Create The Contoso University Web Application
Contoso University sample web applicatioin 是一个使用MVC4 & EF5 & VS2012创建的Sample网站。网站功能包括：学生入学，课程选择，作业布置。这一系列的教程会教我们如何建立这个网站。
Code First
在Entiry Framework中，我们有三种处理数据的方法：Database First,Model First,and Code First.这个教程中，我们使用Code First。关于这三种之间的差别以及具体该选择哪种，可以参考Entity Framework Development Workflows。
The Contoso University Web Application
功能：用户可以查看，更新学生、课程、教师信息。
这个Application的UI页面，是系统自动生成的Template。所以我们可以关注于怎么去用Entity Framework.之后我们再用Kendo UI去更新我们的UI。
准备(Prerequisits): Windows Azure SDK http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=254364
一，创建一个MVC WEB Application
Create a new project named “ContosoUniversity”,Using .NET Framework 4.5
网站样式设置（Set Up The Site Style）
我们会对网站的site menu,layout和home page做出一些更新
ViewsShared\_Layout.cshtml：更改母版页的标题，增加一些连接
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="zh"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>@ViewBag.Title - Contoso University</title> <link href="~/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> @Styles.Render("~/Content/css") @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/modernizr") </head> <body> <header> <div class="content-wrapper"> <div class="float-left"> <p class="site-title">@Html.ActionLink("Contoso University", "Index", "Home")</p> </div> <div class="float-right"> <section id="login"> @Html.Partial("_LoginPartial") </section> <nav> <ul id="menu"> <li>@Html.ActionLink("首頁", "Index", "Home")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("關於", "About", "Home")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("學生", "Student", "Home")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("課程", "Course", "Home")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("教師", "Instructors", "Home")</li> <li>@Html.ActionLink("部門", "Departments", "Home")</li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <div id="body"> @RenderSection("featured", required: false) <section class="content-wrapper main-content clear-fix"> @RenderBody() </section> </div> <footer> <div class="content-wrapper"> <div class="float-left"> <p>© @DateTime.Now.Year - Contoso University</p> </div> </div> </footer> @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jquery") @RenderSection("scripts", required: false) </body> </html>
ViewsHomeIndex.cshtml：只保留以下这些：
ControllersHomeController.cs：更改ViewBage.Message的内容：
public ActionResult Index() { ViewBag.Message = "Welcome to Contoso University"; return View(); }
Ctrl+F5运行：
二，为Contoso University application 创建实体数据模型(Entity Data Model)
Model 中添加Entity Class:
1,添加Student.cs类：
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; namespace ContosoUniversity.Models { public class Student { public int StudentID { get; set; } public string LastName { get; set; } public string FirstMidName { get; set; } public DateTime EnrollmentDate { get; set; } public virtual ICollection<Enrollment> Entrollments { get; set; } } }
2，添加Course.cs类
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema; using System.Linq; using System.Web; namespace ContosoUniversity.Models { public class Course { [DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)] public int CourseID { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public int Credits { get; set; } public virtual ICollection<Enrollment> Enrollments { get; set; } } }
3，添加Enrollment.cs类
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; namespace ContosoUniversity.Models { public enum Grade { A, B, C, D, F } public class Enrollment { public int EnrollmentID { get; set; } public int CourseID { get; set; } public int StudentID { get; set; } public Grade? Grade { get; set; } public virtual Course Course { get; set; } public virtual Student Student { get; set; } } }
三，创建数据上下文类（Create the Database Context）
数据库上下文类是Model 中的实体数据模型(Data Model)和Entity Framework 之间的桥梁
Database context class类继承自System.Data.Entity.DbContext 类，这里面你需要指明哪些实体包含在data model 中。你同样可以自定义某些特定的Entity Framework behavior. 这个Project 中DbContext的类名为SchoolContext
添加DAL文件夹，然后添加SchoolContext类：
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Web; namespace ContosoUniversity.Models { public enum Grade { A, B, C, D, F } public class Enrollment { public int EnrollmentID { get; set; } public int CourseID { get; set; } public int StudentID { get; set; } public Grade? Grade { get; set; } public virtual Course Course { get; set; } public virtual Student Student { get; set; } } }
DbContext类为每一个实体集（entity set）创建了一个DbSet属性
每一个实体集对应database中的一张table,每一个实体对应
OnModelCreating方法中的modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove 防止表中的数据以复数(Students,Courses,Enrollments)命名。
四，SQL Server Express LocalDB
.mdf为后缀的database文件，是一个单独的文件放置于项目中的App_Data文件夹中。LocalDB不被推荐使用在web application中因为它不会和IIS一起工作。在VS2012以及以后的版本中，LocalDB被默认安装在VS中。
如果你是用.mdf存贮数据的话，需要更新web.config，添加链接字符串如下：
<add name="SchoolContext" connectionString="Data Source=(LocalDb)v11.0;Initial Catalog=ContosoUniversity;Integrated Security=SSPI;AttachDBFilename=|DataDirectory|ContosoUniversity.mdf" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
默认情况下，Entiry Framework 会在webconfig中寻找和类名DbContext同名的连接字符串(这里是SchoolContext)，连接字符串就会指定APP_Data中一个命名为ContosoUniversity.mdf的数据文件
如果你不手动在webconfig中添加这个连接字符串，Entity Framework就会自动给你添加一个连接字符串，但是这个database文件不会再App_Data文件中。
ConnectionStrings 中包含有名字为DefaultConnection的默认的字符串连接，这个连接是用于Membership database的。在这个教程中我们暂时不会用到membership database. 这两种连接的不同之处就是数据库名称(database name)和属性值(attribute value).
