在HTML和XHTML中的lang属性使用什么值呢?
是使用zh-CN、zh-Hans还是zh-Hans-CN?
是使用zh-CN还是zh-cn,是否区分大小写?
是使用yue-Hans还是zh-yue-Hans呢?
为什么浏览器中一直使用zh-cn?
这是一段HTML 4.01代码:
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<title>实际上它是一个刮胡刀</title>
</head>
<body>
<p lang="zh-CN">它是一个刮胡刀
</p>
<p lang="yue-Hans">佢系一个须刨嚟嘅
</p>
</body>
</html>
先看W3C HTML 4.01标准:
HTML 4.01 Specification(W3C Recommendation 24 December 1999) :http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/#toc
第6章(Basic HTML data types)——第8节(Language codes):http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/types.html#h-6.8
原文如下:
6.8 Language codes
The value of attributes whose type is a language code ( %LanguageCode in the DTD) refers to a language code as specified by [RFC1766], section 2. For information on specifying language codes in HTML, please consult the section on language codes. Whitespace is not allowed within the language-code.
Language codes are case-insensitive.
W3C的规定是:HTML 4.01中的lang的属性值使用RFC1766中的定义值。HTML 4.01的语言代码不区分大小写。
详细信息: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/dirlang.html#langcodes
原文如下:
8.1.1 Language codes
The lang attribute's value is a language code that identifies a natural language spoken, written, or otherwise used for the communication of information among people. Computer languages are explicitly excluded from language codes.
[RFC1766] defines and explains the language codes that must be used in HTML documents.
Briefly, language codes consist of a primary code and a possibly empty series of subcodes:
language-code = primary-code ( "-" subcode )*
Here are some sample language codes:
- "en": English
- "en-US": the U.S. version of English.
- "en-cockney": the Cockney version of English.
- "i-navajo": the Navajo language spoken by some Native Americans.
- "x-klingon": The primary tag "x" indicates an experimental language tag
Two-letter primary codes are reserved for [ISO639] language abbreviations. Two-letter codes include fr (French), de (German), it (Italian), nl (Dutch), el (Greek), es (Spanish), pt (Portuguese), ar (Arabic), he (Hebrew), ru (Russian), zh (Chinese), ja (Japanese), hi (Hindi), ur (Urdu), and sa (Sanskrit).
Any two-letter subcode is understood to be a [ISO3166] country code.
即:
lang的属性值表示语言代码,定义了人们之间通过说话、书写或其他方式进行交流的语言。
RFC1766 定义了HTML中必须使用的语言代码 。
语言代码包括一个主代码和一系列子代码,主代码必须使用,子代码可以不使用。
格式为:主代码、主代码-子代码、主代码-子代码-子代码、……
例如:en表示英语,en-US表示美国英语。
2个字母的主代码按照ISO639的规定执行,包括fr (French), de (German), it (Italian), nl (Dutch), el (Greek), es (Spanish), pt (Portuguese), ar (Arabic), he (Hebrew), ru (Russian), zh (Chinese), ja (Japanese), hi (Hindi), ur (Urdu), and sa (Sanskrit)。
2个字母的子代码与ISO3166国家代码一致。
下面先来看 RFC1766:http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1766.txt
RFC1766由互联网工程工作小组(The Internet Engineering Task Force ,IETF)发行,网站http://www.ietf.org/。
RFC1766的意思是:
主语言标签:
2个字母的主语言标签与ISO标准639一致("Code for the representation of names of languages" [ISO 639]),不允许使用标准以外的其他值。
第一个子语言标签:
2个字母的子语言标签与ISO 3166 alpha-2(2个字母的代码表)一致。
3到8个字母的子语言标签按照IANA的登记执行,按照第5章的说明进行使用。
NOTE: The ISO 639/ISO 3166 convention is that language names are
written in lower case, while country codes are written in upper case.
This convention is recommended, but not enforced; the tags are case
insensitive.
注意:ISO 639和ISO 3166约定语言名称使用小写,国家代码使用大写。这是一个推荐使用的惯例,并不是强制要求;语言代码是不区分大小写的。
再来看ISO639:
- [ISO639]
- "Codes for the representation of names of languages", ISO 639:1988. For more information, consult http://www.iso.ch/cate/d4766.html. Refer also to http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/iso639a.html.
按照维基百科(http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_639)的资料: ISO 639 是数个由国际标准化组织(ISO)为各语言所订定的语言代码。
此标准还在持续更新。
1988年的ISO 639标准:http://ftp.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/http/related/iso639.txt
Technical contents of ISO 639:1988 (E/F)
"Code for the representation of names of languages".
