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  • 【linux之挂载,Raid,LVM】

    一、挂载,卸载

    挂载:将新的文件系统关联至当前根文件系统
    卸载:将某文件系统与当前根文件系统的关联关系移除

    cat /etc/mtab 存储着已经挂载的文件系统 (跟 mount 一样)

    mount:显示当前系统已经挂载的设备及挂载点

    mount [options] [-o options] DEVICE MOUNT_POINT
      设备:
         设备文件:/dev/sda5
         卷标:LABEL=""
         UUID: UUID=""
      挂载点:目录
        要求:
          1、此目录没有被其他进程使用;
          2、目录得事先存在;
          3、目录中的原有的文件将会暂时隐藏;
        选项:
        -a:表示挂载/etc/fstab文件中定义的所有文件系统
        -n:默认情况下,mount命令每挂载一个设备,都会把挂载的设备信息保存到/etc/mtab.加了-n就不写入/etc/mtab中
        -r:以只读方式挂载
        -w:以读写的方式挂载
        -L:指明卷标
        -U:用UUID挂载
        -t:指明文件系统类型,默认通过blkid来识别指定
        -o:指定挂载时候选项的内容
           async  All I/O to the filesystem should be done asynchronously. (See also the sync option.)
    
           atime  Update inode access time for each access. See also the strictatime mount option.
    
           noatime
                  Do  not update inode access times on this filesystem (e.g, for faster access on the news spool
                  to speed up news servers).
    
           auto   Can be mounted with the -a option.
    
           noauto Can only be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option  will  not  cause  the  filesystem  to  be
                  mounted).
    
           context=context, fscontext=context, defcontext=context and rootcontext=context
                  The  context=  option  is  useful  when  mounting  filesystems  that  do  not support extended
                  attributes, such as a floppy or hard disk formatted with VFAT, or systems that  are  not  nor-
                  mally  running  under  SELinux, such as an ext3 formatted disk from a non-SELinux workstation.
                  You can also use context= on filesystems you do not trust, such as a floppy. It also helps  in
                  compatibility with xattr-supporting filesystems on earlier 2.4.<x> kernel versions. Even where
                  xattrs are supported, you can save time not having to label every file by assigning the entire
                  disk one security context.
    
                  A commonly used option for removable media is context=system_u:object_r:removable_t.
    
                  Two  other options are fscontext= and defcontext=, both of which are mutually exclusive of the
                  context option. This means you can use fscontext and defcontext with each other,  but  neither
                  can be used with context.
    
                  The fscontext= option works for all filesystems, regardless of their xattr support. The fscon-
                  text option sets the overarching  filesystem  label  to  a  specific  security  context.  This
                  filesystem label is separate from the individual labels on the files. It represents the entire
                  filesystem for certain kinds of permission checks, such as  during  mount  or  file  creation.
                  Individual file labels are still obtained from the xattrs on the files themselves. The context
                  option actually sets the aggregate context that fscontext provides, in addition  to  supplying
                  the same label for individual files.
    
                  You  can  set  the default security context for unlabeled files using defcontext= option. This
                  overrides the value set for unlabeled files in the policy and requires a filesystem that  sup-
                  ports xattr labeling.
    
                  The  rootcontext=  option  allows you to explicitly label the root inode of a FS being mounted
                  before that FS or inode because visable to userspace. This was found to be useful  for  things
                  like stateless linux.
    
                  For more details, see selinux(8)
    
           defaults
                  Use default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.
    
           dev    Interpret character or block special devices on the filesystem.
    
           nodev  Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.
    
           diratime
                  Update directory inode access times on this filesystem. This is the default.
    
           nodiratime
                  Do not update directory inode access times on this filesystem.
    
           dirsync
                  All  directory  updates  within the filesystem should be done synchronously.  This affects the
                  following system calls: creat, link, unlink, symlink, mkdir, rmdir, mknod and rename.
    
           exec   Permit execution of binaries.
    
           noexec Do not allow direct execution of any binaries on the mounted filesystem.  (Until  recently  it
                  was  possible  to run binaries anyway using a command like /lib/ld*.so /mnt/binary. This trick
                  fails since Linux 2.4.25 / 2.6.0.)
    
           group  Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem if one of his  groups  matches
                  the  group of the device.  This option implies the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden
                  by subsequent options, as in the option line group,dev,suid).
    
           iversion
                  Every time the inode is modified, the i_version field will be incremented.
    
           noiversion
                  Do not increment the i_version inode field.
    
           mand   Allow mandatory locks on this filesystem. See fcntl(2).
                  All  directory  updates  within the filesystem should be done synchronously.  This affects the
                  following system calls: creat, link, unlink, symlink, mkdir, rmdir, mknod and rename.
    
