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  • 代码演示C#各版本新功能

    代码演示C#各版本新功能

    C#各版本新功能其实都能在官网搜到,但很少有人整理在一起,并通过非常简短的代码将每个新特性演示出来。

    C# 2.0版 - 2005

    泛型

    Java中的泛型不支持值类型,且会运行时类型擦除,这一点.NET更优秀。

    // Declare the generic class.
    public class GenericList<T>
    {
        public void Add(T input) { }
    }
    class TestGenericList
    {
        private class ExampleClass { }
        static void Main()
        {
            // Declare a list of type int.
            GenericList<int> list1 = new GenericList<int>();
            list1.Add(1);
    
            // Declare a list of type string.
            GenericList<string> list2 = new GenericList<string>();
            list2.Add("");
    
            // Declare a list of type ExampleClass.
            GenericList<ExampleClass> list3 = new GenericList<ExampleClass>();
            list3.Add(new ExampleClass());
        }
    }
    

    分部类型

    拆分一个类、一个结构、一个接口或一个方法的定义到两个或更多的文件中是可能的。 每个源文件包含类型或方法定义的一部分,编译应用程序时将把所有部分组合起来。

    public partial class Employee
    {
        public void DoWork()
        {
        }
    }
    
    public partial class Employee
    {
        public void GoToLunch()
        {
        }
    }
    

    匿名方法

    Func<int, int, int> sum = delegate (int a, int b) { return a + b; };
    Console.WriteLine(sum(3, 4));  // output: 7
    

    可以为null的值类型

    double? pi = 3.14;
    char? letter = 'a';
    
    int m2 = 10;
    int? m = m2;
    
    bool? flag = null;
    
    // An array of a nullable type:
    int?[] arr = new int?[10];
    

    迭代器

    static void Main()
    {
        foreach (int number in SomeNumbers())
        {
            Console.Write(number.ToString() + " ");
        }
        // Output: 3 5 8
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
    
    public static System.Collections.IEnumerable SomeNumbers()
    {
        yield return 3;
        yield return 5;
        yield return 8;
    }
    

    协变和逆变

    在 C# 中,协变和逆变能够实现数组类型、委托类型和泛型类型参数的隐式引用转换。 协变保留分配兼容性,逆变则与之相反。

    // Assignment compatibility.   
    string str = "test";  
    // An object of a more derived type is assigned to an object of a less derived type.   
    object obj = str;  
      
    // Covariance.   
    IEnumerable<string> strings = new List<string>();  
    // An object that is instantiated with a more derived type argument   
    // is assigned to an object instantiated with a less derived type argument.   
    // Assignment compatibility is preserved.   
    IEnumerable<object> objects = strings;  
      
    // Contravariance.             
    // Assume that the following method is in the class:   
    // static void SetObject(object o) { }   
    Action<object> actObject = SetObject;  
    // An object that is instantiated with a less derived type argument   
    // is assigned to an object instantiated with a more derived type argument.   
    // Assignment compatibility is reversed.   
    Action<string> actString = actObject;
    

    C# 3.0版 - 2007

    自动实现的属性

    // This class is mutable. Its data can be modified from
    // outside the class.
    class Customer
    {
        // Auto-implemented properties for trivial get and set
        public double TotalPurchases { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public int CustomerID { get; set; }
    
        // Constructor
        public Customer(double purchases, string name, int ID)
        {
            TotalPurchases = purchases;
            Name = name;
            CustomerID = ID;
        }
    
        // Methods
        public string GetContactInfo() { return "ContactInfo"; }
        public string GetTransactionHistory() { return "History"; }
    
        // .. Additional methods, events, etc.
    }
    
    class Program
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            // Intialize a new object.
            Customer cust1 = new Customer(4987.63, "Northwind", 90108);
    
            // Modify a property.
            cust1.TotalPurchases += 499.99;
        }
    }
    

    匿名类型

    var v = new { Amount = 108, Message = "Hello" };  
      
