Oracle笔记（4）数据库备份

1.归档模式

#查看归档模式
SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode	       No Archive Mode
Automatic archival	       Disabled
Archive destination	       USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence     5
Current log sequence	       7


#归档相关参数
show parameter log_archive_start   #从10G开始，废弃此参数，9i如果为False，归档模式也不自动归档。
show parameter log_archive_format
show parameter log_archive_dest

#修改归档模步骤：
                             #修改参数
shutdown immediate;          # 以immediate方式关闭数据库
startup mount;               # 启动到mount状态
alter database archivelog;   # 更改运行模式       #停止归档： alter database noarchivelog;
alter database open;         # 并启动数据库
archive log list
-----------------------------------------
Database log mode	       Archive Mode
Automatic archival	       Enabled
Archive destination	       USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence     5
Next log sequence to archive   7
Current log sequence	       7

2.闪回

SQL> show parameter db_recover

NAME				     TYPE	 VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_recovery_file_dest		     string	 /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area
db_recovery_file_dest_size	     big integer 10G                                  #两个参数都是动态参数

SQL> show parameter recovery

NAME				     TYPE	 VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
db_recovery_file_dest		     string	 /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area
db_recovery_file_dest_size	     big integer 10G
recovery_parallelism		     integer	 0
remote_recovery_file_dest	     string


# 闪回
1.可以放闪回区的文件有：控制文件、归档的日志文件、闪回日志、控制文件和SPFILE的自动备份、RMAN备份集、数据文件COPY。
2.闪回使用85%，97%时，alert文件会有告警信息；闪回恢复区空间不足，数据库会挂起，报错为ORA-19815。
  处理方法：· 手工删除归档日志
           · RMAN中 crosscheck archivelog all;
           · RMAN中 delete expired archivelog all;
           · select name, space_limit, space_used from v$recovery_file_dest;  #检查

#修改闪回大小
alter system set db_recovery_file_dest_size=20G scope=both;

3.RMAN备份

1.RMAN备份信息默认存放于控制文件中，可以配置RMAN备份信息存放于目录数据库中（Catalog Database）。
2.备份策略有：基于冗余     -  每个文件保留n份 
             基于恢复窗口 -  定义备份保留时间（备份超过保留时间，备份被标记为废弃obsolete，但不自动删除，需要执行delete obsolete 才会删除，查看使用 report obsolete）
3.使用NOCATALOG进行RMAN备份，备份完成后，本次备份信息写入控制文件。最后自动备份控制文件和spfile。
4.控制文件记录了数据库的数据文件、日志文件、备份信息,以及数据库的检查点和SCN，对RMAN恢复至关重要。

#RMAN常用命令
RMAN> show all;
RMAN> configure retention policy to renundancy 2;     #设置备份文件保留两份
RMAN> report obsolete；                                #显示废弃陈旧备份
RMAN> delete obsolete；                                #删除废弃陈旧备份
RMAN> delete nopromt obsolete；                        #删除废弃，无需确认立即删除。

RMAN> crosscheck backup;                       #手工删除的备份，删除信息不会体现至数据库，crosscheck后会标记为expired
RMAN> delete expired backup;                   #删除expired陈旧
RMAN> crosscheck archivelog all;               #手工删除归档日志后，crosscheck验证，标记为expired
RMAN> delete noprompt expired archivelog all;  #删除expired归档日志


RMAN> delete expired copy;                          # 删除 EXPIRED 副本
RMAN> delete backupset 19;                          # 删除特定备份集
RMAN> delete backuppiece 'd:ackupDEMO_19.bak';   # 删除特定备份片
RMAN> delete backup;                                # 删除所有备份集
RMAN> delete datafilecopy 'd:ackupDEMO_19.bak';  #删除特定映像副本
RMAN> delete copy;                                  # 删除所有映像副本
RMAN> delete archivelog all delete input;           # 在备份后删除输入对象



RMAN> list backup;
RMAN> LIST BACKUP OF DATABASE;
RMAN> LIST COPY OF TABLESPACE 'SYSTEM';
RMAN> LIST BACKUP OF DATAFILE'/ORADATA/user01.dbf';
RMAN> list backup summary;
RMAN> report schema;
RMAN> backup as copy database;
RMAN> backup as copy current controlfile format '/backup/control01.ctl';
RMAN> backup datafile1;
RMAN> backup as copy datafile 1;
RMAN> copy datafile 1 to '/backup/datafile1.dbf';    #RMAN镜像拷贝
RMAN> list copy;   #查看镜像copy列表