五、设置并执行Code First Migration . Set up and Execute a Code First Migration
在我们开始开发项目的时候，我们需要频繁的更新Data Mode中的实体类(entity class )，每一次更新以后，Model 中的字段就和database中的字段不一致了。
所以我们需要配置Entity Framework 来自动drop 或者re-create database来和model 中的实体类同步。这样drop的方法来更新，在开发中我们用的都是测试数据不会有什么问题，但是一旦部署到正式环境，我们就不能用这种方法去同步mode和database了。 Code First的Migrations功能可以让我们更新数据库结果，并且不用去drop 和 re-create database。
5.1 Enable Code First Migrations
1,Package Manager Console:
2,输入命令：PM>enable-migrations -contexttypename SchoolContext
启用成功，并且创建了Migrations文件夹以及Configurations.cs文件
当database在被created的时候以及每一次从Model中进行同步更新的时候，Configuration.cs中的Seed方法就会被调用。
Seed方法可以让我们能够在Code First创建或者更新database以后，插入测试数据。
5.2 Set up Seed Method
namespace ContosoUniversity.Migrations { using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Data.Entity; using System.Data.Entity.Migrations; using System.Linq; using ContosoUniversity.Models; internal sealed class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<ContosoUniversity.DAL.SchoolContext> { public Configuration() { AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = false; } protected override void Seed(ContosoUniversity.DAL.SchoolContext context) { // This method will be called after migrating to the latest version. // You can use the DbSet<T>.AddOrUpdate() helper extension method // to avoid creating duplicate seed data. E.g. // // context.People.AddOrUpdate( // p => p.FullName, // new Person { FullName = "Andrew Peters" }, // new Person { FullName = "Brice Lambson" }, // new Person { FullName = "Rowan Miller" } // ); // var students = new List<Student>{ new Student { FirstMidName = "Carson", LastName = "Alexander", EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Parse("2010-09-01") }, new Student { FirstMidName = "Meredith", LastName = "Alonso", EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Parse("2012-09-01") }, new Student { FirstMidName = "Arturo", LastName = "Anand", EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Parse("2013-09-01") }, new Student { FirstMidName = "Gytis", LastName = "Barzdukas", EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Parse("2012-09-01") }, new Student { FirstMidName = "Yan", LastName = "Li", EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Parse("2012-09-01") }, new Student { FirstMidName = "Peggy", LastName = "Justice", EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Parse("2011-09-01") }, new Student { FirstMidName = "Laura", LastName = "Norman", EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Parse("2013-09-01") }, new Student { FirstMidName = "Nino", LastName = "Olivetto", EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Parse("2005-08-11") } }; students.ForEach(s => context.Students.AddOrUpdate(p => p.LastName, s)); context.SaveChanges(); var courses = new List<Course> { new Course {CourseID = 1050, Title = "Chemistry", Credits = 3, }, new Course {CourseID = 4022, Title = "Microeconomics", Credits = 3, }, new Course {CourseID = 4041, Title = "Macroeconomics", Credits = 3, }, new Course {CourseID = 1045, Title = "Calculus", Credits = 4, }, new Course {CourseID = 3141, Title = "Trigonometry", Credits = 4, }, new Course {CourseID = 2021, Title = "Composition", Credits = 3, }, new Course {CourseID = 2042, Title = "Literature", Credits = 4, } }; courses.ForEach(s => context.Courses.AddOrUpdate(p => p.Title, s)); context.SaveChanges(); var enrollments = new List<Enrollment> { new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Alexander").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Chemistry" ).CourseID, Grade = Grade.A }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Alexander").