        if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                            break;
                        }
                        if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                            needWake = false;
                        }
                    }
                    msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                    prev.next = msg;
                }
            }
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
            return true;
        }

    这是关于入队操作,出队操作则在Looper类的loop方法中:

        public static void loop() {
            final Looper me = myLooper();
            if (me == null) {
                throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
            }
            final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    
            // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
            // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
            Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    
            for (;;) {
                Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
                if (msg == null) {
                    // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                    return;
                }
    
                // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
                Printer logging = me.mLogging;
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                            msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
                }
    
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
    
                if (logging != null) {
                    logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
                }
    
                // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
                // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
                final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                if (ident != newIdent) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                            + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                            + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                            + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
                }
    
                msg.recycle();
            }
        }

    这里会不断的读消息,读到消息后调用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);这个msg.target就是我们前面说的那个Handler,也就是我们发消息的Handler,这个时候会调用Handler的dispatchMessage(Messge msg)这个方法。在看看这个方法:

        /**
         * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
         */
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
        }
    
        /**
         * Handle system messages here.
         */
        public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
            if (msg.callback != null) {
                handleCallback(msg);
            } else {
                if (mCallback != null) {
                    if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                        return;
                    }
                }
                handleMessage(msg);
            }
        }

    在dispatchMessage方法中,最终会调用handleMessage(msg);而handleMessage();的方法体是空的,原因是这个方法是由我们自己来实现的。

    转了好大一圈,终于回来了。

    另外我们有的时候会用到Handler的post方法,这个方法可以让我们在非UI线程中更新UI,看看源码,如下:

        public final boolean post(Runnable r)
        {
           return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
        }

    getPostMessage方法会给msg一个回调函数:

        private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
            Message m = Message.obtain();
            m.callback = r;
            return m;
        }

    这样,当我们在最后一步调用dispatchMessage方法时,就不会走上文说的流程,而是会跑到这个方法里来:

        private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
            message.callback.run();
        }

    可以看出,最后调用了run()方法。

    还有一个runOnUiThread,这个也可以在非UI线程中更新UI,看看代码:

        public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
            if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
                mHandler.post(action);
            } else {
                action.run();
            }
        }

    这个逻辑也很简单,如果当前的Thread是UIThread,则直接调用上面说的post 方法,如果是UIThread,则直接run()方法中的代码。

    所以我个人觉得这两个方法都是有点折腾,最好就是统一在新线程中发消息,UI线程收消息,然后更新界面。反正这两个方法的原理本身也是这样。

    好了,就这么多吧。

    本文参考Android异步消息处理机制完全解析,带你从源码的角度彻底理解

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/qitian1/p/6461740.html
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