    // Rest the mouse pointer over v.Amount and v.Message in the following  
    // statement to verify that their inferred types are int and n .  
    Console.WriteLine(v.Amount + v.Message);
    

    查询表达式(LINQ)

    LINQ允许你可以像写SQL一样写C#代码,像这样:

    from p in persons
    where p.Age > 18 && p.IsBeatiful
    select new
    {
        p.WeChatId, 
        p.PhoneNumber
    }
    

    LINQ的意义在于让C#做出了重大调整,本章中说到的lambda表达式、扩展方法、表达式树、匿名类型、自动属性等,都是LINQ的必要组成部分。

    由于用扩展方法的形式也能得到一致的结果,而且还能让代码风格更加一致,所以我平时用LINQ语法较少:

    // 与上文代码相同,但改成了扩展方法风格:
    persons
        .Where(x => x.Age > 18 && x.IsBeatiful)
        .Select(x => new 
        {
            x.WeChatId, 
            x.PhoneNumber, 
        });
    

    Lambda表达式

    Func<int, int> square = x => x * x;
    Console.WriteLine(square(5));
    // Output:
    // 25
    

    表达式树

    这个是LINQ的基础之一,它的作用是将代码像数据一样,保存在内存中;然后稍后对这些“代码数据”进行重新解释/执行。

    Entity Framework就是一个经典场景,它先将表达式树保存起来,然后执行时,将其翻译为SQL发给数据库执行。

    注意:表达式树并不能表示所有的代码,C# 3.0之后的语法,包含???.async await、可选参数等,都无法放到表达式树中。据说官方准备更新它,但迟迟没有进展。

    扩展方法

    扩展方法使你能够向现有类型“添加”方法,而无需创建新的派生类型、重新编译或以其他方式修改原始类型。

    static void Main()
    {
    	Console.WriteLine ("Perth".IsCapitalized());	
    	// Equivalent to:
    	Console.WriteLine (StringHelper.IsCapitalized ("Perth"));	
    	
    	// Interfaces can be extended, too:
    	Console.WriteLine ("Seattle".First());   // S
    }
    
    public static class StringHelper
    {
    	public static bool IsCapitalized (this string s)
    	{
    		if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s)) return false;
    		return char.IsUpper (s[0]);
    	}
    	
    	public static T First<T> (this IEnumerable<T> sequence)
    	{
    		foreach (T element in sequence)
    			return element;
    		
    		throw new InvalidOperationException ("No elements!");
    	}
    }
    

    var

    var i = 10; // Implicitly typed.
    int i = 10; // Explicitly typed.
    

    分部方法

    namespace PM
    {
        partial class A
        {
            partial void OnSomethingHappened(string s);
        }
    
        // This part can be in a separate file.
        partial class A
        {
            // Comment out this method and the program
            // will still compile.
            partial void OnSomethingHappened(String s)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Something happened: {0}", s);
            }
        }
    }
    

    对象和集合初始值设定项

    public class Cat
    {
        // Auto-implemented properties.
        public int Age { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    
        public Cat()
        {
        }
    
        public Cat(string name)
        {
            this.Name = name;
        }
    }
    

    C# 4.0版 - 2010

    dynamic

    这个是特性使得CLR不得不进行一次修改。有了这个,C#也能像jsphppython等弱类型语言一样写代码了。

    dynamic a = 3;
    a = 3.14;
    a = "Hello World";
    a = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
    a = new Func<int>(() => 3);
    a = new StringBuilder();
    Console.WriteLine(a.GetType().Name); // StringBuilder
    

    注意dynamic可以表示任何东西,包含数组、委托等等。滥用dynamic容易让程序变得很难维护。

    命名参数/可选参数

    PrintOrderDetails(productName: "Red Mug", sellerName: "Gift Shop", orderNum: 31);
    
    public void ExampleMethod(int required, string optionalstr = "default string",
        int optionalint = 10)
    

    泛型中的协变和逆变

    IEnumerable<Derived> d = new List<Derived>();
    IEnumerable<Base> b = d;
    