Typed by Keld.Simonsen@dkuug.dk 1990-11-30 <ftp://dkuug.dk/i18n/ISO_639>
Minor corrections, 1992-09-08 by Keld Simonsen
Sundanese corrected, 1992-11-11 by Keld Simonsen
Telugu corrected, 1995-08-24 by Keld Simonsen
Hebrew, Indonesian, Yiddish corrected 1995-10-10 by Michael Everson
Inuktitut, Uighur, Zhuang added 1995-10-10 by Michael Everson
Sinhalese corrected, 1995-10-10 by Michael Everson
Faeroese corrected to Faroese, 1995-11-18 by Keld Simonsen
Sangro corrected to Sangho, 1996-07-28 by Keld Simonsen
Two-letter lower-case symbols are used.
The Registration Authority for ISO 639 is Infoterm, Osterreichisches
Normungsinstitut (ON), Postfach 130, A-1021 Vienna, Austria.
aa Afar
ab Abkhazian
af Afrikaans
am Amharic
ar Arabic
as Assamese
ay Aymara
az Azerbaijani
ba Bashkir
be Byelorussian
bg Bulgarian
bh Bihari
bi Bislama
bn Bengali; Bangla
bo Tibetan
br Breton
ca Catalan
co Corsican
cs Czech
cy Welsh
da Danish
de German
dz Bhutani
el Greek
en English
eo Esperanto
es Spanish
et Estonian
eu Basque
fa Persian
fi Finnish
fj Fiji
fo Faroese
fr French
fy Frisian
ga Irish
gd Scots Gaelic
gl Galician
gn Guarani
gu Gujarati
ha Hausa
he Hebrew (formerly iw)
hi Hindi
hr Croatian
hu Hungarian
hy Armenian
ia Interlingua
id Indonesian (formerly in)
ie Interlingue
ik Inupiak
is Icelandic
it Italian
iu Inuktitut
ja Japanese
jw Javanese
ka Georgian
kk Kazakh
kl Greenlandic
km Cambodian
kn Kannada
ko Korean
ks Kashmiri
ku Kurdish
ky Kirghiz
la Latin
ln Lingala
lo Laothian
lt Lithuanian
lv Latvian, Lettish
mg Malagasy
mi Maori
mk Macedonian
ml Malayalam
mn Mongolian
mo Moldavian
mr Marathi
ms Malay
mt Maltese
my Burmese
na Nauru
ne Nepali
nl Dutch
no Norwegian
oc Occitan
om (Afan) Oromo
or Oriya
pa Punjabi
pl Polish
ps Pashto, Pushto
pt Portuguese
qu Quechua
rm Rhaeto-Romance
rn Kirundi
ro Romanian
ru Russian
rw Kinyarwanda
sa Sanskrit
sd Sindhi
sg Sangho
sh Serbo-Croatian
si Sinhalese
sk Slovak
sl Slovenian
sm Samoan
sn Shona
so Somali
sq Albanian
sr Serbian
ss Siswati
st Sesotho
su Sundanese
sv Swedish
sw Swahili
ta Tamil
te Telugu
tg Tajik
th Thai
ti Tigrinya
tk Turkmen
tl Tagalog
tn Setswana
to Tonga
tr Turkish
ts Tsonga
tt Tatar
tw Twi
ug Uighur
uk Ukrainian
ur Urdu
uz Uzbek
vi Vietnamese
vo Volapuk
wo Wolof
xh Xhosa
yi Yiddish (formerly ji)
yo Yoruba
za Zhuang
zh Chinese
zu Zulu
到这里,主代码primary-code即语种的名称的标准找到了。
下面开始找子代码subcode。
- [ISO3166]
- "Codes for the representation of names of countries", ISO 3166:1993.
按照维基百科的资料(http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_3166) :
国际标准化组织的ISO 3166国际标准针对国家和地区编代码,有三部份:
* ISO 3166-1有国际标准化组织(ISO)的标准国家代码。有二位字母代码、三位字母代码、以及三位数字代码。1974年首次出版。
* ISO 3166-2定义国家或地区的主要行政区代码。
* ISO 3166-3定义被取代的ISO 3166-1代码的代码。1998年首次出版。
开始看ISO 3166 alpha-2(2个字母的代码表):
当时HTML 4.01采用的是ISO 3166:1993,内容如下:http://xml.coverpages.org/country3166.html
Country Code List: ISO 3166-1993 (E)
- This international standard provides a two-letter alphabetic code for representing the names of countries, dependencies, and other areas of special geopolitical interest. The source of this code set is the "Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries (ISO 3166-1993 (E))." Note: 2005-04 correction, Nambia --> Namibia. It is available from:
American National Standards Institute, Inc.
