今天在安装Python模块matplotlib的时候，一直安装不成功，老是提示“socket.timeout: The read operation timed out”或者“Read timed out.”
因为国内的网络访问国外延迟很高，所以安装模块很慢就不说了，还一定安装不上。
1 [root@localhosts ~]# pip3 install --user matplotlib 2 WARNING: Running pip install with root privileges is generally not a good idea. Try `pip3 install --user` instead. 3 Collecting matplotlib 4 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/57/4f/dd381ecf6c6ab9bcdaa8ea912e866dedc6e696756156d8ecc087e20817e2/matplotlib-3.1.1-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (13.1MB) 5 38% |████████████▍ | 5.1MB 11kB/s eta 0:12:11Exception: 6 Traceback (most recent call last): 7 File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 302, in _error_catcher 8 yield 9 File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 384, in read 10 data = self._fp.read(amt) 11 File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py", line 60, in read 12 data = self.__fp.read(amt) 13 File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/http/client.py", line 459, in read 14 n = self.readinto(b) 15 File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/http/client.py", line 503, in readinto 16 n = self.fp.readinto(b) 17 File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/socket.py", line 586, in readinto 18 return self._sock.recv_into(b) 19 File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/ssl.py", line 968, in recv_into 20 return self.read(nbytes, buffer) 21 File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/ssl.py", line 830, in read 22 return self._sslobj.read(len, buffer) 23 File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/ssl.py", line 587, in read 24 v = self._sslobj.read(len, buffer) 25 socket.timeout: The read operation timed out
这种情况可以使用国内的镜像源加速来安装
可以在pip后面添加-i参数，来指定安装源，这里我使用的是阿里云的安装源
1 [root@localhosts ~]# pip3 install --user matplotlib -i http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple --trusted-host mirrors.aliyun.com 2 Collecting matplotlib 3 Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/57/4f/dd381ecf6c6ab9bcdaa8ea912e866dedc6e696756156d8ecc087e20817e2/matplotlib-3.1.1-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (13.1MB) 4 100% |████████████████████████████████| 13.1MB 12.5MB/s 5 Collecting pyparsing!=2.0.4,!=2.1.2,!=2.1.6,>=2.0.1 (from matplotlib) 6 Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/a3/c4/7828cf9e71ce8fbd43c1e502f3fdd0498f069fcf9d1c268205ce278ae201/pyparsing-2.4.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (67kB) 7 100% |████████████████████████████████| 71kB 15.9MB/s 8 Collecting cycler>=0.10 (from matplotlib) 9 Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/f7/d2/e07d3ebb2bd7af696440ce7e754c59dd546ffe1bbe732c8ab68b9c834e61/cycler-0.10.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl 10 Collecting numpy>=1.11 (from matplotlib) 11 Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/0e/46/ae6773894f7eacf53308086287897ec568eac9768918d913d5b9d366c5db/numpy-1.17.3-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (20.0MB) 12 100% |████████████████████████████████| 20.0MB 12.1MB/s 13 Collecting kiwisolver>=1.0.1 (from matplotlib) 14 Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/f8/a1/5742b56282449b1c0968197f63eae486eca2c35dcd334bab75ad524e0de1/kiwisolver-1.1.0-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (90kB) 15 100% |████████████████████████████████| 92kB 15.7MB/s 16 Collecting python-dateutil>=2.1 (from matplotlib) 17 Downloading http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/packages/d4/70/d60450c3dd48ef87586924207ae8907090de0b306af2bce5d134d78615cb/python_dateutil-2.8.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (227kB) 18 100% |████████████████████████████████| 235kB 12.5MB/s 19 Requirement already satisfied: six in ./.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cycler>=0.10->matplotlib) 20 Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from kiwisolver>=1.0.1->matplotlib) 21 Installing collected packages: pyparsing, cycler, numpy, kiwisolver, python-dateutil, matplotlib 22 Successfully installed cycler-0.10.0 kiwisolver-1.1.0 matplotlib-3.1.1 numpy-1.17.3 pyparsing-2.4.4 python-dateutil-2.8.1
以上方法是单次生效的。
下面来设置替换源永久生效
Windows：
在C:UsersAdministrator目录下面创建一个pip的文件夹
然后新建一个名为pip.ini的文件，文件内容如下
1 [global] 2 index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/ 3 [install] 4 trusted-host = mirrors.aliyun.com
Linux：
在/root目录下面建一个.pip的目录，然后新建一个pip.conf的配置文件
1 mkdir -p /root/.pip 2 cat > /root/.pip/pip.conf <<EOF 3 [global] 4 index-url=https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple 5 trusted-host = pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn 6 EOF