    Action<Base> b = (target) => { Console.WriteLine(target.GetType().Name); };
    Action<Derived> d = b;
    d(new Derived());
    

    类型等效、内置互操作类型

    这个主要是为了和COM进行交互。之前需要引用一些COM类型相关的程序集,现在可以直接引用COM
    具体可以参见:https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/dotnet/framework/interop/type-equivalence-and-embedded-interop-types

    C# 5.0版 - 2012

    async/await

    private DamageResult CalculateDamageDone()
    {
        // Code omitted:
        //
        // Does an expensive calculation and returns
        // the result of that calculation.
    }
    
    calculateButton.Clicked += async (o, e) =>
    {
        // This line will yield control to the UI while CalculateDamageDone()
        // performs its work.  The UI thread is free to perform other work.
        var damageResult = await Task.Run(() => CalculateDamageDone());
        DisplayDamage(damageResult);
    };
    

    async/await的本质是状态机,像IEnumerable<T>一样。以前游戏引擎Unity只支持C# 3.0,因此当时它用状态机发Http请求是用的IEnumerable<T>

    async/await有两个好处,一是可以避免UI线程卡顿,二是提高系统吞吐率,最终提高性能。

    调用方信息

    public void DoProcessing()
    {
        TraceMessage("Something happened.");
    }
    
    public void TraceMessage(string message,
            [CallerMemberName] string memberName = "",
            [CallerFilePath] string sourceFilePath = "",
            [CallerLineNumber] int sourceLineNumber = 0)
    {
        System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("message: " + message);
        System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("member name: " + memberName);
        System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("source file path: " + sourceFilePath);
        System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("source line number: " + sourceLineNumber);
    }
    
    // Sample Output:
    //  message: Something happened.
    //  member name: DoProcessing
    //  source file path: c:Visual Studio ProjectsCallerInfoCSCallerInfoCSForm1.cs
    //  source line number: 31
    

    注意这个是编译期生成的,因此比StackTrace更能保证性能。

    C# 6.0版 - 2015

    静态导入

    终于可以不用写静态类名了。

    using static System.Math;
    using static System.Console;
    
    WriteLine(Sin(3.14)); // 0.00159265291648683
    

    异常筛选器

    try-catch时,可以按指定的条件进行catch,其它条件不catch

    public static async Task<string> MakeRequest()
    {
        WebRequestHandler webRequestHandler = new WebRequestHandler();
        webRequestHandler.AllowAutoRedirect = false;
        using (HttpClient client = new HttpClient(webRequestHandler))
        {
            var stringTask = client.GetStringAsync("https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/about/");
            try
            {
                var responseText = await stringTask;
                return responseText;
            }
            catch (System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException e) when (e.Message.Contains("301"))
            {
                return "Site Moved";
            }
        }
    }
    

    自动初始化表达式

    public ICollection<double> Grades { get; } = new List<double>();
    

    Expression-bodied 函数成员

    public override string ToString() => $"{LastName}, {FirstName}";
    

    Null传播器

    var first = person?.FirstName;
    

    字符串内插

    public string GetGradePointPercentage() =>
        $"Name: {LastName}, {FirstName}. G.P.A: {Grades.Average():F2}";
    

    nameof表达式

    有时字符串值和某个变量名称一致,尤其是在做参数验证时。这里nameof就能在编译期,自动从变量名生成一个字符串。

    if (IsNullOrWhiteSpace(lastName))
        throw new ArgumentException(message: "Cannot be blank", paramName: nameof(lastName));
    

    索引初始值设定项

    使集合初始化更容易的另一个功能是对 Add 方法使用扩展方法 。 添加此功能的目的是进行 Visual Basic 的奇偶校验。 如果自定义集合类的方法具有通过语义方式添加新项的名称,则此功能非常有用。

    C# 7.0版本 - 2017

    out变量

    if (int.TryParse(input, out int result))
        Console.WriteLine(result);
    else
        Console.WriteLine("Could not parse input");
    