11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor
New York, New York 10036
Code Definition and Explanation AD Andorra AE United Arab Emirates AF Afghanistan AG Antigua & Barbuda AI Anguilla AL Albania AM Armenia AN Netherlands Antilles AO Angola AQ Antarctica AR Argentina AS American Samoa AT Austria AU Australia AW Aruba AZ Azerbaijan BA Bosnia and Herzegovina BB Barbados BD Bangladesh BE Belgium BF Burkina Faso BG Bulgaria BH Bahrain BI Burundi BJ Benin BM Bermuda BN Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia BR Brazil BS Bahama BT Bhutan BU Burma (no longer exists) BV Bouvet Island BW Botswana BY Belarus BZ Belize CA Canada CC Cocos (Keeling) Islands CF Central African Republic CG Congo CH Switzerland CI Côte D'ivoire (Ivory Coast) CK Cook Iislands CL Chile CM Cameroon CN China CO Colombia CR Costa Rica CS Czechoslovakia (no longer exists) CU Cuba CV Cape Verde CX Christmas Island CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic DD German Democratic Republic (no longer exists) DE Germany DJ Djibouti DK Denmark DM Dominica DO Dominican Republic DZ Algeria EC Ecuador EE Estonia EG Egypt EH Western Sahara ER Eritrea ES Spain ET Ethiopia FI Finland FJ Fiji FK Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FM Micronesia FO Faroe Islands FR France FX France, Metropolitan GA Gabon GB United Kingdom (Great Britain) GD Grenada GE Georgia GF French Guiana GH Ghana GI Gibraltar GL Greenland GM Gambia GN Guinea GP Guadeloupe GQ Equatorial Guinea GR Greece GS South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GT Guatemala GU Guam GW Guinea-Bissau GY Guyana HK Hong Kong HM Heard & McDonald Islands HN Honduras HR Croatia HT Haiti HU Hungary ID Indonesia IE Ireland IL Israel IN India IO British Indian Ocean Territory IQ Iraq IR Islamic Republic of Iran IS Iceland IT Italy JM Jamaica JO Jordan JP Japan KE Kenya KG Kyrgyzstan KH Cambodia KI Kiribati KM Comoros KN St. Kitts and Nevis KP Korea, Democratic People's Republic of KR Korea, Republic of KW Kuwait KY Cayman Islands KZ Kazakhstan LA Lao People's Democratic Republic LB Lebanon LC Saint Lucia LI Liechtenstein LK Sri Lanka LR Liberia LS Lesotho LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg LV Latvia LY Libyan Arab Jamahiriya MA Morocco MC Monaco MD Moldova, Republic of MG Madagascar MH Marshall Islands ML Mali MN Mongolia MM Myanmar MO Macau MP Northern Mariana Islands MQ Martinique MR Mauritania MS Monserrat MT Malta MU Mauritius MV Maldives MW Malawi MX Mexico MY Malaysia MZ Mozambique NA Namibia NC New Caledonia NE Niger NF Norfolk Island NG Nigeria NI Nicaragua NL Netherlands NO Norway NP Nepal NR Nauru NT Neutral Zone (no longer exists) NU Niue NZ New Zealand OM Oman PA Panama PE Peru PF French Polynesia PG Papua New Guinea PH Philippines PK Pakistan PL Poland PM St. Pierre & Miquelon PN Pitcairn PR Puerto Rico PT Portugal PW Palau PY Paraguay QA Qatar RE Réunion RO Romania RU Russian Federation RW Rwanda SA Saudi Arabia SB Solomon Islands SC Seychelles SD Sudan SE Sweden SG Singapore SH St. Helena SI Slovenia SJ Svalbard & Jan Mayen Islands SK Slovakia SL Sierra Leone SM San Marino SN Senegal SO Somalia SR Suriname ST Sao Tome & Principe SU Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (no longer exists) SV El Salvador SY Syrian Arab Republic SZ Swaziland TC Turks & Caicos Islands TD Chad TF French Southern Territories TG Togo TH Thailand TJ Tajikistan TK Tokelau TM Turkmenistan TN Tunisia TO Tonga TP East Timor TR Turkey TT Trinidad & Tobago TV Tuvalu TW Taiwan, Province of China TZ Tanzania, United Republic of UA Ukraine UG Uganda UM United States Minor Outlying Islands US United States of America UY Uruguay UZ Uzbekistan VA Vatican City State (Holy See) VC St. Vincent & the Grenadines VE Venezuela VG British Virgin Islands VI United States Virgin Islands VN Viet Nam VU Vanuatu WF Wallis & Futuna Islands WS Samoa YD Democratic Yemen (no longer exists) YE Yemen YT Mayotte YU Yugoslavia ZA South Africa ZM Zambia ZR Zaire ZW Zimbabwe ZZ Unknown or unspecified country
根据ISO提供的信息(http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22748),ISO 3166:1993已被ISO 3166-1取代。
在http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_3166-1可以看到ISO 3166-1的国家和地区代码表,其中CN表示China,HK表示香港。
到这里,2个字母的子代码也清楚了。
下面开始“3到8个字母的子语言标签按照IANA的登记执行,按照第5章的说明进行使用。”
第5章的原文如下:
5. IANA registration procedure for language tags
Any language tag must start with an existing tag, and extend it.
