本文的情况,不同的linux系统版本,表现可能不同。
问题:默认情况下,paramiko在远程主机上执行命令的时候,命令的搜索路径为(/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin),这样我们安装的软件,如果命令不在这些路径下的话,就会执行错误,报找不到命令的错误
解决办法:
- 就是在上面的路径里(/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin)加我们需要命令的软链接(ln /usr/install/jdk1.8.0_60/bin/java -s java)
- 把需要的路径包含进去 stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/install/xxx/;echo $PATH')
- 先执行一条命令 stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('. ~/.bashrc;echo $PATH');stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('source ~/.bashrc;bash test.sh')
- 方法2和3,环境变量可以传到后续执行的‘.sh’脚本里面去
- paramiko的ssh.exec_command()命令会开启一个单独的session,而且在exec_command中设定的环境变量不会传递给后续的脚本。解决方法是使用bash执行命令:
ssh.exec_command("bash -l -c 'some commands and some scripts...'")
bash -l -c解释:-l(login)表示bash作为一个login shell;-c(command)表示执行后面字符串内的命令,这样执行的脚本,可以获取到/etc/profile里的全局变量,包括我们搜索命令的目录PATH
-l
Make bash act as if it had been invoked as a login shell-c
If the -c option is present, then commands are read from string.- You're running the command passed to the
-c
argument.-l
makes it a login shell so bash first reads/etc/profile
,
遗留问题:为什么paramiko登录后,只获得路径(/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin)
解答:密码存在于被连接机器的/etc/ssh/sshd_config配置文件里;如下所示,sshd服务默认把(/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin)作为PATH的值
# $OpenBSD: sshd_config,v 1.80 2008/07/02 02:24:18 djm Exp $ # This is the sshd server system-wide configuration file. See # sshd_config(5) for more information. # This sshd was compiled with PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin # The strategy used for options in the default sshd_config shipped with # OpenSSH is to specify options with their default value where # possible, but leave them commented. Uncommented options change a # default value.
对于上面的SSHD默认PATH值,不同的Op'e'nBOpenBSD不一样
# $OpenBSD: sshd_config,v 1.101 2017/03/14 07:19:07 djm Exp $ 2 3 # This is the sshd server system-wide configuration file. See 4 # sshd_config(5) for more information. 5 6 # This sshd was compiled with PATH=/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin 7 8 # The strategy used for options in the default sshd_config shipped with 9 # OpenSSH is to specify options with their default value where 10 # possible, but leave them commented. Uncommented options override the
再说一个实际验证的结论:
ssh -T admin@10.x.x.x 'echo $PATH' 获得什么环境变量呢?
-T 表示不使用伪终端(man -a ssh----> -T Disable pseudo-terminal allocation.)
那么没有伪终端的话,获得什么样的PATH呢(其他环境变量类似)?
首先,通过上面的知识可知,SSHD是有个默认PATH值的,编译到SSHD(ssh_server)的代码里的(SSHD可能是C语音写的吧);
其次,不使用伪终端登录后,首先执行的用户目录下的bashrc脚本(~/.bashrc),一般bashrc脚本里面会执行脚本/etc/profile或者/etc/bashrc之类的;总之只要被bashrc执行产生的全局变量(export)都会传递到后续的脚本或者命令行里
上一步需要注意的一点就是,sshd即ssh_server必须使用bash作为登录shell,而不是zsh等其他的shell(我以为如果登录shell是zsh,会执行~/.zshrc,结果发现我错了),如果使用的zsh,发现只读到写死到sshd_server里面的PATH值
我本机测试的结果是,下面三种情况,都只能读取sshd_server写死的环境变量
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('echo $PATH')和stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('echo $PATH',get_pty=True)和stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('echo $PATH',get_pty=False)
get_pty表示是否分配伪终端
paramiko中关于伪终端pty的定义和描述
@open_only def get_pty(self, term='vt100', width=80, height=24, width_pixels=0, height_pixels=0): """ Request a pseudo-terminal from the server. This is usually used right after creating a client channel, to ask the server to provide some basic terminal semantics for a shell invoked with `invoke_shell`. It isn't necessary (or desirable) to call this method if you're going to execute a single command with `exec_command`. :param str term: the terminal type to emulate (for example, ``'vt100'``) :param int width (in characters) of the terminal screen :param int height: height (in characters) of the terminal screen :param int width_pixels: width (in pixels) of the terminal screen :param int height_pixels: height (in pixels) of the terminal screen :raises: `.SSHException` -- if the request was rejected or the channel was closed """ m = Message() m.add_byte(cMSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST) m.add_int(self.remote_chanid) m.add_string('pty-req') m.add_boolean(True) m.add_string(term) m.add_int(width) m.add_int(height) m.add_int(width_pixels) m.add_int(height_pixels) m.add_string(bytes()) self._event_pending() self.transport._send_user_message(m) self._wait_for_event()
伪终端不是真实的终端,我们登录unix界面,然后在里面启动终端,这属于真实的终端,假如我们直接通过ssh协议连接sshd(ssh admin@ip),这样建立的就是伪终端。所以说伪终端不是真实的物理终端,但是却具有真实终端的函数和功能。伪终端是由类似于xterm的终端模拟器创建的。
在unix系统中,大量的进程和I/O函数在控制终端中运行。伪终端可以处理控制字符(^C)
为什么使用pseudo-terminal就能终止远程进程呢?
当SSH链接关闭,远程服务器会关闭pty,同时发送SIGHUP
信号来终止远程执行的命令。
SIGHUP is sent to the controlling process (session leader) associated with a controlling terminal if a disconnect is detected by the terminal interface.
参考:
1、http://feihu.me/blog/2014/env-problem-when-ssh-executing-command-on-remote/
2、https://gist.github.com/yegle/1564928