    元组和解构

    (string Alpha, string Beta) namedLetters = ("a", "b");
    Console.WriteLine($"{namedLetters.Alpha}, {namedLetters.Beta}");
    

    如上代码所示,解构可以将元组拆分为多个变量。

    模式匹配

    现在可以在匹配一个类型时,自动转换为这个类型的变量,如果转换失败,这个变量就赋值为默认值(null0)。

    极简版:

    if (input is int count)
        sum += count;
    

    switch/case版:

    public static int SumPositiveNumbers(IEnumerable<object> sequence)
    {
        int sum = 0;
        foreach (var i in sequence)
        {
            switch (i)
            {
                case 0:
                    break;
                case IEnumerable<int> childSequence:
                {
                    foreach(var item in childSequence)
                        sum += (item > 0) ? item : 0;
                    break;
                }
                case int n when n > 0:
                    sum += n;
                    break;
                case null:
                    throw new NullReferenceException("Null found in sequence");
                default:
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Unrecognized type");
            }
        }
        return sum;
    }
    

    本地函数

    这个主要是方便,javascript就能这样写。

    lambda的好处在于,这个可以定义在后面,而lambda必须定义在前面。

    public static IEnumerable<char> AlphabetSubset3(char start, char end)
    {
        if (start < 'a' || start > 'z')
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(paramName: nameof(start), message: "start must be a letter");
        if (end < 'a' || end > 'z')
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(paramName: nameof(end), message: "end must be a letter");
    
        if (end <= start)
            throw new ArgumentException($"{nameof(end)} must be greater than {nameof(start)}");
    
        return alphabetSubsetImplementation();
    
        IEnumerable<char> alphabetSubsetImplementation()
        {
            for (var c = start; c < end; c++)
                yield return c;
        }
    }
    

    更多的expression-bodied成员

    该功能可以让一些函数写成表达式的形式,非常的方便。

    // Expression-bodied constructor
    public ExpressionMembersExample(string label) => this.Label = label;
    
    // Expression-bodied finalizer
    ~ExpressionMembersExample() => Console.Error.WriteLine("Finalized!");
    
    private string label;
    
    // Expression-bodied get / set accessors.
    public string Label
    {
        get => label;
        set => this.label = value ?? "Default label";
    }
    

    Ref 局部变量和返回结果

    此功能允许使用并返回对变量的引用的算法,这些变量在其他位置定义。 一个示例是使用大型矩阵并查找具有某些特征的单个位置。

    这个功能主要是为了提高值类型的性能,让它真正发挥其作用。C++就有类似的功能。

    public static ref int Find(int[,] matrix, Func<int, bool> predicate)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < matrix.GetLength(0); i++)
            for (int j = 0; j < matrix.GetLength(1); j++)
                if (predicate(matrix[i, j]))
                    return ref matrix[i, j];
        throw new InvalidOperationException("Not found");
    }
    
    ref var item = ref MatrixSearch.Find(matrix, (val) => val == 42);
    Console.WriteLine(item);
    item = 24;
    Console.WriteLine(matrix[4, 2]);
    

    弃元

    通常,在进行元组解构或使用out参数调用方法时,必须定义一个其值无关紧要且你不打算使用的变量。 为处理此情况,C#增添了对弃元的支持 。 弃元是一个名为_的只写变量,可向单个变量赋予要放弃的所有值。 弃元类似于未赋值的变量;不可在代码中使用弃元(赋值语句除外)。

    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    
    public class Example
    {
        public static void Main()
        {
            var (_, _, _, pop1, _, pop2) = QueryCityDataForYears("New York City", 1960, 2010);
    
            Console.WriteLine($"Population change, 1960 to 2010: {pop2 - pop1:N0}");
        }
       
        private static (string, double, int, int, int, int) QueryCityDataForYears(string name, int year1, int year2)
        {
            int population1 = 0, population2 = 0;
            double area = 0;
          
            if (name == "New York City")
            {
                area = 468.48; 
                if (year1 == 1960)
                {
                    population1 = 7781984;
                }
                if (year2 == 2010)
                {
                    population2 = 8175133;
                }
                return (name, area, year1, population1, year2, population2);
            }
    
            return ("", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
        }
    }
    // The example displays the following output:
    //      Population change, 1960 to 2010: 393,149
    