This registration form should be used by anyone who wants to use a
language tag not defined by ISO or IANA.
Alvestrand [Page 7]
RFC 1766 Language Tag March 1995
----------------------------------------------------------------------
LANGUAGE TAG REGISTRATION FORM
Name of requester :
E-mail address of requester:
Tag to be registered :
English name of language :
Native name of language (transcribed into ASCII):
Reference to published description of the language (book or article):
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The language form must be sent to <ietf-types@uninett.no> for a 2-
week review period before submitting it to IANA. (This is an open
list. Requests to be added should be sent to <ietf-types-
request@uninett.no>.)
When the two week period has passed, the language tag reviewer, who
is appointed by the IETF Applications Area Director, either forwards
the request to IANA@ISI.EDU, or rejects it because of significant
objections raised on the list.
Decisions made by the reviewer may be appealed to the IESG.
All registered forms are available online in the directory
ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/languages/
根据第5章的内容,并没有说明3到8个字母的代码表在哪里?
查得IANA(互联网地址指派机构,Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) ,网站是:http://www.iana.org/。
根据维基百科(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA)的资料:
IANA是英文Internet Assigned Numbers Authority的缩写,即Internet号码分配局,是互联网地址指派机构,是在国际互联网中使用的IP地址、域名和许多其它参数的管理机构。IP地址、自治系统成员以及许多顶级和二级域名分配的日常职责由国际互联网注册中心(IR)和地区注册中心承担。
查得iana language subtag,在这里:http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry
引用部分内容如下:
%%
Type: redundant
Tag: zh-Hans
Description: simplified Chinese
Added: 2003-05-30
%%
Type: redundant
Tag: zh-Hans-CN
Description: PRC Mainland Chinese in simplified script
Added: 2005-04-13
%%
Type: redundant
Tag: zh-Hans-HK
Description: Hong Kong Chinese in simplified script
Added: 2005-04-11
标签zh-Hans是在2003-05-30添加的,表示“简体中文”(西方说法)或者称为“规范汉字”(东方说法)。
标签zh-Hans-CN是在2005-04-13添加的,表示“以简体中文格式书写的PRC Mainland用语” 。
标签zh-Hans-HK表示“以简体中文格式书写的香港地区用语”。
到这里,3到8个字母的子代码也明白。
结论是:
按照ISO国际标准,使用zh-CN、zh-HK。按惯例是语言种类小写(如zh) ,国家和地区代码大写(如CN),不作强制要求。
ISO是国际标准,跟着ISO走,你不会错的。各个浏览器也都是这么干的。
IANA的语言代码更新快,但是影响力不如ISO,各个浏览器都不采用。按照W3C的HTML 4.01规范,可以使用IANA的语言代码。所以如果你认可IANA的新代码,用吧,也是符合W3C的,zh-Hans也是对的。
下面请看各个浏览器支持的语言代码截图:
到这里,HTML 4.01中的lang属性值问题得以解决。
XHTML 1.0中的语言应该使用什么属性值,下次再说。虽然XHTML2已经停止了,不过HTML5的lang可能是在XHTML的基础上再扩充。
下面是相关的问题,有空再说。
%%
Type: redundant
Tag: zh-yue
Description: Cantonese
Added: 1999-12-18
Deprecated: 2009-07-29
Preferred-Value: yue
IANA极不赞成使用zh-yue,优先使用yue。
但是ISO 639-2和ISO 639-3都没有把yue作为单独的语言,看来浏览器也不会支持了。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_639-2%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E8%A1%A8
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/ISO_639-3
关于“粤语是汉语族下属的一门语言”和“粤语是汉语的一种方言”的介绍,请看:http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD
%%
Type: language
Subtag: cmn
Description: Mandarin Chinese
Added: 2009-07-29
Macrolanguage: zh
%%
Type: grandfathered
Tag: zh-guoyu
Description: Mandarin or Standard Chinese
Added: 1999-12-18
Deprecated: 2005-07-15
Preferred-Value: cmn
ISO 639规定的是语言代码,那么其中的zh应表示汉语,汉语又分为“发音”与“文字”。关于“发音”与“文字”的问题,有空再谈。
IANA的记录表明:zh-guoyu表示“现代标准汉语”,但已不赞成使用,优先使用cmn表示“现代标准汉语”。
联合国的官方语言有6种:阿拉伯语 · 汉语 · 英语 · 法语 · 俄语 · 西班牙语。
现代标准汉语包括:普通话、国语、华语。详细内容请看:http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E