简单来说GPDB是一个分布式数据库软件，其可以管理和处理分布在多个不同主机上的海量数据。对于GPDB来说，一个DB实例实际上是由多个独立的PostgreSQL实例组成的，它们分布在不同的物理主机上，协同工作，呈现给用户的是一个DB的效果。Master是GPDB系统的访问入口，其负责处理客户端的连接及SQL 命令、协调系统中的其他Instance(Segment)工作，Segment负责管理和处理用户数据。
环境准备：
操作系统：CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 64位
master 1台（架构图中的主节点），Standby 1台（架构图中的从节点），Segment 2台。共4台服务器。
一、Master主机 Root 用户上操作
1. 修改/etc/hosts文件，添加下面内容（注：4台服务器相同的配置）
vim /etc/hosts
192.168.18.130 gp-master
192.168.18.131 gp-standby
192.168.18.132 gp-node1
192.168.18.133 gp-node2
2. 服务器关闭selinux，防火墙4台服务器相互开放，测试环境可以直接先关闭防火墙。（注：4台服务器相同的配置）
关闭Firewalld
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
永久关闭Selinux
vim /etc/selinux/conf
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
注：查看Selinux运行状态：getenforce，CLI界面非永久生效设置SeLinux：setenforce 0（0-1对应关闭和开启）
3. 操作系统参数设置
vim /etc/sysctl.conf （注：4台服务器相同的配置）
kernel.shmmax = 500000000
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.shmall = 4000000000
kernel.sem = 250 512000 100 2048
kernel.sysrq = 1
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 4096
net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.arp_filter = 1
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 10000
vm.overcommit_memory = 2
kernel.msgmni = 2048
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1025 65535
vim /etc/security/limits.conf （注：4台服务器相同的配置）
* soft nofile 65536
* hard nofile 65536
* soft nproc 131072
* hard nproc 131072
磁盘预读参数及 deadline算法修改 （注：4台服务器相同的配置）
blockdev --setra 65536 /dev/sda
echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
注：磁盘盘符sda需根据自己的实际情况进行配置
软件下载地址：https://network.pivotal.io/products/pivotal-gpdb，下载：greenplum-db-5.21.1-rhel7-x86_64.rpm
在Master主机上安装GP二进制文件，也就是主机名是mdw的服务器。（注：在master上安装即可，后面通过批量的方法安装剩下的服务器）
rpm -ivh greenplum-db-5.21.1-rhel7-x86_64.rpm
注：默认安装目录：/usr/local
在Master上添加gpadmin用户
adduser gpadmin
echo gpadmin | passwd --stdin gpadmin
注：设置密码为了后面gpssh-exkeys -f hostfile_allhosts 使用
在Master上给gpadmin用户提权
[root@gp-master ~]# visudo
gpadmin ALL=(ALL) ALL
gpadmin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
在Master主机上赋予gpadmin用户Greenplum文件夹的的权限
chown -R gpadmin.gpadmin /usr/local/greenplum-db*
二、Master 主机 Gpadmin用户上操作
准备用于批量安装软件以及后续集群的初始化文件，hostfile_allhosts，hostfile_segments，hostfile_mshosts，存放到/home/gpadmin
su - gpadmin
vim hostfile_allhosts
gp-master
gp-standby
gp-node1
gp-node2
vim hostfile_segments
gp-node1
gp-node2
vim hostfile_mshosts
gp-master
gp-standby
设置各主机之间免密登录
gpssh-exkeys -f hostfile_allhosts
注：需输入gpadmin用户的密码，此处为：gpadmin
设置用于安装Greenplum的文件夹权限
gpssh -f hostfile_allhosts
=> sudo chown gpadmin.gpadmin /usr/local
=> exit
创建及赋权master/standby主机元数据存储目录
gpssh -f hostfile_mshosts =>sudo mkdir /data/greenplum_data/gpmaster =>sudo chown -R gpadmin.gpadmin /data
=>exit
创建及赋权Segments主机数据存储目录
gpssh -f hostfile_segments =>sudo mkdir /data/greenplum_data/{primary,mirror}
=>sudo chown -R gpadmin.gpadmin /data
=>exit
批量安装软件（GP）
cd /home/gpadmin/
source /usr/local/greenplum-db/greenplum_path.sh
gpseginstall -f hostfile_allhosts -u gpadmin -p gpadmin
设置NTP同步
Yum下载安装NTP服务器，已安装的可以略过
sudo yum install ntp -y
若出现如下报错，可看下一步解决方法
There was a problem importing one of the Python modules
required to run yum. The error leading to this problem was:
No module named yum
Please install a package which provides this module, or
verify that the module is installed correctly.
