- Oracle常用命令
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一. 日志管理
1. 强制日志切换
sql> alter system switch logfile;
2. 强制检查点
sql> alter system checkpoint;
3. 添加日志组
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m;
4. 添加联机重做日志成员
sql> alter database add logfile member
sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1,
sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2;
5. 改变联机重做日志成员名
sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log'
sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
6. 删除联机重做日志组
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
7. 删除联机重做日志成员
sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log';
8. 清除联机重做日志文件
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo';
9. 用logminer分析重做日志文件
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' '
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:oracleoradblog');
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:oracleoradataoradbredo01.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:oracleoradataoradbredo02.log',
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=> 'c:oracleoradblogoradb.ora');
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql> v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
二. 表空间管理1. 创建表空间
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:oracleoradatafile1.dbf' size 100m,
sql> 'c:oracleoradatafile2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause]
2. 创建本地管理的表空间
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:oracleoradatauser_data01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform. size 10m;
3. 创建临时表空间
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:oracleoradatatemp01.dbf'
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform. size 10m;
4. 改变表空间存储设置
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
5. 使表空间脱机/联机
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
6. 使表空间只读/可写
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
7. 删除表空间
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
8. 使数据文件自动扩展
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:oracleoradataapp_data01.dbf' size 200m
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
9. 手动改变数据文件大小
sql> alter database datafile 'c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf' resize 200m;
10. 移动数据文件
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:oracleapp_data.dbf';
11. 删除数据文件
sql> alter database rename file 'c:oracleoradataapp_data.dbf'
sql> to 'c:oracleapp_data.dbf';
三. 表1. 创建表
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....)
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache]
2. 根据已存在的表创建新表
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery
3. 创建临时表
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
4. pctfree、pctused设置计算方法
pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
5. 改变存储块初始大小
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
6. 手动分配数据块
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf');
7. 移动表空间
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
8. 回收不用的表空间
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer]
9. 截断表
sql> truncate table table_name;
10. 删除表
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
11. 删除列
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;
12. 把列标记为无用
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
13. 建一个和a表结构一样的空表
SQL> create table b as select * from a where 1=2;
SQL> create table b(b1,b2,b3) as select a1,a2,a3 from a where 1=2;
14. 查看现有回滚段及其状态SQL> col segment format a30
SQL> SELECT SEGMENT_NAME,OWNER,TABLESPACE_NAME,SEGMENT_ID,FILE_ID,STATUS FROM DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS;
四. 索引1. 创建基于函数的索引
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
2. 创建B-tree索引
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql> maxextents 50);
3. 设置index pctfree值
pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
4. 创建反转键索引
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
5. 创建位图索引
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
6. 改变索引的存储参数
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
7. 分配/回收索引空间
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf');
alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
五. 约束1. 定义约束为immediate/deferred
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
2. 删除表的时候同时删除约束
sql> drop table table_name cascade constraintssql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
3. 建表的时候创建约束
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
4. 使约束失效
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
5. 使约束有效
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
六. LOAD数据1. 以insert方式插入数据
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
2. 以parallel方式直接插入数据
sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
3. 用sql*loader导入
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true
七. 数据整理1. 用export导出
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
2. 用import导入
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
3. 移动表空间
sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
4. transport设置
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true);
在表transport_set_violations 中查看
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含
八. 密码安全与资源管理1. 控制帐户锁及密码
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
2. 创建密码设置的profile文件
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
sql> password_grace_time 5;
3. 更改profile文件
sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
4. 删除profile文件
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
5. 创建资源限制的profile文件
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
6. 允许资源限制
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;
九. 用户管理1. 创建一个用户
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
2. 改变用户的表空间配额
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;
3. 删除一个用户
sql> drop user juncky [cascade];
4. 监控用户
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas
5. 查看数据库库对象
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
6. 查看当前所有对象select * from tab;
7. 显示当前连接用户
