uva694 The Collatz Sequence

  The Collatz Sequence 

An algorithm given by Lothar Collatz produces sequences of integers, and is described as follows:

Step 1:

Choose an arbitrary positive integer A as the first item in the sequence.

Step 2:

If A = 1 then stop.

Step 3:

If A is even, then replace A by A / 2 and go to step 2.

Step 4:

If A is odd, then replace A by 3 * A + 1 and go to step 2.

It has been shown that this algorithm will always stop (in step 2) for initial values of A as large as 10⁹, but some values of A encountered in the sequence may exceed the size of an integer on many computers. In this problem we want to determine the length of the sequence that includes all values produced until either the algorithm stops (in step 2), or a value larger than some specified limit would be produced (in step 4).

Input 

The input for this problem consists of multiple test cases. For each case, the input contains a single line with two positive integers, the first giving the initial value of A (for step 1) and the second giving L, the limiting value for terms in the sequence. Neither of these, A or L, is larger than 2,147,483,647 (the largest value that can be stored in a 32-bit signed integer). The initial value of A is always less than L. A line that contains two negative integers follows the last case.

Output 

For each input case display the case number (sequentially numbered starting with 1), a colon, the initial value for A, the limiting value L, and the number of terms computed.

Sample Input 

 3 100
 34 100
 75 250
 27 2147483647
 101 304
 101 303
 -1 -1

Sample Output 

 Case 1: A = 3, limit = 100, number of terms = 8
 Case 2: A = 34, limit = 100, number of terms = 14
 Case 3: A = 75, limit = 250, number of terms = 3
 Case 4: A = 27, limit = 2147483647, number of terms = 112
 Case 5: A = 101, limit = 304, number of terms = 26
 Case 6: A = 101, limit = 303, number of terms = 1

经过运算后会超过int范围，因此使用long型

#include <stdio.h> long a, l; long cal(long count) {     while (a != 1)     {         if (a % 2)               a = a * 3 + 1;         else             a /= 2;               if (a <= l)             count++;         else             return count;     }     return count; } int main() {     int mcase = 1;     while (scanf("%ld %ld", &a, &l) != EOF && (a > 0 && l > 0))     {           long count = 1;           long tmp = a;           printf("Case %d: A = %ld, limit = %ld, number of terms = %ld\n", mcase++, tmp, l, cal(count));     }     return 0; }