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  • ASP.NET Web API 安全验证之摘要(Digest)认证

    在基本认证的方式中,主要的安全问题来自于用户信息的明文传输,而在摘要认证中,主要通过一些手段避免了此问题,大大增加了安全性。

    1.客户端匿名的方式请求 (无认证)

    2.服务器响应

    服务端返回401未验证的状态,并且返回WWW-Authenticate信息,包含了验证方式Digest,realm,qop,nonce,opaque的值。其中:

    Digest:认证方式;

    realm:领域,领域参数是强制的,在所有的盘问中都必须有,它的目的是鉴别SIP消息中的机密,在SIP实际应用中,它通常设置为SIP代理服务器所负责的域名;

    qop(Quanlity of Protection):保护的质量,这个参数规定服务器支持哪种保护方案,客户端可以从列表中选择一个。值 “auth”表示只进行身份查验, “auth-int”表示进行查验外,还有一些完整性保护。

    nonce:为一串随机值,在下面的请求中会一直使用到,当过了存活期后服务端将刷新生成一个新的nonce值;

    opaque:一个不透明的(不让外人知道其意义)数据字符串,在盘问中发送给用户。

    HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized  
    Server: HTTPd/0.9  
    Date: Sun, 10 Apr 2005 20:26:47 GMT  
    WWW-Authenticate: Digest realm="testrealm@host.com",  
                            qop="auth,auth-int",  
                            nonce="dcd98b7102dd2f0e8b11d0f600bfb0c093",  
                            opaque="5ccc069c403ebaf9f0171e9517f40e41"  

    3.客户端请求  (用户名 "Mufasa", 密码 "Circle Of Life")

    客户端接受到请求返回后,进行HASH运算,返回Authorization参数

    其中:realm,nonce,qop由服务器产生;

    uri:客户端想要访问的URI;

    nc:“现时”计数器,这是一个16进制的数值,即客户端发送出请求的数量(包括当前这个请求),这些请求都使用了当前请求中这个“现时”值。例如,对一个给定的“现时”值,在响应的第一个请求中,客户端将发送“nc=00000001”。这个指示值的目的,是让服务器保持这个计数器的一个副本,以便检测重复的请求。如果这个相同的值看到了两次,则这个请求是重复的;

    cnonce:这是一个不透明的字符串值,由客户端提供,并且客户端和服务器都会使用,以避免用明文文本。这使得双方都可以查验对方的身份,并对消息的完整性提供一些保护;

    response:这是由用户代理软件计算出的一个字符串,以证明用户知道口令。

    <strong>response计算过程:</strong>  
    HA1=MD5(A1)=MD5(username:realm:password)  
    如果 qop 值为“auth”或未指定,那么 HA2 为  
    HA2=MD5(A2)=MD5(method:digestURI)  
    如果 qop 值为“auth-int”,那么 HA2 为  
    HA2=MD5(A2)=MD5(method:digestURI:MD5(entityBody))  
    如果 qop 值为“auth”或“auth-int”,那么如下计算 response:  
    response=MD5(HA1:nonce:nonceCount:clientNonce:qop:HA2)  
    如果 qop 未指定,那么如下计算 response:  
    response=MD5(HA1:nonce:HA2) 

    请求头:

    GET /dir/index.html HTTP/1.0  
    Host: localhost  
    Authorization: Digest username="Mufasa",  
                         realm="testrealm@host.com",  
                         nonce="dcd98b7102dd2f0e8b11d0f600bfb0c093",  
                         uri="/dir/index.html",  
                         qop=auth,  
                         nc=00000001,  
                         cnonce="0a4f113b",  
                         response="6629fae49393a05397450978507c4ef1",  
                         opaque="5ccc069c403ebaf9f0171e9517f40e41"  

    4.服务器响应

    当服务器接收到摘要响应,也要重新计算响应中各参数的值,并利用客户端提供的参数值,和服务器上存储的口令,进行比对。如果计算结果与收到的客户响应值是相同的,则客户已证明它知道口令,因而客户的身份验证通过。

