Miniconda安装 虚拟环境创建 与包管理

安装python

之前安装python包，导致了python里面的包不兼容，用管理工具卸载也下载不掉，重新安装也安装不上，没有办法只能卸掉python重装。

安装Anaconda

Anaconda指的是一个开源的Python发行版本，其包含了conda、Python等180多个科学包及其依赖项。conda也是一个非常好用的管理工具，只不过1500多个包自己用不了多少，我就选只Minicoda,是Anaconda的精简版本，只含有python和conda管理包。

清华大学Miniconda镜像

Miniconda官方镜像

我选择了Miniconda3-4.4.10-Windows-x86_64 版本，这个版本用的是python36,这个版本之后就是python37

添加环境变量

把完整的安装目录中补全，然后把下面几个文件夹添加到环境变量

D:Miniconda3 
D:Miniconda3Scripts 
D:Miniconda3Libraryin 

配置conda

升级conda

conda update conda

换源

# 清华的镜像源
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge 
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/msys2/

# 中国科技大学源
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/msys2/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/bioconda/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/menpo/

# 阿里云的服务器
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/ 
# 豆瓣网站是用python做的呀 豆瓣的python的源
conda config --add channels http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ 

# 设置搜索时显示通道地址

conda config --set show_channel_urls yes

# 当安装包时，总会被询问是否`Proceed ([y]/n)?` ，默认为False，设置为`always_yes: True`将不会再做提醒

conda config --set always_yes True

虚拟环境创建

命令

usage: conda create [-h] [--shortcuts] [--no-shortcuts] [-y] [--dry-run] [-f]
                    [--file FILE] [--no-deps] [--only-deps] [-m] [-C]
                    [--use-local] [--offline] [--no-pin] [-c CHANNEL]
                    [--override-channels] [-n ENVIRONMENT | -p PATH] [-q]
                    [--copy] [-k] [--update-dependencies]
                    [--no-update-dependencies] [--channel-priority]
                    [--no-channel-priority] [--clobber] [--show-channel-urls]
                    [--no-show-channel-urls] [--download-only] [--json]
                    [--debug] [--verbose] [--clone ENV]
                    [--no-default-packages]
                    [package_spec [package_spec ...]]

Create a new conda environment from a list of specified packages. To use the created environment, use 'source activate envname' look in that directory first.  This command requires either the -n NAME or -p PREFIX option.

Options:

positional arguments:
  package_spec          Packages to install or update in the conda
                        environment.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            Show this help message and exit.
  --shortcuts           Install start menu shortcuts
  --no-shortcuts        Don't install start menu shortcuts
  -y, --yes             Do not ask for confirmation.
  --dry-run             Only display what would have been done.
  -f, --force           Force install (even when package already installed).
  --file FILE           Read package versions from the given file. Repeated
                        file specifications can be passed (e.g. --file=file1
                        --file=file2).
  --no-deps             Do not install, update, remove, or change
                        dependencies. This WILL lead to broken environments
                        and inconsistent behavior. Use at your own risk.
  --only-deps           Only install dependencies.
  -m, --mkdir           Create the environment directory if necessary.
  -C, --use-index-cache
                        Use cache of channel index files, even if it has
                        expired.
  --use-local           Use locally built packages.
  --offline             Offline mode, don't connect to the Internet.
  --no-pin              Ignore pinned file.
  -c CHANNEL, --channel # 换源 国内用清华或者是豆瓣的
                        default channel_alias is http://conda.anaconda.org/.
  --override-channels   Do not search default or .condarc channels. Requires
                        --channel.
  -n ENVIRONMENT, --name ENVIRONMENT # 虚拟环境的名字
                        