RMAN> restore spfile to '/backup/spfile.ora' from autobackup;         #恢复spfile  未momount无法从auto备份恢复spfile
RMAN> restore controlfile to '/backup/control01.ctl' from autobackup; #恢复控制文件 未mount无法重从auto备份恢复控制文件
RMAN> restore controlfile to '/home/oracle/control01.ctl' from '/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/CDB1/autobackup/2020_04_25/o1_mf_s_1038673028_hb7wj4o9_.bkp'


#RMAN 备份相关的动态性能表
V$ARCHIVED_LOG：      本视图包含了所有归档重做日志文件的创建情况，备份情况以及其他信息。
V$BACKUP_CORRUPTION： 这个视图显示了RMAN 在哪些备份集中发现了损坏的数据坏。在你使用BACKUP VALIDATE 命令对备份集进行检查时如果发现了损坏的数据块，RMAN 将在这个视图中写入记录。
V$COPY_CORRUPTIO：    本视图显示了哪些镜像复制备份文件已经被损坏。
V$BACKUP_DATAFILE：   本视图通常用来获取每个数据文件中非空白数据块的数量，从而帮助你创建出大小基本相等的备份集。另外，在视图中也包含了数据文件中损坏的数据块的信息。
V$BACKUP_REDOLOG：    本视图显示了在现有的备份集中已经有哪些归档重做日志文件。
V$BACKUP_SET：        本视图显示了已经创建的备份集的信息。
V$BACKUP_PIECE：      本视图显示了已经创建的备份片段的信息。 
v$rman_configuration;
v$backup_spfile;

#RMAN设置
RMAN> configure device type disk backup type to compressed backupset;      #设置默认压缩备份



#rman备份

RMAN> RUN {
       crosscheck archivelog all ;
       CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON; 
       CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO "/bakup/%F"; 
       allocate channel c1 device type disk ;
       allocate channel c2 device type disk ;
       BACKUP as compressed backupset database  format "/bakup/full_%d_%T_%s.bak" plus archivelog; 
       release channel c1;
       release channel c2;
        } 
ALLOCATE CHANNEL FOR MAINTENANCE DEVICE TYPE DISK; 
CROSSCHECK BACKUPSET; 
delete noprompt archivelog all completed before 'sysdate-10';
delete noprompt expired backup;

备注：backup full tag 'back200000302' as compressed backupset database include current controlfile format "/home/oracle/full_%d_%T_%s.bak" plus archivelog format "/home/oracle/arch_%d_%T_%s.bak" delete all input ; 

#使用备份控制文件进行不完全恢复
RMAN> restore database
RMAN> recover database using backup controlfile until cancel
SQL> alter database open restlogs

#基于SCN和基于时间点的不完全恢复
RMAN> run {
   set until scn 18888888;   #基于scn    #基于时间点 set until time '2000-01-02 11:00:00'
   restore database;
   recover database;
   }
SQL> alter database open restlogs;


RMAN> restore database;
RMAN> recover database until scn 18888888;
RMAN> recover database until time '2000-01-02 11:00:00';
SQL> alter database open restlogs;

#通过setname指定恢复数据文件路径
RMAN> run {
   set newname for datafile 1 to '/u03/oradata/use01.dbf'
   restore datafile 1;
   switch datafile all;
   recover datafile 1;
   }
SQL> alter database open;

#基于数据块的恢复
[oracle@server pdb1]$ dbv file=system01.dbf                               #dbv检查是否有坏块
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBVERIFY: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Sat Apr 25 17:44:43 2020
Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
DBVERIFY - Verification starting : FILE = /u01/app/oracle/oradata/CDB1/pdb1/system01.dbf
DBVERIFY - Verification complete
Total Pages Examined         : 34560
Total Pages Processed (Data) : 17434
Total Pages Failing   (Data) : 0
Total Pages Processed (Index): 8682
Total Pages Failing   (Index): 0
Total Pages Processed (Other): 2120
Total Pages Processed (Seg)  : 1
Total Pages Failing   (Seg)  : 0
Total Pages Empty            : 6324
Total Pages Marked Corrupt   : 0
Total Pages Influx           : 0
Total Pages Encrypted        : 0
Highest block SCN            : 2240255 (0.2240255)

RMAN> backup validate datafile 1;                                         #使用RMAN验证数据库文件，以发现坏块
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Starting backup at 25-APR-20
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/CDB1/system01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
List of Datafiles
=================
File Status Marked Corrupt Empty Blocks Blocks Examined High SCN
---- ------ -------------- ------------ --------------- ----------
1    OK     0              16818        115210          2241042   
  File Name: /u01/app/oracle/oradata/CDB1/system01.dbf
  Block Type Blocks Failing Blocks Processed
  ---------- -------------- ----------------
  Data       0              79634           
  Index      0              12706           
  Other      0              6042            
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
including current SPFILE in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
List of Control File and SPFILE
===============================
File Type    Status Blocks Failing Blocks Examined
------------ ------ -------------- ---------------
SPFILE       OK     0              2               
Control File OK     0              1142            
Finished backup at 25-APR-20