    二进制文本和数字分隔符

    这个用于使数字和二进制更可读。

    // 二进制文本:
    public const int Sixteen =   0b0001_0000;
    public const int ThirtyTwo = 0b0010_0000;
    public const int SixtyFour = 0b0100_0000;
    public const int OneHundredTwentyEight = 0b1000_0000;
    
    // 数字分隔符:
    public const long BillionsAndBillions = 100_000_000_000;
    public const double AvogadroConstant = 6.022_140_857_747_474e23;
    public const decimal GoldenRatio = 1.618_033_988_749_894_848_204_586_834_365_638_117_720_309_179M;
    

    throw表达式

    throw之前必须是一个语句,因此有时不得不写更多的代码来完成所需功能。但7.0提供了throw表达式来使代码更简洁,阅读更轻松。

    void Main()
    {
    	// You can now throw expressions in expressions clauses.
    	// This is useful in conditional expressions:
    	
    	string result = new Random().Next(2) == 0 ? "Good" : throw new Exception ("Bad");
    	result.Dump();
    	
    	Foo().Dump();
    }
    
    public string Foo() => throw new NotImplementedException();
    

    C# 8.0 版 - 2019

    Readonly 成员

    public readonly override string ToString() =>
        $"({X}, {Y}) is {Distance} from the origin";
    

    默认接口方法

    接口中也能定义方法了,这个新功能经常受到争论。但想想,有时是先定义接口,而实现接口需要实现很多相关、但又繁琐的功能,如ASP.NET Core中的ILogger,谁用谁知道,特别多需要实现的方法,但又都差不多。因此所以这个功能其实很有必要。

    void Main()
    {
    	ILogger foo = new Logger();
    	foo.Log (new Exception ("test"));	
    }
    
    class Logger : ILogger
    {	
    	public void Log (string message) => Console.WriteLine (message);
    }
    
    interface ILogger
    {
    	void Log (string message);	
    	
    	// Adding a new member to an interface need not break implementors:
    	public void Log (Exception ex) => Log (ExceptionHeader + ex.Message);
    	
    	// The static modifier (and other modifiers) are now allowed:
    	static string ExceptionHeader = "Exception: ";
    }
    

    模式匹配增强

    这个是为简化代码、函数式编程而生的,我个人非常喜欢。

    属性模式

    public static decimal ComputeSalesTax(Address location, decimal salePrice) =>
        location switch
        {
            { State: "WA" } => salePrice * 0.06M,
            { State: "MN" } => salePrice * 0.75M,
            { State: "MI" } => salePrice * 0.05M,
            // other cases removed for brevity...
            _ => 0M
        };
    

    Tuple模式

    public static string RockPaperScissors(string first, string second)
        => (first, second) switch
        {
            ("rock", "paper") => "rock is covered by paper. Paper wins.",
            ("rock", "scissors") => "rock breaks scissors. Rock wins.",
            ("paper", "rock") => "paper covers rock. Paper wins.",
            ("paper", "scissors") => "paper is cut by scissors. Scissors wins.",
            ("scissors", "rock") => "scissors is broken by rock. Rock wins.",
            ("scissors", "paper") => "scissors cuts paper. Scissors wins.",
            (_, _) => "tie"
        };
    

    位置模式

    static Quadrant GetQuadrant(Point point) => point switch
    {
        (0, 0) => Quadrant.Origin,
        var (x, y) when x > 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.One,
        var (x, y) when x < 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.Two,
        var (x, y) when x < 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Three,
        var (x, y) when x > 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Four,
        var (_, _) => Quadrant.OnBorder,
        _ => Quadrant.Unknown
    };
    

    switch表达式

    这个功能能使代码从大量的if/elseswitch/case变成“一行代码”,符合函数式编程的思想,非常好用!

