c++官方文档-模版类

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template<class T>
class MyPair
{
    private:
        T t[2];
        T a, b;
    public:
        MyPair(T t1, T t2)
                : a(t1), b(t2)
        {
            t[0] = t1;
            t[1] = t2;
        }
        const T* getT()
        {
            return t;
        }
        T getMax();
};
/**
 * 第一个T指定模版参数
 * 第二个T指定函数返回的类型
 * 第三个T指定函数的模版参数是类的模版参数
 *
 */
template<class T> T MyPair<T>::getMax()
{
    //不知道retval的具体类型,所以返回一个临时变量
    T retval;
    retval = a > b ? a : b;
    return retval;
}
template<class R> R f(const R& t)
{
    R r = t;
    //错误
//    t= r;
    return r;
}

//为模版定义不同的实现
template<class T>
class mycontainer
{
        T element;
    public:
        mycontainer(T args)
        {
            this->element = args;
        }
        T increase()
        {
            return ++element;
        }
};

//class template specialization
//模版实例化
//This is because all types
//are known and no template arguments are required for this specialization
//这个是因为所有类型都已经知道而且实例化并不需要模版参数
template<>
class mycontainer<char>
{
        char element;
    public:
        mycontainer(char arg)
        {
            element = arg;
        }
        char uppercase()
        {
            if((element >= 'a') && (element <= 'z'))
                element += 'A' - 'a';
            return element;
        }
};
//template <class T> class mycontainer { ... };//The first line is the generic template
//template <> class mycontainer <char> { ... };//and the second one is the specialization

int main()
{
    //注释这句话会导致上面那个函数没有编译,能编译通过
    f<int>(2);
    MyPair<int> myint(1, 2);
    //非常量指针指向常量空间
    const int* t = myint.getT();
//    t[0]=2000;//invalid
    cout << t[0] << endl;
    cout << myint.getT()[0] << endl;
    int tt[] = { 100, 200 };
    t = tt;
    cout << t[0] << endl;
    cout << myint.getT()[0] << endl;
    MyPair<double> mydouble(3.0, 4.0);
    cout << mydouble.getMax() << endl;

    mycontainer<int> myintcontainer(7);
    mycontainer<char> mychar('j');
    cout << myintcontainer.increase() << endl;
    cout << mychar.uppercase() << endl;
    return 0;
}

模版函数和模版类

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Example4
{
        string* ptr;
    public:
        // constructors:
        Example4()
                : ptr(new string)
        {
        }
        Example4(const string& str)
                : ptr(new string(str))
        {
        }
        // destructor:
        ~Example4()
        {
            cout << "调用析构函数" << endl;
            delete ptr;
        }
        // access content:
        const string& content() const
        {
            return *ptr;
        }
};

template<class T>
class myClass
{
        T t;
    public:
        myClass(T t)
                : t(t)
        {

        }
        template<class R> T f(R const& r, T const& t);
};
template<class T> template<class R> T myClass<T>::f(R const& r, T const& t)
{
    cout << "r=" << r << endl;
    return t;
}

int main()
{
    //The destructor for an object is called at the end of its lifetime;
    //in the case of foo and bar this happens at the end of function main.
    //析构函数在对象生命周期结束后被调用,在这个列子中,foo和bar在main函数的结束时结束
    //可以理解成从栈中弹出么
    Example4 foo;
    Example4 bar("Example");
    Example4* fp = new Example4("Example pointer");
    cout << "bar's content: " << bar.content() << '
';
    cout << "fp's content: " << fp->content() << '
';
    //指针要手动调用,new 出来的对象,内存块在堆上,不在当前函数栈里
    //可以把下面这句话注释了看下
    delete fp;

    myClass<int> myint(10);
    int i = myint.f<double>(200.01, 10);
    cout << i << endl;
    return 0;
}

下面这个模式就有点奇怪了

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Example4
{
        string* ptr;
    public:
        // constructors:
        Example4()
                : ptr(new string)
        {
        }
        Example4(const string& str)
                : ptr(new string(str))
        {
        }
        // destructor:
        ~Example4()
        {
            cout << "调用析构函数" << endl;
            delete ptr;
        }
        // access content:
        const string& content() const
        {
            return *ptr;
        }
};

template<class T>
class myClass
{
        T t;
    public:
        myClass(T t)
                : t(t)
        {

        }
        template<class R> R f(R const& r, R const& t);
};
 template<class T> template<class R> R myClass<T>::f(R const& r, R const& t)
{
    cout << "r=" << r << endl;
    return t;
}

int main()
{
    //The destructor for an object is called at the end of its lifetime;
    //in the case of foo and bar this happens at the end of function main.
    //析构函数在对象生命周期结束后被调用,在这个列子中,foo和bar在main函数的结束时结束
    //可以理解成从栈中弹出么
    Example4 foo;
    Example4 bar("Example");
    Example4* fp = new Example4("Example pointer");
    cout << "bar's content: " << bar.content() << '
';
    cout << "fp's content: " << fp->content() << '
';
    //指针要手动调用,new 出来的对象,内存块在堆上,不在当前函数栈里
    //可以把下面这句话注释了看下
    delete fp;

    myClass<int> myint(10);
    cout << myint.f<double>(100.0, 100.0)<<endl;
    return 0;
}