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  • 理解Docker(1):Docker 安装和基础用法

    本系列文章将介绍Docker的有关知识:

    (1)Docker 安装及基本用法

    (2)Docker 镜像

    (3)Docker 容器的隔离性 - 使用 Linux namespace 隔离容器的运行环境

    (4)Docker 容器的隔离性 - 使用 cgroups 限制容器使用的资源

    (5)Docker 网络

    1. 安装

    1.1 在 Ubuntu 14.04 上安装 Docker

    前提要求:

    • 内核版本必须是3.10或者以上

    依次执行下面的步骤:

    1. sudo apt-get update
    2. sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates
    3. sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://p80.pool.sks-keyservers.net:80 --recv-keys 58118E89F3A912897C070ADBF76221572C52609D
    4. 编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list 文件,添加 deb https://apt.dockerproject.org/repo ubuntu-trusty main
    5. sudo apt-get update
    6. sudo apt-get purge lxc-docker
    7. apt-cache policy docker-engine
    8. apt-get upgrade
    9. sudo apt-get install linux-image-extra-$(uname -r) linux-image-extra-virtual
    10. sudo apt-get install docker-engine

    至此,安装过程完成。

    1. 运行 sudo service docker start 启动 Docker 守护进程。
    2. 运行 docker version 查看 Docker 版本
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker --version
    Docker version 1.12.1, build 23cf638

    启动第一个容器:

    1. 启动第一个Docker 容器 docker run hello-world
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker run hello-world
    
    Hello from Docker!
    This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

    它的运行成功也表明前面的安装步骤都运行正确了。 

    以上内容参考自 Docker 官网:https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/linux/ubuntulinux/

    1.2 Docker 到目前(2016/09/16)为止的版本历史

    版本号发布日期发布经理
    Docker 1.12.1 08/18/2016  
    Docker 1.12.0 07/28/2016  
    Docker 1.11.0 04/12/2016 @mlaventure
    Docker 1.10.0 02/04/2016 @thaJeztah
    Docker 1.9.0 10/29/2015 @tiborvass
    Docker 1.8.0 08/11/2015 @calavera

    2. Docker 的基本操作

    2.1 Docker 容器的状态机

    图片来源

    一个容器在某个时刻可能处于以下几种状态之一:

    • created:已经被创建 (使用 docker ps -a 命令可以列出)但是还没有被启动 (使用 docker ps 命令还无法列出)
    • running:运行中
    • paused:容器的进程被暂停了
    • restarting:容器的进程正在重启过程中
    • exited:上图中的 stopped 状态,表示容器之前运行过但是现在处于停止状态(要区别于 created 状态,它是指一个新创出的尚未运行过的容器)。可以通过 start 命令使其重新进入 running 状态
    • destroyed:容器被删除了,再也不存在了

    你可以在 docker inspect 命令的输出中查看其详细状态:

    "State": {
                "Status": "running",
                "Running": true,
                "Paused": false,
                "Restarting": false,
                "OOMKilled": false,
                "Dead": false,
                "Pid": 4597,
                "ExitCode": 0,
                "Error": "",
                "StartedAt": "2016-09-16T08:09:34.53403504Z",
                "FinishedAt": "2016-09-16T08:06:44.365106765Z"
            }

    2.2 Docker 命令概述

    我们可以把Docker 的命令大概地分类如下:

        镜像操作:
        build     Build an image from a Dockerfile
        commit    Create a new image from a container's changes
        images    List images
        load      Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
        pull      Pull an image or a repository from a registry
        push      Push an image or a repository to a registry
        rmi       Remove one or more images
        search    Search the Docker Hub for images
        tag       Tag an image into a repository
        save      Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
        history   显示某镜像的历史
    inspect 获取镜像的详细信息
    容器及其中应用的生命周期操作: create Create a
    new container (创建一个容器) kill Kill one or more running containers inspect Return low-level information on a container, image or task pause Pause all processes within one or more containers ps List containers rm Remove one or more containers (删除一个或者多个容器) rename Rename a container restart Restart a container run Run a command in a new container (创建并启动一个容器) start Start one or more stopped containers (启动一个处于停止状态的容器) stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics (显示容器实时的资源消耗信息) stop Stop one or more running containers (停止一个处于运行状态的容器) top Display the running processes of a container unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers update Update configuration of one or more containers wait Block until a container stops, then print its exit code attach Attach to a running container exec Run a command in a running container port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
    logs 获取容器的日志 容器文件系统操作: cp Copy files
    /folders between a container and the local filesystem diff Inspect changes on a container's filesystem export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image Docker registry 操作: login Log in to a Docker registry. logout Log out from a Docker registry. Volume 操作 volume Manage Docker volumes 网络操作 network Manage Docker networks Swarm 相关操作 swarm Manage Docker Swarm service Manage Docker services node Manage Docker Swarm nodes 系统操作: version Show the Docker version information
    events Get real time events from the server (持续返回docker 事件)
    info Display system-wide information (显示Docker 主机系统范围内的信息)
    