        
    
           nomand Do not allow mandatory locks on this filesystem.
    
           _netdev
                  The filesystem resides on a device that requires network access (used to  prevent  the  system
                  from  attempting to mount these filesystems until the network has been enabled on the system).
    
           nofail Do not report errors for this device if it does not exist.
    
           relatime
                  Update inode access times relative to modify or change time.  Access time is only  updated  if
                  the previous access time was earlier than the current modify or change time. (Similar to noat-
                  ime, but doesn’t break mutt or other applications that need to know if a file  has  been  read
                  since the last time it was modified.)
    
           norelatime
                  Do not use relatime feature. See also the strictatime mount option.
    
           strictatime
                  Allows  to  explicitly  requesting  full  atime  updates. This makes it possible for kernel to
                  defaults to relatime or noatime but still allow userspace to override  it.  For  more  details
                  about the default system mount options see /proc/mounts.
    
           nostrictatime
                  Use the kernel’s default behaviour for inode access time updates.
    
           suid   Allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect.
    
           nosuid Do  not  allow  set-user-identifier  or  set-group-identifier bits to take effect. (This seems
                  safe, but is in fact rather unsafe if you have suidperl(1) installed.)
    
           owner  Allow an ordinary (i.e., non-root) user to mount the filesystem if he  is  the  owner  of  the
                  device.   This  option  implies  the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by subsequent
                  options, as in the option line owner,dev,suid).
    
           remount 重新挂载
                  Attempt to remount an already-mounted filesystem.  This is commonly used to change  the  mount
                  flags for a filesystem, especially to make a readonly filesystem writeable. It does not change
                  device or mount point.
    mount命令

    df: report file system disk space usage

      -h:以人类方便读取的方式显示
      -T:显示文件系统类型

    挂载完成之后,要通过挂载点来访问对应文件系统上的文件

    umount:卸载文件系统(单参数命令)

    umount 设备
    umount 挂载点
    -a:卸载/etc/mtab里所有的文件系统

    卸载注意事项:
    挂载的设备没有进程使用;

    fuser -v 挂载点 :显示当前使用文件的进程信息

    cat /etc/fstab

    #
    # /etc/fstab
    # Created by anaconda on Mon May 11 05:49:57 2015
    #
    # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
    # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
    #
    UUID=0f4c5b88-8b5e-4cdb-8c7a-3f1ef4757703 /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
    UUID=436bfd28-bdc7-4103-97c8-6ad4cf70fa1a /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
    UUID=d9ec093a-4023-4453-8576-46a02e58896c swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
    tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
    devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
    sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
    proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0

    第一列:设备(文件名,UUID,卷标)
    第二列:挂载点
    第三列:文件系统类型
    第四列:设备选项
    第五列:备份的频率(转储频率)0:不允许备份;1:允许备份
    第六列:检测级别。0:不检测;1:优先检测;2:正常检测。一般情况下,只有根文件系统是1

    swap:交换分区,没有挂载点

    free 查看物理内存和交换空间的大小,使用率
    -m 以兆为单位查看

    buffers 缓冲区 :带宽高向带宽低传递数据;存放元数据
    cached 缓存: 从带宽低里取数据;存放数据信息

    正常情况下,交换分区的大小不小于512M,一般为物理内存的2倍

    交换分区的ID为82

    l 查看分区类型ID

    t 82 转换为交换分区

    mkswap 设备名:创建交换分区
    
    swapon 设备名 启用交换空间
    swapoff 设备名 关闭交换空间
    dd:硬拷贝命令(直接在硬盘上进行数据拷贝,没有经过内存,二进制之间的协调复制) convert and copy a file
       bs=BYTES:一次读取和写入的字节数(单元大小)
       count=BLOCKS:单元数量
       if=FILE:源文件
       of=FILE:目标文件
       
    dd if=/dev/sda of=/root/mbr.backup bs=512 count=1  (备份MBR)