    二、服务端验证

    编写一个自定义消息处理器,需要通过System.Net.Http.DelegatingHandler进行派生,并重写SendAsync方法。

     AuthenticationHandler类:

    public class AuthenticationHandler : DelegatingHandler  
    {  
        protected async override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)  
        {  
            try  
            {  
                HttpRequestHeaders headers = request.Headers;  
                if (headers.Authorization != null)  
                {  
                    Header header = new Header(request.Headers.Authorization.Parameter, request.Method.Method);  
      
                    if (Nonce.IsValid(header.Nonce, header.NounceCounter))  
                    {  
                        // Just assuming password is same as username for the purpose of illustration  
                        string password = header.UserName;  
      
                        string ha1 = String.Format("{0}:{1}:{2}", header.UserName, header.Realm, password).ToMD5Hash();  
      
                        string ha2 = String.Format("{0}:{1}", header.Method, header.Uri).ToMD5Hash();  
      
                        string computedResponse = String.Format("{0}:{1}:{2}:{3}:{4}:{5}",  
                                            ha1, header.Nonce, header.NounceCounter,header.Cnonce, "auth", ha2).ToMD5Hash();  
      
                        if (String.CompareOrdinal(header.Response, computedResponse) == 0)  
                        {  
                            // digest computed matches the value sent by client in the response field.  
                            // Looks like an authentic client! Create a principal.  
                            var claims = new List<Claim>  
                            {  
                                            new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, header.UserName),  
                                            new Claim(ClaimTypes.AuthenticationMethod, AuthenticationMethods.Password)  
                            };  
      
                            ClaimsPrincipal principal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new[] { new ClaimsIdentity(claims, "Digest") });  
      
                            Thread.CurrentPrincipal = principal;  
      
                            if (HttpContext.Current != null)  
                                HttpContext.Current.User = principal;  
                        }  
                    }  
                }  
      
                HttpResponseMessage response = await base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);  
      
                if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized)  
                {  
                    response.Headers.WwwAuthenticate.Add(new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Digest",Header.UnauthorizedResponseHeader.ToString()));  
                }  
      
                return response;  
            }  
            catch (Exception)  
            {  
                var response = request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized);  
                response.Headers.WwwAuthenticate.Add(new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Digest",Header.UnauthorizedResponseHeader.ToString()));  
      
                return response;  
            }  
        }  
    }  

     Header类:

    public class Header  
    {  
        public Header() { }  
      
        public Header(string header, string method)  
        {  
            string keyValuePairs = header.Replace(""", String.Empty);  
      
            foreach (string keyValuePair in keyValuePairs.Split(','))  
            {  
                int index = keyValuePair.IndexOf("=", System.StringComparison.Ordinal);  
                string key = keyValuePair.Substring(0, index);  
                string value = keyValuePair.Substring(index + 1);  
      
                switch (key)  
                {  
                    case "username": this.UserName = value; break;  
                    case "realm": this.Realm = value; break;  
                    case "nonce": this.Nonce = value; break;  
                    case "uri": this.Uri = value; break;  
                    case "nc": this.NounceCounter = value; break;  
                    case "cnonce": this.Cnonce = value; break;  
                    case "response": this.Response = value; break;  
                    case "method": this.Method = value; break;  
                }  
            }  
      
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(this.Method))  
                this.Method = method;  
        }  
      
        public string Cnonce { get; private set; }  
        public string Nonce { get; private set; }  
        public string Realm { get; private set; }  
        public string UserName { get; private set; }  
        public string Uri { get; private set; }  
        public string Response { get; private set; }  
        public string Method { get; private set; }  
        public string NounceCounter { get; private set; }  
      