    

    比较有意思的几个命令:

    (1)容器从生到死整个生命周期

    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker create --name web31 training/webapp python app.py  #创建名字为 web31 的容器
    7465f4cb7c49555af32929bd1bc4213f5e72643c0116450e495b71c7ec128502
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 #其状态为 created
    created
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker start web31 #启动容器
    web31
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker exec -it web31 /bin/bash #在容器中运行 bash 命令
    root@devstack:
    /home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 #其状态为 running running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker pause web31 #暂停容器 web31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 paused root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker unpause web31 #继续容器 web31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rename web31 newweb31 #重命名 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31 running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker top newweb31 #在容器中运行 top 命令 UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 5009 4979 0 16:28 ? 00:00:00 python app.py root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker logs newweb31 #获取容器的日志 * Running on http://0.0.0.0:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit) root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker stop newweb31 #停止容器 newweb31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31 exited root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rm newweb31 #删除容器 newweb31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31 Error: No such image, container or task: newweb31

    (2) docker stop 和 docker kill

    在docker stop 命令执行的时候,会先向容器中PID为1的进程发送系统信号 SIGTERM,然后等待容器中的应用程序终止执行,如果等待时间达到设定的超时时间(默认为 10秒,用户可以指定特定超时时长),会继续发送SIGKILL的系统信号强行kill掉进程。在容器中的应用程序,可以选择忽略和不处理SIGTERM信号,不过一旦达到超时时间,程序就会被系统强行kill掉,因为SIGKILL信号是直接发往系统内核的,应用程序没有机会去处理它。

    比如运行 docker stop web5 -t 20 命令后:

    2016-09-16T16:01:18.206540853+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=15)
    2016-09-16T16:01:38.212352224+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9)
    2016-09-16T16:01:38.235021315+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitCode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)

    能看到:

    1. 首先 docker 向容器发出 SIGTERM 信号(signal=15)
    2. 等待20秒 (01:18 到 01:38)
    3. 再发送 SIGKILL 系统信号 (signal = 9)
    4. 然后容器被杀掉了 (die)

    而 docker kill 命令会直接发出SIGKILL的系统信号,以强行终止容器中程序的运行。运行 docker kill web5 命令后:

    2016-09-16T16:06:44.351086471+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9)
    2016-09-16T16:06:44.365116100+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitCode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)

    可见直接发出的是 SIGKILL 信号,容器立马就被杀掉了。

    (3)使用 docker cp 在 host 和 container 之间拷贝文件或者目录

    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp /home/sammy/mydockerbuild/Dockerfile web5:/webapp #从 host 拷贝文件到 container 里面
    root@devstack:/home/sammy#
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp web5:/webapp/Dockerfile /home/sammy/Dockerfile #从 container 里面拷贝文件到 host 上
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls /home/sammy
    chroot  devstack  Dockerfile  mongodbdocker  mydockerbuild  webapp

    (4)docker export 和 import

    docker export:将一个容器的文件系统打包为一个压缩文件

    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker export web5 -o ./web5
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls
    chroot  devstack  Dockerfile  mongodbdocker  mydockerbuild  web5  webapp

    docker import:从一个压缩文件创建一个镜像

    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker import web5 web5img -m "imported on 0916"
    sha256:745bb258be0a69a517367667646148bb2f662565bb3d222b50c0c22e5274a926
    root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker history web5img
    IMAGE               CREATED             CREATED BY          SIZE                COMMENT
    745bb258be0a        6 seconds ago                           324 MB              imported on 0916

    (5) 当在 docker 中执行某 bash 命令时,可能会返回 command not found。其原因是你所使用的镜像往往是最小镜像,未安装你所需要的命令。比如基于 ubuntu 镜像启动一个容器,运行 ping 命令会提示该错误。此时,需要手工安装该工具。

    apt-get update
    apt-get install iputils-ping  #会安装 ping 命令
    apt-get install net-tools #会安装 ifconfig 命令

