属性提供功能强大的方法以将声明信息与 C# 代码(类型、方法、属性等)相关联。与程序实体关联后,属性可在运行时查询,并可以以任意多种方式使用。
属性的用法示例包括:
- 将帮助文档与程序实体关联(通过 Help 属性)。
- 将值编辑器关联到 GUI 框架中的特定类型(通过 ValueEditor 属性)。
除一个完整的示例外,本教程还包括以下主题:
声明属性类
在 C# 中声明属性很简单:它采取从 System.Attribute 继承的类声明的形式,并已用 AttributeUsage 属性标记,如下所示:
1
using System;
2
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]
3
public class HelpAttribute : System.Attribute
4

{
5
public readonly string Url;
6
7
public string Topic // Topic is a named parameter
8
{
9
get
10
{
11
return topic;
12
}
13
set
14
{
16
topic = value;
17
}
18
}
19
20
public HelpAttribute(string url) // url is a positional parameter
21
{
22
this.Url = url;
23
}
24
25
private string topic;
26
}
代码讨论
- 属性 AttributeUsage 指定该属性可以应用于的语言元素。
- 属性类是从 System.Attribute 派生的公共类,至少有一个公共构造函数。
- 属性类有两种类型的参数:
- “定位参数”,每次使用属性时都必须指定这些参数。定位参数被指定为属性类的构造函数参数。在上面的示例中,url 便是一个定位参数。
- “命名参数”,可选。如果使用属性时指定了命名参数,则必须使用参数的名称。通过包含非静态字段或属性来定义命名参数。在上面的示例中,Topic 便是一个命名参数。
- 属性参数限制为下列类型的常数值:
- 简单类型(bool、byte、char、short、int、long、float 和 double)
- string
- System.Type
- enums
- 对象(对象类型的属性参数的参数必须是属于上述类型之一的常数值。)
- 以上任意类型的一维数组
AttributeUsage 属性的参数
属性 AttributeUsage 提供声明属性的基础机制。
AttributeUsage 具有一个定位参数:
- AllowOn 指定可以将属性赋给的程序元素(类、方法、属性、参数等)。该参数的有效值可以在 .NET Framework 中的 System.Attributes.AttributeTargets 枚举中找到。该参数的默认值是所有程序元素 (AttributeElements.All)。
AttributeUsage 有一个命名参数:
- AllowMultiple,一个布尔值,指示是否可以为一个程序元素指定多个属性。该参数的默认值为 false。
使用属性类
以下是使用上一节中声明的属性的简单示例:
1
[HelpAttribute("http://localhost/MyClassInfo")]
2
class MyClass
3

{
4
}
本示例中,HelpAttribute 属性与 MyClass 关联。
注意 根据约定,所有属性名称都以单词“Attribute”结束,以便将它们与 .NET Framework 中的其他项区分。但是,在代码中使用属性时不需要指定属性后缀。例如,可以如下指定 HelpAttribute:
1
[Help("http://localhost/MyClassInfo")] // [Help] == [HelpAttribute]
2
class MyClass
3

{
4
}
通过反射访问属性
属性与程序元素关联后,可以使用反射查询属性存在及其值。查询属性的主要反射方法包含在 System.Reflection.MemberInfo 类(GetCustomAttributes 方法族)中。下面的示例演示使用反射获取对属性的访问的基本方法:
1
class MainClass
2

{
3
public static void Main()
4
{
5
System.Reflection.MemberInfo info = typeof(MyClass);
6
object[] attributes = info.GetCustomAttributes(true);
7
for (int i = 0; i < attributes.Length; i ++)
8
{
9
System.Console.WriteLine(attributes[i]);
10
}
11
}
12
}
示例
下面是集合所有部分的完整示例。
1
// AttributesTutorial.cs
2
// This example shows the use of class and method attributes.
3
4
using System;
5
using System.Reflection;
6
using System.Collections;
7
8
// The IsTested class is a user-defined custom attribute class.
9
// It can be applied to any declaration including
10
// - types (struct, class, enum, delegate)
11
// - members (methods, fields, events, properties, indexers)
12
// It is used with no arguments.
13
public class IsTestedAttribute : Attribute
14

