细说Django的admin

在admin.py中只需要将地Model中某个类注册,即可在Admin中进行增删查改的功能,例如:

admin.site.register(models.UserInfo)

这种方式比较简单,如果想要进行更多的定制操作,就需要利用ModelAdmin进行操作

方式一

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
        
    admin.site.register(models.Book,BookAdmin)

没有设置BookAdmin时,系统默认为ModelAdmin

models.Book实际上是一个列表,也可以写成

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
        
    admin.site.register([models.Book,],BookAdmin)

这个参数里可以写多个表名,但要注意的是这里面添加的表名都必须要有list_display中声明要显示的字段

方式二

from django.contrib import admin
from . import models

@admin.register(models.Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
	list_display = ('title','price','publish')

在ModelAdmin中提供了大量的可定制的功能

定制admin

1.list_display:显示列表时,定制显示的列

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')

在后台管理页面中,显示书的名称,价格以及出版社等信息

在class类中还有如下用法:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','aaa')
    
        def aaa(self,obj):
            return obj.title+"--aaaa"

显示如下

2.list_display_links:列表时,定制列可以点击跳转

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
        list_display_links = ('title','price','publish')

在后台页面显示的时候,所显示的列为可以点击跳转

3.list_filter:列表时，定制右侧快速筛选

例子一:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
        list_filter = ('classification','publish')

效果如下:

例子二:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
    
        class Ugg(admin.SimpleListFilter):
    
            title=uget('类型')
    
            parameter_name = "book"
    
            def lookups(self, request, model_admin):
                """
                显示筛选选项,列出价格大于100的书箱的类型
                :param request:
                :param model_admin:
                :return:
                """
                return models.Book.objects.filter(price__gt=100).values_list("publish","classification")
    
            def queryset(self, request, queryset):
                """
                点击查询时,进行筛选
                :param request:
                :param queryset:
                :return:
                """
                v1=self.value()
                return queryset
    
        list_filter = ["publish",Ugg,]

效果如下:

4.list_select_related:列表时，连表查询是否自动select_related

使用联表查询可以提高数据库的查询性能

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
    
        list_select_related = ["publish"]   # 联表查询出版社的信息

5. 分页相关

list_per_page=10            # 分页,每页显示的数据条数
list_max_show_all=100       # 分页,显示全部数据时,最多显示的数据条数
paginator=Paginator         # 分布插件

例如:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
        list_per_page = 2

效果如下:

6. list_editable:列表时，可以编辑的列

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
    
        list_editable = ('price','publish')

效果如下:

7. search_fields:列表时，模糊搜索的功能

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish')
    
        list_select_related = ["publish"]
    
        search_fields = ['title','classification']

效果如下:

8. date_hierarchy:列表时，对Date和DateTime类型进行搜索

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish','publication_date')
    
        list_select_related = ["publish"]
    
        date_hierarchy="publication_date"

效果如下:

9. preserve_filters:详细页面，删除、修改，更新后跳转回列表后，是否保留原搜索条件

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish','publication_date')
    
        list_select_related = ["publish"]
    
        search_fields = ['title', 'classification']
    
        preserve_filters=True

效果如下:

10. save_as = False:详细页面，按钮为“Save as new” 或 “Save and add another”

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish','publication_date')
    
        list_select_related = ["publish"]
    
        save_as = True

效果如下:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish','publication_date')
    
        list_select_related = ["publish"]
    
        save_as = False

效果如下:

11. save_as_continue = True:点击保存并继续编辑

用法与上一个用法相同

12. save_on_top = False:详细页面，在页面上方是否也显示保存删除等按钮

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish','publication_date')
    
        list_select_related = ["publish"]
    
        save_on_top = False

效果如下:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','publish','publication_date')
    
        list_select_related = ["publish"]
    
        save_on_top = True

效果如下:

13. inlines:详细页面，如果有其他表和当前表做FK，那么详细页面可以进行动态增加和删除

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price')
    
    
    class BookInline(admin.StackedInline):
        extra=0
        model=models.Book
    
    class PublishAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        inlines = [BookInline,]
        list_display = ['name','addr']
    
    admin.site.register(models.Publish,PublishAdmin)

效果如下:

在编辑或添加出版社的时候可以同时添加多本书箱数据,添加书籍信息的时候是纵向添加书籍信息的

在这里BookInline这个类还可以继承TabularInline这个类实现横向添加书籍信息

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price')
    
    
    class BookInline(admin.TabularInline):
        extra=0
        model=models.Book
    
    class PublishAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        inlines = [BookInline,]
        list_display = ['name','addr']
    
    admin.site.register(models.Publish,PublishAdmin)

效果如下:

14. action:列表时，定制action中的操作

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price')
    
        def func1(self,request,queryset):       # 定义具体的action的方法
            pass
    
        func1.short_description = "自定义操作"   # 在页面上显示方法的名称
    
        actions_on_top = True                   # action在页面上方显示
    
        actions_on_bottom = False               # action在页面下方显示
    
        actions_selection_counter = True        # 显示页面上选择数据的条数
    
        actions=[func1,]                        # 添加定制的action的操作

在action列表中,添加一个func1的功能

15. 定制HTML模板

Django后台管理页面默认使用的模板是change_list.html

打开change_list.html页面,添加一行

    <h3>hello python</h3>

刷新浏览器,可以看到

可以设置的选项有:

add_form_template = None                        # 添加数据的模板 
change_form_template = None                     # 修改数据的模板
change_list_template = None                     # 显示数据的模板
delete_confirmation_template = None             # 删除数据时确认页面的模板
delete_selected_confirmation_template = None    # 选中之后删除的确认页面
object_history_template = None                  # 有ForeignKey时关联数据进行处理的模板

例子:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price')
    
        change_list_template = ['change_list1.html']

效果如下:

16. raw_id_fields:详细页面，针对FK和M2M字段变成以Input框形式

正常显示的时候,FK和M2M字段是通过下拉框来进行操作的

添加raw_id_fields配置后,针对FK和M2M字段变成以Input框形式

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ('title','price','classification')
    
        raw_id_fields = ('publish','authors')

效果如下:

17. fields:详细页面时，显示的字段

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        
        fields = ('title','price')

效果如下:

18. exclude:详细页面时，排除的字段

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    
        exclude = ('classification',)

效果如下:

19. readonly_fields:详细页面时，只读字段

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        
        readonly_fields = ('classification',)

效果如下:

20. fieldsets:详细页面时，使用fieldsets标签对数据进行分割显示

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    
        fieldsets = (
            ("基本信息",{
                "fields":("title","price","publish",)
            }),
            ("出版信息",{
            "classes":("collapse","wide","extrapretty"),
            "fields":("classification","authors","publication_date",)
        }),
        )

效果如下:

21. 详细页面时，M2M显示时，数据移动选择(方向:上下和左右)

from django.contrib import admin
from . import models

@admin.register(models.Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

    filter_vertical = ("authors",)

效果如下:

from django.contrib import admin
from . import models

@admin.register(models.Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):

    filter_horizontal = ("authors",)

效果如下:

22. ordering:列表时，数据排序规则

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")
    
        ordering=("-price",)

效果如下:

from django.contrib import admin
from . import models

@admin.register(models.Book)
class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")

    ordering=("price",)

效果如下:

23. view_on_site:编辑时，是否在页面上显示view on set

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")
    
        def view_on_site(self,obj):
    
            return "http://www.baidu.com"

点击view on set按钮,浏览器会指向"http://www.baidu.com"

24. radio_fields:详细页面时，使用radio显示选项（FK默认使用select）

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")
    
        radio_fields = {"publish":admin.VERTICAL}

效果如下:

25. show_full_result_count = True:列表时，模糊搜索后面显示的数据个数样式

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")
    
        search_fields = ('title','classification')
    
        show_full_result_count = True

效果如下:

26. formfield_overrides = {}:详细页面时，指定现实插件

27. prepopulated_fields = {}:添加页面，当在某字段填入值后，自动会将值填充到指定字段

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")
    
        search_fields = ('title','classification')
    
        prepopulated_fields = {"title":("classification",)}

效果如下:

28. form = ModelForm:用于定制用户请求时候表单验证

未进行配置之前:

修改配置文件:

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    from django.forms import ModelForm
    
    class MyForm(ModelForm):
        class Meta:
            model=models.Book
            fields="__all__"
            error_messages = {
                "title": {'required': "书名不能为空"},
                "price": {'required': "价格不能为空"}
            }  # 自定义错误信息，用户输入错误时显示
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")
    
        search_fields = ('title','classification')
    
        form=MyForm

效果如下:

29. empty_value_display = "列数据为空时，显示默认值"

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")
    
        search_fields = ('title','classification')
    
        empty_value_display="列数据为空时,默认显示"

总结:

• 在定制admin的所有的操作的时候都是在配置文件中完成的.
• 在配置文件中,可以进行配置的有数据表的字段,函数和类
• 在某个页面中,可以配置使用自定义的模板.
• 同样的,请求到达Django的时候,也可以配置使其执行自定义的函数

ModelAdmin是放置在options.py文件中的.

打开options.py文件,可以看到ModelAdmin里有一个叫做changelist_view 的方法

    from django.contrib import admin
    from . import models
    
    @admin.register(models.Book)
    class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        list_display = ("title","price","classification","publish")
    
        search_fields = ('title','classification')
    
        empty_value_display="列数据为空时,默认显示"

可以看到,BookAdmin是继承自ModelAdmin这个类的,ModelAdmin里有一个changelist_view 的方法

所以在BookAdmin中也可以自定义一个changelist_view的视图函数.

自定义了changelist_view后,changelist_view这个方法只能对BookAdmin类生效,对别的类不起作用