     2.3 docker run 命令

    docker run 命令会创建一个容器并启动它,它也是包含很多的参数,按照用途将它们分类如下:

       cgroups 和 namespace 相关:
          --blkio-weight value          Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000
          --blkio-weight-device value   Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
          --cgroup-parent string        Optional parent cgroup for the container
          --cpu-percent int             CPU percent (Windows only)
          --cpu-period int              Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
          --cpu-quota int               Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
      -c, --cpu-shares int              CPU shares (relative weight)
          --cpuset-cpus string          CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
          --cpuset-mems string          MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
          --device-read-bps value       Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
          --device-read-iops value      Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
          --device-write-bps value      Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
          --device-write-iops value     Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
          --ipc string                  IPC namespace to use
      -m, --memory string               Memory limit
          --memory-reservation string   Memory soft limit
          --memory-swap string          Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
          --memory-swappiness int       Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
          --kernel-memory string        Kernel memory limit
      -u, --user string                 Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
          --userns string               User namespace to use
          --uts string                  UTS namespace to use
      -h, --hostname string             Container host name
          --pid string                  PID namespace to use
          --pids-limit int              Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
          --isolation string            Container isolation technology
          --io-maxbandwidth string      Maximum IO bandwidth limit for the system drive (Windows only)
          --io-maxiops uint             Maximum IOps limit for the system drive (Windows only)
        
        linux process capabilities 相关参数:
          --cap-add value               Add Linux capabilities (default [])
          --cap-drop value              Drop Linux capabilities (default [])
        
        容器运行模式和环境相关:
      -d, --detach                      Run container in background and print container ID
      -e, --env value                   Set environment variables (default [])
          --env-file value              Read in a file of environment variables (default [])
        
        DNS 相关:
          --dns value                   Set custom DNS servers (default [])
          --dns-opt value               Set DNS options (default [])
          --dns-search value            Set custom DNS search domains (default [])
        
        健康检查相关:
          --health-cmd string           Command to run to check health
          --health-interval duration    Time between running the check
          --health-retries int          Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
          --health-timeout duration     Maximum time to allow one check to run
          --no-healthcheck              Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
          
        IP 和端口:
          --ip string                   Container IPv4 address (e.g. 172.30.100.104)
          --ip6 string                  Container IPv6 address (e.g. 2001:db8::33)
      -p, --publish value               Publish a container's port(s) to the host (default [])
      -P, --publish-all                 Publish all exposed ports to random ports
          --expose value                Expose a port or a range of ports (default [])
          --mac-address string          Container MAC address (e.g. 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
          --add-host value              Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip) (default [])
          
        Volume 相关:
      -v, --volume value                Bind mount a volume (default [])
          --volume-driver string        Optional volume driver for the container
          --volumes-from value          Mount volumes from the specified container(s) (default [])
          --storage-opt value           Storage driver options for the container (default [])
      
        Network 有关:
          --network string              Connect a container to a network (default "default")
          --network-alias value         Add network-scoped alias for the container (default [])
          --link value                  Add link to another container (default [])
          --link-local-ip value         Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses (default [])
        
        日志有关:
          --log-driver string           Logging driver for the container
          --log-opt value               Log driver options (default [])
        
        交互性有关:
      -a, --attach value                Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR (default [])
      -i, --interactive                 Keep STDIN open even if not attached
       
        OOM 有关:   
          --oom-kill-disable            Disable OOM Killer
          --oom-score-adj int           Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
        
        其它(待更进一步分类):
          --cidfile string              Write the container ID to the file
          --detach-keys string          Override the key sequence for detaching a container
          --device value                Add a host device to the container (default [])
          --disable-content-trust       Skip image verification (default true)
          --entrypoint string           Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
          --group-add value             Add additional groups to join (default [])
          --help                        Print usage
      -l, --label value                 Set meta data on a container (default [])
          --label-file value            Read in a line delimited file of labels (default [])
          --name string                 Assign a name to the container
          --privileged                  Give extended privileges to this container
          --read-only                   Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
          --restart string              Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
          --rm                          Automatically remove the container when it exits
          --runtime string              Runtime to use for this container
          --security-opt value          Security Options (default [])
          --shm-size string             Size of /dev/shm, default value is 64MB
          --sig-proxy                   Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
          --stop-signal string          Signal to stop a container, SIGTERM by default (default "SIGTERM")
          --sysctl value                Sysctl options (default map[])
          --tmpfs value                 Mount a tmpfs directory (default [])
      -t, --tty                         Allocate a pseudo-TTY
          --ulimit value                Ulimit options (default [])
      -w, --workdir string              Working directory inside the container

    具体的内容以后会有专门文件分析。

    3. Doker 平台的基本构成

    Docker 平台基本上由三部分组成:

    1. 客户端:用户使用 Docker 提供的工具(CLI 以及 API 等)来构建,上传镜像并发布命令来创建和启动容器
    2. Docker 主机:从 Docker registry 上下载镜像并启动容器
    3. Docker registry:Docker 镜像仓库,用于保存镜像,并提供镜像上传和下载

    后面的文章会具体分析。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/sammyliu/p/5875470.html
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