It's possible that the above module doesn't match the
current version of Python, which is:
2.7.13 (r266:84292, Jan 22 2014, 09:37:14)
[GCC 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4)]
If you cannot solve this problem yourself, please go to
the yum faq at:
http://yum.baseurl.org/wiki/Faq
解决方法：
unset PYTHONHOME
unset PYTHONPATH
unset LD_LIBRARY_PATH
再进行yum安装之后，再修改回来，使得GP能正常使用
source /usr/local/greenplum-db/greenplum_path.sh
注：报错原因：在安装GP集群之后，会在master节点中的环境变量中会增加 PYTHONHOME，PYTHONPATH，LD_LIBRARY_PATH几项，并且会修改原本的path。
补充：LD_LIBRARY_PATH 该环境变量主要用于指定查找共享库（动态链接库）时除了默认路径之外的其他路径。
在每个Segment主机，编辑/etc/ntp.conf文件。设置第一个server参数指向Master主机，第二个server参数指向Standby主机。如下面：
sudo vim /etc/ntp.conf
server gp-master prefer
server gp-standby
在Standby主机，编辑/etc/ntp.conf文件。设置第一个server参数指向Master主机，第二个参数指向数据中心的时间服务器。
sudo vim /etc/ntp.conf
server gp-master prefer
在Master主机，使用NTP守护进程同步所有Segment主机的系统时钟。例如，使用gpssh来完成：
gpssh -f hostfile_allhosts -v -e 'ntpd'
输出如下代表成功：
[root@gp-master gpadmin]# gpssh -f all_hosts -v -e 'ntpd'
[WARN] Reference default values as $MASTER_DATA_DIRECTORY/gpssh.conf could not be found
Using delaybeforesend 0.05 and prompt_validation_timeout 1.0
[Reset ...]
[INFO] login mdw
[INFO] login smdw
[INFO] login sdw1
[INFO] login sdw2
[ mdw] ntpd
[smdw] ntpd
[sdw1] ntpd
[sdw2] ntpd
[INFO] completed successfully
[Cleanup...]
配置Greenplum初始化文件
cp $GPHOME/docs/cli_help/gpconfigs/gpinitsystem_config /home/gpadmin/gpinitsystem_config
chmod 775 gpinitsystem_config
相关配置如下：
[gpadmin@gp-master ~]$ cat gpinitsystem_config
# FILE NAME: gpinitsystem_config
# Configuration file needed by the gpinitsystem
################################################
#### REQUIRED PARAMETERS
################################################
#### Name of this Greenplum system enclosed in quotes.
ARRAY_NAME="Greenplum Data Platform"
#### Naming convention for utility-generated data directories.
SEG_PREFIX=gpseg
#### Base number by which primary segment port numbers
#### are calculated.
PORT_BASE=40000
#### File system location(s) where primary segment data directories
#### will be created. The number of locations in the list dictate
#### the number of primary segments that will get created per
#### physical host (if multiple addresses for a host are listed in
#### the hostfile, the number of segments will be spread evenly across
#### the specified interface addresses).
declare -a DATA_DIRECTORY=(/data/greenplum_data/primary)
#### OS-configured hostname or IP address of the master host.
MASTER_HOSTNAME=k8s-master
#### File system location where the master data directory
#### will be created.
MASTER_DIRECTORY=/data/greenplum_data/gpmaster
#### Port number for the master instance.
MASTER_PORT=5432
#### Shell utility used to connect to remote hosts.
TRUSTED_SHELL=ssh
#### Maximum log file segments between automatic WAL checkpoints.
CHECK_POINT_SEGMENTS=8
#### Default server-side character set encoding.
ENCODING=UTF-8
################################################
#### OPTIONAL MIRROR PARAMETERS
################################################
#### Base number by which mirror segment port numbers
#### are calculated.
MIRROR_PORT_BASE=43000
#### Base number by which primary file replication port
#### numbers are calculated.
REPLICATION_PORT_BASE=34000
#### Base number by which mirror file replication port
#### numbers are calculated.
MIRROR_REPLICATION_PORT_BASE=44000
#### File system location(s) where mirror segment data directories
#### will be created. The number of mirror locations must equal the
#### number of primary locations as specified in the
#### DATA_DIRECTORY parameter.
declare -a MIRROR_DATA_DIRECTORY=(/data/greenplum_data/mirror)