        // This property is used by the handler to generate a  
        // nonce and get it ready to be packaged in the  
        // WWW-Authenticate header, as part of 401 response  
        public static Header UnauthorizedResponseHeader  
        {  
            get  
            {  
                return new Header()  
                {  
                    Realm = "MyRealm",  
                    Nonce = WebApiDemo.Nonce.Generate()  
                };  
            }  
        }  
      
        public override string ToString()  
        {  
            StringBuilder header = new StringBuilder();  
            header.AppendFormat("realm="{0}"", Realm);  
            header.AppendFormat(",nonce="{0}"", Nonce);  
            header.AppendFormat(",qop="{0}"", "auth");  
            return header.ToString();  
        }  
    }  

     nonce类

    public class Nonce  
    {  
        private static ConcurrentDictionary<string, Tuple<int, DateTime>>  
        nonces = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, Tuple<int, DateTime>>();  
      
        public static string Generate()  
        {  
            byte[] bytes = new byte[16];  
      
            using (var rngProvider = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())  
            {  
                rngProvider.GetBytes(bytes);  
            }  
      
            string nonce = bytes.ToMD5Hash();  
      
            nonces.TryAdd(nonce, new Tuple<int, DateTime>(0, DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(10)));  
      
            return nonce;  
        }  
      
        public static bool IsValid(string nonce, string nonceCount)  
        {  
            Tuple<int, DateTime> cachedNonce = null;  
            //nonces.TryGetValue(nonce, out cachedNonce);  
            nonces.TryRemove(nonce, out cachedNonce);//每个nonce只允许使用一次  
      
            if (cachedNonce != null) // nonce is found  
            {  
                // nonce count is greater than the one in record  
                if (Int32.Parse(nonceCount) > cachedNonce.Item1)  
                {  
                    // nonce has not expired yet  
                    if (cachedNonce.Item2 > DateTime.Now)  
                    {  
                        // update the dictionary to reflect the nonce count just received in this request  
                        //nonces[nonce] = new Tuple<int, DateTime>(Int32.Parse(nonceCount), cachedNonce.Item2);  
      
                        // Every thing looks ok - server nonce is fresh and nonce count seems to be   
                        // incremented. Does not look like replay.  
                        return true;  
                    }  
                         
                }  
            }  
      
            return false;  
        }  
    }  

    需要使用摘要验证可在代码里添加Attribute [Authorize],如:

    [Authorize]  
    public class ProductsController : ApiController 

    最后Global.asax里需注册下

    GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.MessageHandlers.Add(  
    new AuthenticationHandler());  
    三、客户端的调用
    这里主要说明使用WebClient调用
    public static string Request(string sUrl, string sMethod, string sEntity, string sContentType,  
        out string sMessage)  
    {  
        try  
        {  
            sMessage = "";  
            using (System.Net.WebClient client = new System.Net.WebClient())  
            {  
                client.Credentials = CreateAuthenticateValue(sUrl);  
                client.Headers = CreateHeader(sContentType);  
      
                Uri url = new Uri(sUrl);  
                byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(sEntity);  
                byte[] buffer;  
                switch (sMethod.ToUpper())  
                {  
                    case "GET":  
                        buffer = client.DownloadData(url);  
                        break;  
                    case "POST":  
                        buffer = client.UploadData(url, "POST", bytes);  
                        break;  
                    default:  
                        buffer = client.UploadData(url, "POST", bytes);  
                        break;  
                }  
      
                return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer);  
            }  
        }  
        catch (WebException ex)  
        {  
            sMessage = ex.Message;  
            var rsp = ex.Response as HttpWebResponse;  
            var httpStatusCode = rsp.StatusCode;  
            var authenticate = rsp.Headers.Get("WWW-Authenticate");  
      
            return "";  
        }  
        catch (Exception ex)  
        {  
            sMessage = ex.Message;  
            return "";  
        }  
    }  

    关键代码,在这里添加用户认证,使用NetworkCredential

    private static CredentialCache CreateAuthenticateValue(string sUrl)  
    {  
        CredentialCache credentialCache = new CredentialCache();  
        credentialCache.Add(new Uri(sUrl), "Digest", new NetworkCredential("Lime", "Lime"));  
      
        return credentialCache;  
    }  

     https://www.cnblogs.com/ywolf123/p/5340938.html  利用DelegatingHandler实现Web Api 的Api key校验

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/shy1766IT/p/5529550.html
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