SQL> select * from v$database_block_corruption where file# = 1;             #验证完成之后愉快的查一查
RMAN> blockrecover datafile 1 block 11 from backupset;                      #基于数据块级别的恢复
SQL> select * from v$database_block_corruption where file# = 1;             #就看一下一下是否修复好
RMAN> backup validate datafile 1;                                           #使用RMAN验证数据库文件，刷新一下 block corruption 信息
SQL> select * from v$database_block_corruption where file# = 1;             #检查是否修复


#异机恢复
RMAN> catlog start with '/backup'
RMAN> report schema;
RMAN> run {
   set newname for datafile 1 to '/u03/oradata/use01.dbf';
                   ......
   set newname for datafile n to '/u03/oradata/use0n.dbf';
   restore database;
   switch datafile all;
}
RMAN> recover database;
RMAN> alter database open resetlogs;

4.其他

# 运行脚本(又能细分为几种方式如下：
1. [oracle@oracle ~]$ rman TARGET / @backup_db.rman

2. RMAN> @backup_db.rman

3. RMAN> RUN { @backup_db.rman }               #运行存储在恢复目录中的脚本(需要首先为rman 创建恢复目录)

4. RMAN> RUN { EXECUTE SCRIPT backup_whole_db };

5．操作系统脚本(linux,windows 环境下小有差异，但只是操作系统命令的不同)
   [oracle@oracle ~]$rman cmdfile=backup_db.rman 

#收藏的命令
# list
RMAN> list incarnation;
RMAN> list backup by file; #按备份类型列出备份 Datafile-->Archivelog-->Control File-->Spfile
RMAN> list backup; #列出详细备份
RMAN> list expired backup; #列出过期的备份
RMAN> list backup of tablespace tbs1;#列出表空间的备份
RMAN> list backup of datafile 1; #列出数据文件的备份
RMAN> list archivelog all;#列出归档日志信息
RMAN> list backup of archivelog all; #列出归档日志的备份信息
RMAN> list backup of controlfile; #列出控制文件的备份信息
RMAN> list backup of spfile;#列出spfile的备份信息

# report 
RMAN> report need backup days=3; #报告最近没有被备份的数据文件
RMAN> report need backup redundancy=2; #报告冗余备份，即列出少于两个冗余备份的数据文件信息
RMAN> report need backup recovery window of 1 days; #列出1天内没有被备份的数据文件信息
RMAN> report unrecoverable; #报告数据文件的不可恢复操作，即列出没有备份的数据文件信息
RMAN> report schema; #报告目标数据库物理结果，显示出表空间(包括临时表空间)即对应数据文件信息
RMAN> report obsolete; #报告丢弃的备份，如果使用了保存策略，备份会被标记为丢弃状态
RMAN> delete obsolete; #删除丢弃状态的备份

# crosscheck 
RMAN> crosscheck backup;
RMAN> crosscheck backup of datafile 1;
RMAN> crosscheck backup of tablespace users;
RMAN> crosscheck backup of controlfile;
RMAN> crosscheck backup tag='TAG20161120T121243';
RMAN> crosscheck backup completed after 'sysdate-2';
RMAN> crosscheck backup completed between 'sysdate-5' and 'sysdate-2';
RMAN> crosscheck archivelog all;
RMAN> crosscheck archivelog like 'o1_mf_1_6%';
RMAN> crosscheck archivelog from sequence 5;
RMAN> crosscheck archivelog until sequence 8;


# delete
RMAN> report obsolete; 
RMAN> delete obsolete; #删除陈旧备份
RMAN> delete backupset 3; #删除指定编号的备份集，noprompt参数表示直接删除，不提示输入yes或no
RMAN> delete backuppiece '/home/oracle/backup/DEMO.bak'; #删除指定的备份片
RMAN> delete backup; #删除所有的备份
RMAN> delete copy; #删除映像副本
RMAN> delete datafilecopy '/home/oracle/backup/demo.bak'; #删除指定映像副本
RMAN> delete datafilecopy 1;
RMAN> delete backupset 1,2,3; #删除多个备份集，用逗号隔开
RMAN> delete archivelog all; #删除所有归档
RMAN> delete archivelog until time 'sysdate-1'; #删除当前之前的归档

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