    public static RGBColor FromRainbow(Rainbow colorBand) =>
        colorBand switch
        {
            Rainbow.Red    => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x00, 0x00),
            Rainbow.Orange => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x7F, 0x00),
            Rainbow.Yellow => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00),
            Rainbow.Green  => new RGBColor(0x00, 0xFF, 0x00),
            Rainbow.Blue   => new RGBColor(0x00, 0x00, 0xFF),
            Rainbow.Indigo => new RGBColor(0x4B, 0x00, 0x82),
            Rainbow.Violet => new RGBColor(0x94, 0x00, 0xD3),
            _              => throw new ArgumentException(message: "invalid enum value", paramName: nameof(colorBand)),
        };
    

    using声明

    static int WriteLinesToFile(IEnumerable<string> lines)
    {
        using var file = new System.IO.StreamWriter("WriteLines2.txt");
        // Notice how we declare skippedLines after the using statement.
        int skippedLines = 0;
        foreach (string line in lines)
        {
            if (!line.Contains("Second"))
            {
                file.WriteLine(line);
            }
            else
            {
                skippedLines++;
            }
        }
        // Notice how skippedLines is in scope here.
        return skippedLines;
        // file is disposed here
    }
    

    静态本地函数

    相比非静态本地函数,静态本地函数没有闭包,因此生成的代码更少,性能也更容易控制。

    int M()
    {
        int y = 5;
        int x = 7;
        return Add(x, y);
    
        static int Add(int left, int right) => left + right;
    }
    

    异步流

    这个功能和IEnumerable<T>Task<T>对应,一个经典的表格如下:

     单值多值
    同步 T IEnumerable
    异步 Task ?

    其中,这个问号?终于有了答案,它就叫异步流——IAsyncEnumerable<T>

    public static async System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<int> GenerateSequence()
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
        {
            await Task.Delay(100);
            yield return i;
        }
    }
    

    不像IEnumerable<T>IAsyncEnumerable<T>系统还没有内置扩展方法,因此可能没有IEnumerable<T>方便,但是可以通过安装NuGetf来实现和IEnumerable<T>一样(或者更爽)的效果。

    索引和范围

    Python中的切片器一样,只是-^代替了。

    var words = new string[]
    {
                    // index from start    index from end
        "The",      // 0                   ^9
        "quick",    // 1                   ^8
        "brown",    // 2                   ^7
        "fox",      // 3                   ^6
        "jumped",   // 4                   ^5
        "over",     // 5                   ^4
        "the",      // 6                   ^3
        "lazy",     // 7                   ^2
        "dog"       // 8                   ^1
    };              // 9 (or words.Length) ^0
    
    var quickBrownFox = words[1..4];
    var lazyDog = words[^2..^0];
    var allWords = words[..]; // contains "The" through "dog".
    var firstPhrase = words[..4]; // contains "The" through "fox"
    var lastPhrase = words[6..]; // contains "the", "lazy" and "dog"
    

    Null合并赋值

    List<int> numbers = null;
    int? i = null;
    
    numbers ??= new List<int>();
    numbers.Add(i ??= 17);
    numbers.Add(i ??= 20);
    
    Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", numbers));  // output: 17 17
    Console.WriteLine(i);  // output: 17
    

    非托管构造类型

    与任何非托管类型一样,可以创建指向此类型的变量的指针,或针对此类型的实例在堆栈上分配内存块

    Span<Coords<int>> coordinates = stackalloc[]
    {
        new Coords<int> { X = 0, Y = 0 },
        new Coords<int> { X = 0, Y = 3 },
        new Coords<int> { X = 4, Y = 0 }
    };
    

    嵌套表达式中的 stackalloc

    Span<int> numbers = stackalloc[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
    var ind = numbers.IndexOfAny(stackalloc[] { 2, 4, 6 ,8 });
    Console.WriteLine(ind);  // output: 1
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/sexintercourse/p/13496458.html
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