    MBR 主引导程序,硬盘的0柱面,0磁头,0扇区。总共512字节,其中446字节为主引导程序,64字节的分区表信息,剩下2字节为magic number

    /dev/zero 泡泡设备

    dd if=/dev/zero of=./swapfile bs=1M count=1024
    mkswap swapfile

    二、RAID

    一些接口

    IDE 电子集成化设备 133MBPS
    SATA:串行ATA 6Gbps
    USB (串行接口)
       3.0:5Gbps
       3.1:10Gbps
    SCSI(小型计算机系统接口):并行接口 640Mbps 支持热插拔
    SAS(SCSI的串行技术)

    RAID:Randundant Arry of Inexpensive Disks(廉价的冗余磁盘阵列)

    Controller(控制器):集成
    Adapter(适配器):独立
    最大的区别:性能

    显卡的处理器称为图形处理器(GPU),它是显卡的“心脏”
    挑显卡挑GPU,位宽

    核心显卡
    英文原名Core graphics card,核心图形卡,意思是集成在核心中的显卡。

    补充:集成显卡和独立显卡的区别:
    所在位置不同:集成显卡是集成在CPU内或者主板上的,而独立显卡在单独的PCB电路板上。
    搭载的显存大小不同:集成显卡没有单独的显存,需要共享系统的内存作为显存,而独立显卡有单独的显存。

    RAID0带区卷
    RAID1镜像卷
    RAID5,容错的同时提高io效率。分布式校验信息存储系统
    RAID6,比RAID5多一重校验,双重校验
    RAID10,先做RAID1再做RAID0
    RAID01
    RAID51

    BIOS是英文"Basic Input Output System"的缩略词,直译过来后中文名称就是"基本输入输出系统"。其实,它是一组固化到计算机内主板上一个ROM芯片上的程序,它保存着计算机最重要的基本输入输出的程序、开机后自检程序和系统自启动程序,它可从CMOS中读写系统设置的具体信息。 其主要功能是为计算机提供最底层的、最直接的硬件设置和控制。

    硬件RAID
    1.主板上要有RAID控制器
    2.RAID适配器
    软件RAID
    md:Multi Disks
    mdadm
    模式化的管理工具

    RAID设备名称必须是md#

    JBOD:just a bunch of disks(类似windows里的跨区卷)
    分区id修改为fd

    mdadm: 将任何块设备做成RAID

    模式化的命令:
    mdadm [mode] <raiddevice> [options] <component-devices>
    创建模式
        -C 
           专用选项:
            -l #: 级别  -l 0 --level=raid0
            -n #: 设备个数
            -a {yes|no}: 是否自动为其创建设备文件
            -c: CHUNK大小, 2^n,默认为512K(条带大小)
            -x #: 指定空闲盘个数
      管理模式
        -a|--add: 向RAID设备中添加分区,一般用于添加额外分区以便备用
        -r|--remove: 从RAID设备中移除分区,一般用于移除失效的分区
        -f|--fail: 设置使某RAID设备中的分区标记为失败
        mdadm /dev/md# -a /dev/sde1
        mdadm /dev/md# --fail /dev/sdd1
        mdadm /dev/md# -r /dev/sdd1
      装配模式: /etc/mdadm.conf
        -A
      查询模式:
        -D
      停止阵列(删除阵列):
        -S 
      配置文件管理:
      mdamd -D --scan > /etc/mdadm.conf  
    添加硬盘
    echo " - - - " > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
    创建分区
    做RAID需要将分区id修改为fd : t 1 fd
    
    mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l 1 -n 2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
    y
    ls /dev/md*
    
    mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/md0
    
    mkdir /mnt/md0
    mount /dev/md0 /mnt/md0 
    df -hT
    blkid /dev/md0 
    tune2fs -l /dev/md0 看超级块信息
    
    cat /proc/mdstat 查看RAID1信息
    
    mdadm -D --scan 查看阵列信息
    
    echo "this is a test information " > /mnt/md0/test
    
    fdisk /dev/sdd 再做一个分区
    
    mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdd1 添加设备,成为空闲设备(s)
    cat /proc/mdstat
    
