有效的括号 栈

有效的括号 - LeetCode 阅读
https://leetcode-cn.com/articles/valid-parentheses/

给定一个只包括 '('，')'，'{'，'}'，'['，']' 的字符串，判断字符串是否有效。

有效字符串需满足：

1. 左括号必须用相同类型的右括号闭合。
2. 左括号必须以正确的顺序闭合。

注意空字符串可被认为是有效字符串。

让我们看看使用栈作为该问题的中间数据结构的算法。

算法

1. 初始化栈 S。
2. 一次处理表达式的每个括号。
3. 如果遇到开括号，我们只需将其推到栈上即可。这意味着我们将稍后处理它，让我们简单地转到前面的 子表达式。
4. 如果我们遇到一个闭括号，那么我们检查栈顶的元素。如果栈顶的元素是一个 相同类型的 左括号，那么我们将它从栈中弹出并继续处理。否则，这意味着表达式无效。
5. 如果到最后我们剩下的栈中仍然有元素，那么这意味着表达式无效。

class Solution {

  // Hash table that takes care of the mappings.
  private HashMap<Character, Character> mappings;

  // Initialize hash map with mappings. This simply makes the code easier to read.
  public Solution() {
    this.mappings = new HashMap<Character, Character>();
    this.mappings.put(')', '(');
    this.mappings.put('}', '{');
    this.mappings.put(']', '[');
  }

  public boolean isValid(String s) {

    // Initialize a stack to be used in the algorithm.
    Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<Character>();

    for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
      char c = s.charAt(i);

      // If the current character is a closing bracket.
      if (this.mappings.containsKey(c)) {

        // Get the top element of the stack. If the stack is empty, set a dummy value of '#'
        char topElement = stack.empty() ? '#' : stack.pop();

        // If the mapping for this bracket doesn't match the stack's top element, return false.
        if (topElement != this.mappings.get(c)) {
          return false;
        }
      } else {
        // If it was an opening bracket, push to the stack.
        stack.push(c);
      }
    }

    // If the stack still contains elements, then it is an invalid expression.
    return stack.isEmpty();
  }
}

class Solution(object):
    def isValid(self, s):
        """
        :type s: str
        :rtype: bool
        """

        # The stack to keep track of opening brackets.
        stack = []

        # Hash map for keeping track of mappings. This keeps the code very clean.
        # Also makes adding more types of parenthesis easier
        mapping = {")": "(", "}": "{", "]": "["}

        # For every bracket in the expression.
        for char in s:

            # If the character is an closing bracket
            if char in mapping:

                # Pop the topmost element from the stack, if it is non empty
                # Otherwise assign a dummy value of '#' to the top_element variable
                top_element = stack.pop() if stack else '#'

                # The mapping for the opening bracket in our hash and the top
                # element of the stack don't match, return False
                if mapping[char] != top_element:
                    return False
            else:
                # We have an opening bracket, simply push it onto the stack.
                stack.append(char)

        # In the end, if the stack is empty, then we have a valid expression.
        # The stack won't be empty for cases like ((()
        return not stack

复杂度分析

• 时间复杂度：O(n)，因为我们一次只遍历给定的字符串中的一个字符并在栈上进行 O(1) 的推入和弹出操作。
• 空间复杂度：O(n)，当我们将所有的开括号都推到栈上时以及在最糟糕的情况下，我们最终要把所有括号推到栈上。例如 ((((((((((。