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Microeconomics" ).CourseID, Grade = Grade.C }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Alexander").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Macroeconomics" ).CourseID, Grade = Grade.B }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Alonso").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Calculus" ).CourseID, Grade = Grade.B }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Alonso").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Trigonometry" ).CourseID, Grade = Grade.B }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Alonso").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Composition" ).CourseID, Grade = Grade.B }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Anand").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Chemistry" ).CourseID }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Anand").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Microeconomics").CourseID, Grade = Grade.B }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Barzdukas").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Chemistry").CourseID, Grade = Grade.B }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Li").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Composition").CourseID, Grade = Grade.B }, new Enrollment { StudentID = students.Single(s => s.LastName == "Justice").StudentID, CourseID = courses.Single(c => c.Title == "Literature").CourseID, Grade = Grade.B } }; foreach (Enrollment e in enrollments) { var enrollmentInDataBase = context.Enrollments.Where( s => s.Student.StudentID == e.StudentID && s.Course.CourseID == e.CourseID).SingleOrDefault(); if (enrollmentInDataBase == null) { context.Enrollments.Add(e); } } context.SaveChanges(); } } }
Seed 方法，在Code First Migrations 创建database以及每一次从上次的migrations 进行update database的时候执行。Seed方法的目的是可以让你在application 读取database数据之前向tables中insert data.
Seed方法中添加的数据大部分是测试用的，或者是一些发布到正式环境也必须有的数据，例如部门信息等，这样我们在开发的时候就不用每一次都手动的进行添加数据。
1，更新Seed方法，这样程式运行的时候就会加载这些测试数据
Seed方法把database context对象作为输入参数，然后添加新的实体到database中。对于每一个实体类型来说，code首先创建了实体的集合（list），然后把他们添加到对应的DbSet属性中，然后用SaveChange()方法保存到database.
AddOrUpdate方法执行了一个插入更新的动作。每一次Mirgraiton的时候Seed方法都会执行，它会把开发测试过程中的更新重写到database中。
context.Students.AddOrUpdate(p => p.LastName, s)
AddOrUpate中的第一个参数，指定根据这个参数的属性去检查实体数据是否存在。在测试的Student data中，我们用LastName,因为在List的列表中，LastName是唯一的。
如果我们添加一条LastName重复名称的student.当你进行database migrations的时候就会报出下面的错误：
Sequence contains more than one element
foreach (Enrollment e in enrollments) { var enrollmentInDataBase = context.Enrollments.Where( s => s.Student.StudentID == e.StudentID && s.Course.CourseID == e.CourseID).SingleOrDefault(); if (enrollmentInDataBase == null) { context.Enrollments.Add(e); } } context.SaveChanges();
Seed方法中添加Enrollment Entities的时候，并没有用到AddOrUpdate方法。
而是用了Add，这个方法会检查enrollment 实体数据是否存在，不存在的话加入一条新的数据，如果存在不会对其进行更新。Foreach循环遍历 Enrollment中的每一个实体，在你第一次update database的时候，这些实体就会被添加到database中。
2.Ctrl+Shift+B重建解决方案：
5.3 Create and Execute the First Migration创建并执行迁移
1，Package Manager Console中输入命令创建最开始的迁移，并更新
1. PM>add-migration InitialCreate
2. PM>update-database
add-migration 命令添加了Migrations文件夹，并且包含迁移类文件，迁移类生成了database. InitialCreate是自己定义的参数名字。
迁移类中的Up方法，创建了和Model Class中实体集合(entity sets)对应的database tables. Down方法是删除这些实体。Migrations调用Up方法去执行data model 中的改变。当你Update-database的时候，Migrations调用了Down方法。
update-database 先调用Up方法创建数据库，然后调用Seed方法把数据填充到数据库中。
完成以上，我们便在App_Data中创建了一个.mdf后缀的SQL Server 数据库文件。.mdf文件的名字是我们在webconfig的连接字符串中定义的。
我们看到资料库和.mdf文件：
六、Creating a Student Controller and Views
总结：
我们创建了一个简单的application。接下来，我们会学习如何执行CRUD(create,read,update,delete)。
C#基础：