show user8. 通过授权的方式来创建用户
grant connect,resource to test identified by test;
9. 用户间复制数据
copy from user1 to user2 create table2 using select * from table1;
十. 特权管理1. 查看系统权限 => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs
2. 赋权
sql> grant create session,create table to managers;
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
3. sysdba and sysoper权限
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
alter database archivelog,restricted session
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until
4. password file members查看=> v$pwfile_users
5. 文件访问权限设置
O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
6. revoke系统权限
sql> revoke create session from scott;
7. 赋对象权限
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
8. 查看对象权限 => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
9. revoke对象权限
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
10. 查看审计记录=> sys.aud$
11. 保护审计跟踪表
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
12. statement审计
sql> audit user;
13. privilege审计
sql> audit select any table by summit by access;
14. schema object 审计
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
15. 查看审计选项=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts, dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts
16. 查看审计结果=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object, dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement
十一. 规则管理器1. 创建roles
sql> create role sales_clerk;
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;
2. 修改role
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;
3. 分配roles
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
4. 创建默认role
sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role all;
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role none;
5. enable and disable roles
sql> set role hr_clerk;
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> set role all except sales_clerk;
sql> set role none;
6. remove role from user
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql> revoke hr_manager from public;
7. remove role
sql> drop role hr_manager;
8. display role information
view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs, dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles
十二. 备份与恢复1. 与备份恢复有关的动态性能视图
v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat
2. Rman需要设置的参数
Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
3. 监控Parallel Rollback
> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions
4. 数据库冷备(noarchivelog)
> shutdown immediate
> cp files /backup/
> startup
5. 恢复数据文件到不同位置
> connect system/manager as sysdba
> startup mount
> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf' to '/disk2/../user.dbf';
> alter database open;
6. 恢复有关的语法
--recover a mounted database
>recover database;
>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf';
>alter database recover database;
--recover an opened database
>recover tablespace user_data;
>recover datafile 2;
>alter database recover datafile 2;
7. 自动应用redo log文件
>set autorecovery on
>recover automatic datafile 4;
8. 完全恢复语法
--method 1(mounted databae)
>copy c:backupuser.dbf c:oradatauser.dbf
>startup mount
>recover datafile 'c:oradatauser.dbf;
>alter database open;
--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
>copy c:backupuser.dbf c:oradatauser.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
>recover datafile 'c:oradatauser.dbf' or
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter database datafile 'c:oradatauser.dbf' online or
>alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
>startup mount
>alter database datafile 'c:oradatauser.dbf' offline;
>alter database open
>copy c:backupuser.dbf d:oradatauser.dbf
>alter database rename file 'c:oradatauser.dbf' to 'd:oradatauser.dbf'
>recover datafile 'e:oradatauser.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online;
--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
>alter database create datafile 'd:oradatauser.dbf' as 'c:oradatauser.dbf''
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online
9. 联机备份
> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
> copy files /backup/
> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup;
> alter system switch logfile;
10. 备份控制文件
> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp';
> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
11. 恢复(noarchivelog mode)
> shutdown abort
> cp files
> startup
12. 结束备份模式
>alter database datafile 2 end backup;
13. 清除redo log文件
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
14. redo log恢复
>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:oradataredo03.log' size 1000k;
>alter database drop logfile group 1;
>alter database open;
or >cp c:oradataredo02.log' c:oradataredo01.log
>alter database clear logfile 'c:oradatalog01.log';
15. 查看表空间的名称及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;16. 查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;17. 查看回滚段名称及大小
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status,
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent,
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name ;
18. 查看控制文件
select name from v$controlfile;19. 查看日志文件
select member from v$logfile;
20. 查看表空间的使用情况
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;21. 查看数据文件放置的路径
SQL> col file_name format a50
SQL> select tablespace_name,file_id,bytes/1024/1024,file_name from dba_data_files order by file_id;22. 查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
十三. 其它
1. 查询oracle server端的字符集
SQL>select userenv('language') from dual;2. 查看数据库的版本
Select version FROM Product_component_version Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';select * from v$version;
select * from product_component_version;
3. 把SQL*Plus当计算器
select 100*20 from dual;
4. 连接字符串SQL> select 列1||列2 from 表1;
SQL> select concat(列1,列2) from 表1;5. 查询当前日期
select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd,hh24:mi:ss') from dual;
6. 视图中不能使用order by，但可用group by代替来达到排序目的create view a as select b1,b2 from b group by b1,b2;