{
15
public override string ToString()
16
{
17
return "Is Tested";
18
}
19
}
20
21
// The AuthorAttribute class is a user-defined attribute class.
22
// It can be applied to classes and struct declarations only.
23
// It takes one unnamed string argument (the author's name).
24
// It has one optional named argument Version, which is of type int.
25
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Struct)]
26
public class AuthorAttribute : Attribute
27

{
28
// This constructor specifies the unnamed arguments to the attribute class.
29
public AuthorAttribute(string name)
30
{
31
this.name = name;
32
this.version = 0;
33
}
34
35
// This property is readonly (it has no set accessor)
36
// so it cannot be used as a named argument to this attribute.
37
public string Name
38
{
39
get
40
{
41
return name;
42
}
43
}
44
45
// This property is read-write (it has a set accessor)
46
// so it can be used as a named argument when using this
47
// class as an attribute class.
48
public int Version
49
{
50
get
51
{
52
return version;
53
}
54
set
55
{
56
version = value;
57
}
58
}
59
60
public override string ToString()
61
{
62
string value = "Author : " + Name;
63
if (version != 0)
64
{
65
value += " Version : " + Version.ToString();
66
}
67
return value;
68
}
69
70
private string name;
71
private int version;
72
}
73
74
// Here you attach the AuthorAttribute user-defined custom attribute to
75
// the Account class. The unnamed string argument is passed to the
76
// AuthorAttribute class's constructor when creating the attributes.
77
[Author("Joe Programmer")]
78
class Account
79

{
80
// Attach the IsTestedAttribute custom attribute to this method.
81
[IsTested]
82
public void AddOrder(Order orderToAdd)
83
{
84
orders.Add(orderToAdd);
85
}
86
87
private ArrayList orders = new ArrayList();
88
}
89
90
// Attach the AuthorAttribute and IsTestedAttribute custom attributes
91
// to this class.
92
// Note the use of the 'Version' named argument to the AuthorAttribute.
93
[Author("Jane Programmer", Version = 2), IsTested()]
94
class Order
95

{
96
// add stuff here 
97
}
98
99
class MainClass
100

{
101
private static bool IsMemberTested(MemberInfo member)
102
{
103
foreach (object attribute in member.GetCustomAttributes(true))
104
{
105
if (attribute is IsTestedAttribute)
106
{
107
return true;
108
}
109
}
110
return false;
111
}
112
113
private static void DumpAttributes(MemberInfo member)
114
{
115
Console.WriteLine("Attributes for : " + member.Name);
116
foreach (object attribute in member.GetCustomAttributes(true))
117
{
118
Console.WriteLine(attribute);
119
}
120
}
121
122
public static void Main()
123
{
124
// display attributes for Account class
125
DumpAttributes(typeof(Account));
126
127
// display list of tested members
128
foreach (MethodInfo method in (typeof(Account)).GetMethods())
129
{
130
if (IsMemberTested(method))
131
{
132
Console.WriteLine("Member {0} is tested!", method.Name);
133
}
134
else
135
{
136
Console.WriteLine("Member {0} is NOT tested!", method.Name);
137
}
138
}
139
Console.WriteLine();
140
141
// display attributes for Order class
142
DumpAttributes(typeof(Order));
143
144
// display attributes for methods on the Order class
145
foreach (MethodInfo method in (typeof(Order)).GetMethods())
146
{
147
if (IsMemberTested(method))
148
{
149
Console.WriteLine("Member {0} is tested!", method.Name);
150
}
151
else
152
{
153
Console.WriteLine("Member {0} is NOT tested!", method.Name);
154
}
155
}
156
Console.WriteLine();
157
}
158
}
输出
Attributes for : Account
Author : Joe Programmer
Member GetHashCode is NOT tested!
Member Equals is NOT tested!
Member ToString is NOT tested!
Member AddOrder is tested!
Member GetType is NOT tested!
Attributes for : Order
Author : Jane Programmer Version : 2
Is Tested
Member GetHashCode is NOT tested!
Member Equals is NOT tested!
Member ToString is NOT tested!
Member GetType is NOT tested!