    主设备0,从设备1
    mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdc1 将设备标记为失败
    
    cat /proc/mdstat
    
    当设备损坏,空闲设备会补上,重新同步数据
    
    mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdc1 移除失败的设备
    
    后添加的设备成为空闲设备
    
    
    mdadm -C /dev/md1 -l 1 -n 2 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
    y
    
    做成RAID10
    mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l 0 -n 2 -c 64 /dev/md1 /dev/md2
    
    /dev/md0不能放到其他设备去
    
    mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -i 4096 -L "RAID10" /dev/md0
    mount -t ext4 UUID="" /mnt/md0
    
    RAID5至少需要三个设备
    
    mdadm -D --scan 
    /etc/mdadm.conf mdadm的专用配置文件
    
    mdadm -D --scan > /etc/mdadm.conf 保存RAID配置文件
    
    umount /dev/md0
    mdadm  -S /dev/md0
    mdadm  -S /dev/md1
    mdadm  -S /dev/md2
    
    前提保存在配置文件中才能装配。注意装配顺序
    mdadm -A /dev/md2
    mdadm -A /dev/md1
    mdadm -A /dev/md0

    三、LVM

    LVM:logical volume management 逻辑卷管理器
    构成逻辑卷的物理存储设备叫做PV(物理卷)
    包含物理卷的叫卷组VG(volume group)


    逻辑卷由卷组构成
    卷组上有个PE(物理盘区physical extent)的东西,决定逻辑卷的大小
    PE默认4MB
    逻辑卷叫LE(逻辑盘区)
    LE和PE一一对应

    逻辑卷管理
    先创建物理设备

    逻辑卷要做分区,必须改成8E

    物理卷命令:

      pvcreate 创建
      pvcreate /dev/sd[bcde]
      pvdisplay 显示
      pvmove 移动 
      pvremove 移除物理卷
      pvscan 扫描物理卷
      pvs 显示(比display简单)

    卷组命令:

    vgcreate
    -s 物理盘区大小
    vgcreate VG_NAME PV_NAME PV_NAME...
    vgcreate vg1 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
    vgdisplay
    vgextent 扩展卷组
    vgreduce 将物理卷从卷组挪走

    lvcreate

    -L:指定逻辑卷的大小
    -n:指定逻辑卷的名称
    lvcreate -L LV_SIZE -n LV_NAME VG_NAME

    物理边界 lvs
    逻辑边界 df -hTP

    若要扩展逻辑卷,先扩展物理边界,再扩展逻辑边界
    逻辑边界不能超过物理边界

    增大逻辑卷的物理边界的命令
    lvextend -L [+]800M 逻辑卷路径
    有+,表示增加800M
    无+,表示增加到800M

    resizee2fs -p 逻辑卷路径 刷新逻辑卷的逻辑边界

    削减逻辑卷:

    1.卸载逻辑卷
    umount
    2.减逻辑边界
    e2fsck -f 逻辑卷路径 
    resize2fs 逻辑卷路径 逻辑边界大小
    3.关闭逻辑卷
    lvchange -an 逻辑卷路径
    4.减物理边界
    lvreduce -L [-]SIZE 逻辑卷路径
    5.打开逻辑卷
    lvchange -ay 逻辑卷路径
    6.挂载逻辑卷
    mount

    快照逻辑卷

    1.主要目的是为了备份数据,当数据被恢复之后,快照卷可以销毁
    2.一般情况下,快照卷只读,不允许修改
    3.快照卷默认于被快照的卷在同一卷组
    lvcreate -L 快照逻辑卷大小 -s -p r -n 快照卷的名字 逻辑卷路径
     例:lvcreate -L 32M -s -p r -n linksnap /dev/qhd/link
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/smallmars/p/8484785.html
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