python 数据库表操作

语法：
1. 修改表名
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      RENAME 新表名;

2. 增加字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名
                      ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],
                      ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
                            
3. 删除字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      DROP 字段名;

4. 修改字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      MODIFY  字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

5.修改字段排列顺序/在增加的时候指定字段位置
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     CHANGE 字段名  旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     MODIFY 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;

alter操作非空和唯一（了解）

create table t(id int unique,name char(10) not null);

#去掉null约束
alter table t modify name char(10) null;
# 添加null约束
alter table t modify name char(10) not null;


# 去掉unique约束
alter table t drop index id;
# 添加unique约束
alter table t modify id int unique;

alter处理null和unique约束

alter操作主键（了解）
1、首先创建一个数据表table_test：
create table table_test(
`id` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`name`)
); 
2、如果发现主键设置错了,应该是id是主键,但如今表里已经有好多数据了,不能删除表再重建了，仅仅能在这基础上改动表结构。
先删除主键
alter table table_test drop primary key;
然后再增加主键
alter table table_test add primary key(id);
注:在增加主键之前,必须先把反复的id删除掉。

为表添加外键（了解）

创建press表
CREATE TABLE `press` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ；

创建book表
CREATE TABLE `book` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `bk_name` char(12) DEFAULT NULL,
  `press_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  KEY `press_id` (`press_id`)
) ；

为book表添加外键
alter table book add constraint fk_id foreign key(press_id) references press(id);

删除外键
alter table book drop foreign key fk_id;

示例

mysql> desc staff_info;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 表重命名
mysql> alter table staff_info rename staff;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 删除sex列
mysql> alter table staff drop sex;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 添加列
mysql> alter table staff add sex enum('male','female');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 修改id的宽度
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 修改name列的字段名
mysql> alter table staff change name sname varchar(20);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 修改sex列的位置
mysql> alter table staff modify sex enum('male','female') after sname;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 创建自增id主键
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) primary key auto_increment;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 删除主键，可以看到删除一个自增主键会报错
mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key

# 需要先去掉主键的自增约束，然后再删除主键约束
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(11);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 添加联合主键
mysql> alter table staff add primary key (sname,age);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 删除主键
mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 创建主键id
mysql> alter table staff add primary key (id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 为主键添加自增属性
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) auto_increment;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |                |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

多表结构的创建与分析

如何找出两张表之间的关系 

分析步骤：
#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录，如果是，则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（通常是id）

#2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录，如果是，则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段（通常是id）

#3、总结：
#多对一：
如果只有步骤1成立，则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立，则是右表多对一左表

#多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立，则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一，即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

#一对一:
如果1和2都不成立，而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录，反之亦然。这种情况很简单，就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上，将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

建立表之间的关系

#一对多或称为多对一
三张表：出版社，作者信息，书

一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社可以出版多本书
sql示例

关联方式：foreign key
=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


insert into press(name) values
('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
;

insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;

#多对多
三张表：出版社，作者信息，书

多对多：一个作者可以写多本书，一本书也可以有多个作者，双向的一对多，即多对多
　　
关联方式：foreign key+一张新的表
=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系，即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);


#插入四个作者，id依次排开
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');

#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
egon: 
九阳神功
九阴真经
九阴白骨爪
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
alex: 
九阳神功
葵花宝典
yuanhao:
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
wpq:
九阳神功


insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;

#一对一
两张表：学生表和客户表

一对一：一个学生是一个客户

关联方式：foreign key+unique
create table customer(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20) not null,
    -> qq varchar(10) not null,
    -> phone char(16) not null
    -> );

create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> class_name varchar(20) not null,
    -> customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
    -> foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
    -> on delete cascade
    -> on update cascade
    -> );

#增加客户
mysql> insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
    -> ('韩蕾','31811231',13811341220),
    -> ('杨澜','123123123',15213146809),
    -> ('翁惠天','283818181',1867141331),
    -> ('杨宗河','283818181',1851143312),
    -> ('袁承明','888818181',1861243314),
    -> ('袁清','112312312',18811431230)

mysql> #增加学生
mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
    -> ('脱产1班',3),
    -> ('周末1期',4),
    -> ('周末1期',5)
    -> ;

sql示例