################################################
#### OTHER OPTIONAL PARAMETERS
################################################
#### Create a database of this name after initialization.
DATABASE_NAME=testDB
#### Specify the location of the host address file here instead of
#### with the the -h option of gpinitsystem.
MACHINE_LIST_FILE=/home/gpadmin/hostfile_segments
运行初始化工具初始化数据库
source /usr/local/greenplum-db/greenplum_path.sh
gpinitsystem -c gpinitsystem_config
初始化日志:
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Review options for gpinitstandby
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-------------------------------------------------------
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-The Master /data/master/gpseg-1/pg_hba.conf post gpinitsystem
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-has been configured to allow all hosts within this new
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-array to intercommunicate. Any hosts external to this
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-new array must be explicitly added to this file
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Refer to the Greenplum Admin support guide which is
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-located in the /usr/local/greenplum-db/./docs directory
20160827:16:23:11:002458 gpinitsystem:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-------------------------------------------------------
现在只有1个master，2个segment，没有standby，那么接下来把standby加入集群。
在Master服务器上执行
gpinitstandby -s gp-standby
输出如下：
[gpadmin@mdw ~]$ gpinitstandby -s smdw
20160827:16:59:24:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Validating environment and parameters for standby initialization...
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Checking for filespace directory /data/master/gpseg-1 on smdw
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:------------------------------------------------------
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Greenplum standby master initialization parameters
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:------------------------------------------------------
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Greenplum master hostname = mdw
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Greenplum master data directory = /data/master/gpseg-1
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Greenplum master port = 5432
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Greenplum standby master hostname = smdw
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Greenplum standby master port = 5432
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Greenplum standby master data directory = /data/master/gpseg-1
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Greenplum update system catalog = On
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:------------------------------------------------------
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:- Filespace locations
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:------------------------------------------------------
20160827:16:59:25:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-pg_system -> /data/master/gpseg-1
Do you want to continue with standby master initialization? Yy|Nn (default=N):
> y
20160827:16:59:31:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Syncing Greenplum Database extensions to standby
20160827:16:59:31:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-The packages on smdw are consistent.
20160827:16:59:31:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Adding standby master to catalog...
20160827:16:59:31:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Database catalog updated successfully.
20160827:16:59:31:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Updating pg_hba.conf file...
20160827:16:59:37:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-pg_hba.conf files updated successfully.
20160827:16:59:39:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Updating filespace flat files...
20160827:16:59:39:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Filespace flat file updated successfully.
20160827:16:59:39:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Starting standby master
20160827:16:59:39:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Checking if standby master is running on host: smdw in directory: /data/master/gpseg-1
20160827:16:59:40:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Cleaning up pg_hba.conf backup files...
20160827:16:59:46:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Backup files of pg_hba.conf cleaned up successfully.
20160827:16:59:46:023346 gpinitstandby:mdw:gpadmin-[INFO]:-Successfully created standby master on gp-standby
查看启动进程：
[gpadmin@gp-master ~]$ ps -ef | grep postgres
gpadmin 10975 1 0 00:57 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/greenplum-db-5.21.1/bin/postgres -D /data/greenplum_data/gpmaster/gpseg-1 -p 5432 --gp_dbid=1 --gp_num_contents_in_cluster=2 --silent-mode=true -i -M master --gp_contentid=-1 -x 0 -E
gpadmin 10976 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 5432, master logger process
gpadmin 10979 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 5432, stats collector process
gpadmin 10980 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:01 postgres: 5432, writer process
gpadmin 10981 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 5432, checkpointer process
gpadmin 10982 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 5432, seqserver process
gpadmin 10983 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 5432, ftsprobe process
gpadmin 10984 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 5432, sweeper process
gpadmin 10985 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:05 postgres: 5432, stats sender process
gpadmin 10986 10975 0 00:57 ? 00:00:01 postgres: 5432, wal writer process
gpadmin 11279 10975 0 00:59 ? 00:00:00 postgres: 5432, wal sender process gpadmin 192.168.18.131(53573) streaming 0/C05A028
gpadmin 16800 16608 0 04:15 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto postgres
设置gpadmin用户环境变量，Master，Standby都需设置。
vim /home/gpadmin/.bashrc
[gpadmin@gp-master ~]$ cat .bashrc
# .bashrc
# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
. /etc/bashrc
fi
# Uncomment the following line if you don't like systemctl's auto-paging feature:
# export SYSTEMD_PAGER=
# User specific aliases and functions
source /usr/local/greenplum-db/greenplum_path.sh
export MASTER_DATA_DIRECTORY=/data/greenplum_data/gpmaster/gpseg-1
export PGPRORT=5432
export PGDATABASE=testDB
[gpadmin@gp-master ~]$ scp .bashrc gp-standby:`pwd`
启动和停止数据库测试是否能正常启动和关闭，命令如下
gpstart
gpstop
到此 Greenplum 就部署完成了。下面进行一些简单的测试。
登录数据库：psql -d postgres
建表，插入，查询
postgres=# create table student ( no int primary key,student_name varchar(40),age int);
NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index "student_pkey" for table "student"
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# insert into student values(1,'yayun',18);
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# select * from student;
no | student_name | age
----+--------------+-----
1 | yayun | 18
(1 row)