  -p PATH, --prefix PATH
                        Full path to environment prefix.
  -q, --quiet           Do not display progress bar. # 静默安装
  --copy                Install all packages using copies instead of hard- or
                        soft-linking.
  -k, --insecure        Allow conda to perform "insecure" SSL connections and
                        transfers. Equivalent to setting 'ssl_verify' to
                        'false'.
  --update-dependencies, --update-deps
                        Update dependencies. Overrides the value given by
                        `conda config --show update_deps`.
  --no-update-dependencies, --no-update-deps
                        Don't update dependencies. Overrides the value given
                        by `conda config --show update_deps`.
  --channel-priority, --channel-pri, --chan-pri
                        Channel priority takes precedence over package
                        version. Overrides the value given by `conda config
                        --show channel_priority`.
  --no-channel-priority, --no-channel-pri, --no-chan-pri
                        Package version takes precedence over channel
                        priority. Overrides the value given by `conda config
                        --show channel_priority`.
  --clobber             Allow clobbering of overlapping file paths within
                        packages, and suppress related warnings.
  --show-channel-urls   Show channel urls. Overrides the value given by `conda
                        config --show show_channel_urls`.
  --no-show-channel-urls
                        Don't show channel urls. Overrides the value given by
                        `conda config --show show_channel_urls`.
  --download-only       Solve an environment and ensure package caches are
                        populated, but exit prior to unlinking and linking
                        packages into the prefix.
  --json                Report all output as json. Suitable for using conda
                        programmatically.
  --debug               Show debug output.
  --verbose, -v         Use once for info, twice for debug, three times for
                        trace.
  --clone ENV           Path to (or name of) existing local environment.
  --no-default-packages
                        Ignore create_default_packages in the .condarc file.
                        
                        

虚拟环境

查看虚拟环境

conda info --envs/e

创建

# 创建一个名叫py2，使用python2.7解释器的虚拟环境 -n是虚拟环境名字，python = 2.7是指定特定版本
conda create -n py2 python=2.7

# 激活Py2虚拟环境
activate py2 

#退出
deactivate 
quit

包管理

conda和pip区别

conda作为包管理工具和pip类似，但是还有区别：

• 某些包不能通过conda安装，只能通过pip安装

• anaconda python conda都被conda视为package,和普通安装包管理方式相同

普通包管理

# 查看当前激活环境中的已安装包，如果希望查询指定环境中已安装包，则在command命令后加上-n 环境名，其他命令类似

conda list (-n python34)

# 查找package信息

conda search (-n python34)  numpy

# 查看某安装包是否已安装

conda list | grep 包名（支持正则）

# 安装package，如果不用-n指定环境名称，则被安装在当前活跃环境，也可以通过-c指定通过某个channel安装

conda install (-n python34) numpy

# 更新package

conda update (-n python34) numpy

# 删除package

conda remove (-n python34) numpy

# 新创建的环境只会包含较少的必须项如pip、python，若希望新环境和默认环境那样安装完整anaconda集合包

conda install anaconda

特殊包管理

我下载是是minoconda 所以只用更新conda就可以了

# 更新conda，保持conda最新

conda update conda

# 更新anaconda集合包

conda update anaconda

# 更新python，假设当前环境是python 3.4, conda会将python升级为3.4.x系列的当前最新版本

conda update python

# 更新anaconda-navigator

conda update anaconda-navigator

pip命令

Usage:
  pip <command> [options]
  
Commands:
  install                     Install packages.
  download                    Download packages.
  uninstall                   Uninstall packages.
  freeze                      Output installed packages in requirements format.
  list                        List installed packages.
  show                        Show information about installed packages.
  check                       Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.
  config                      Manage local and global configuration.
  search                      Search PyPI for packages.
  wheel                       Build wheels from your requirements.
  hash                        Compute hashes of package archives.
  completion                  A helper command used for command completion.
  help                        Show help for commands.
  
General Options:
  -h, --help                  Show help.
  --isolated                  Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring
                              environment variables and user configuration.
  -v, --verbose               Give more output. Option is additive, and can be
                              used up to 3 times.
  -V, --version               Show version and exit.
  -q, --quiet                 Give less output. Option is additive, and can be
                              used up to 3 times (corresponding to WARNING,
                              ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).
  --log <path>                Path to a verbose appending log.
  --proxy <proxy>             Specify a proxy in the form
                              [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
  --retries <retries>         Maximum number of retries each connection should
                              attempt (default 5 times).
  --timeout <sec>             Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).
  --exists-action <action>    Default action when a path already exists:
                              (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup, (a)bort).
  --trusted-host <hostname>   Mark this host as trusted, even though it does
                              not have valid or any HTTPS.
  --cert <path>               Path to alternate CA bundle.
  --client-cert <path>        Path to SSL client certificate, a single file
                              containing the private key and the certificate
                              in PEM format.
  --cache-dir <dir>           Store the cache data in <dir>.
  --no-cache-dir              Disable the cache.
  --disable-pip-version-check
                              Don't periodically check PyPI to determine
                              whether a new version of pip is available for
                              download. Implied with --no-index.
  --no-color                  Suppress colored output