深度学习中batch normalization

目录

• 1  Batch Normalization笔记
  • 1.1  引包
  • 1.2  构建模型:
  • 1.3  构建训练函数
  • 1.4  结论

Batch Normalization笔记

我们将会用MNIST数据集来演示这个batch normalization的使用, 以及他所带来的效果:

引包

import tensorflow as tf
import os
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
from tensorflow.contrib.layers import flatten
import numpy as np
import tensorflow.contrib.slim as slim

构建模型:

def model1(input, is_training, keep_prob):
    input = tf.reshape(input, shape=[-1, 28, 28, 1])
    batch_norm_params = {
        'decay': 0.95,
        'updates_collections': None
    }
    
    with slim.arg_scope([slim.batch_norm, slim.dropout], is_training=is_training):
        with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected],
                            weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1), 
                                normalizer_fn=slim.batch_norm, normalizer_params=batch_norm_params,
                            activation_fn=tf.nn.crelu):
            conv1 = slim.conv2d(input, 16, 5, scope='conv1')
            pool1 = slim.max_pool2d(conv1, 2, scope='pool1')
            conv2 = slim.conv2d(pool1, 32, 5, scope='conv2')
            pool2 = slim.max_pool2d(conv2, 2, scope='pool2')
            flatten = slim.flatten(pool2)
            fc = slim.fully_connected(flatten, 1024, scope='fc1')
            print(fc.get_shape())
            drop = slim.dropout(fc, keep_prob=keep_prob)
            logits = slim.fully_connected(drop, 10, activation_fn=None, scope='logits')
            
            return logits

def model2(input, is_training, keep_prob):
    input = tf.reshape(input, shape=[-1, 28, 28, 1])
    with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected],
                        weights_initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(stddev=0.1), 
                            normalizer_fn=None, activation_fn=tf.nn.crelu):
        with slim.arg_scope([slim.dropout], is_training=is_training):
            conv1 = slim.conv2d(input, 16, 5, scope='conv1')
            pool1 = slim.max_pool2d(conv1, 2, scope='pool1')
            conv2 = slim.conv2d(pool1, 32, 5, scope='conv2')
            pool2 = slim.max_pool2d(conv2, 2, scope='pool2')
            flatten = slim.flatten(pool2)
            fc = slim.fully_connected(flatten, 1024, scope='fc1')
            print(fc.get_shape())
            drop = slim.dropout(fc, keep_prob=keep_prob)
            logits = slim.fully_connected(drop, 10, activation_fn=None, scope='logits')
            
            return logits

构建训练函数

def train(model, model_path, train_log_path, test_log_path):
    # 计算图
    graph = tf.Graph()
    with graph.as_default():
        X = tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.float32, shape=[None, 28 * 28])
        Y = tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.float32, shape=[None, 10])
        is_training = tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.bool)

        logit = model(X, is_training, 0.7)

        loss =tf.reduce_mean(tf.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=logit, labels=Y))
        accuray = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(tf.equal(tf.argmax(logit, 1), tf.argmax(Y, 1)), tf.float32))

        global_step = tf.Variable(0, trainable=False)
        learning_rate = tf.train.exponential_decay(0.1, global_step, 1000, 0.95, staircase=True)
        optimizer = tf.train.AdagradOptimizer(learning_rate=learning_rate)

        update = slim.learning.create_train_op(loss, optimizer, global_step)
        
        mnist = input_data.read_data_sets("tmp", one_hot=True)

        saver = tf.train.Saver()

        tf.summary.scalar("loss", loss)
        tf.summary.scalar("accuracy", accuray)
        merged_summary_op = tf.summary.merge_all()

        train_summary_writter = tf.summary.FileWriter(train_log_path, graph=tf.get_default_graph())
        test_summary_writter = tf.summary.FileWriter(test_log_path, graph=tf.get_default_graph())

        init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

        iter_num = 10000
        batch_size = 1024

        os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = '2'  # 选择cuda的设备
        gpu_options = tf.GPUOptions(per_process_gpu_memory_fraction=0.2)  # gpu显存使用

        with tf.Session(config=tf.ConfigProto(gpu_options=gpu_options)) as sess:
            sess.run(init)

            if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(model_path)):
                os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(model_path))
            else:
                try:
                    saver.restore(sess, model_path)
                except:
                    pass

            for i in range(iter_num):
                x, y = mnist.train.next_batch(batch_size)

                sess.run(update, feed_dict={X:x, Y:y, is_training:True})

                if i  % 100 == 0:
                    x_test, y_test = mnist.test.next_batch(batch_size)

                    print("train:", sess.run(accuray, feed_dict={X: x, Y: y, is_training:False}))
                    print("test:", sess.run(accuray, feed_dict={X: x_test, Y: y_test, is_training:False}))

                    saver.save(sess, model_path)

                    g, summary = sess.run([global_step, merged_summary_op], feed_dict={X: x, Y: y, is_training:False})
                    train_summary_writter.add_summary(summary, g)
                    train_summary_writter.flush()

                    g, summary = sess.run([global_step, merged_summary_op], feed_dict={X: x_test, Y: y_test, is_training:False})
                    test_summary_writter.add_summary(summary, g)
                    test_summary_writter.flush()

        train_summary_writter.close()
        test_summary_writter.close()

下面我们来进行计算:

train(model1, "model1/model", "model1_train_log", "model1_test_log")

train(model2, "model2/model", "model2_train_log", "model2_test_log")

结论

我们发现, 加了batch norm的似乎收敛的更快一些, 这个我们可以从对比上可以很清楚的看到, 所以这个bn是我们一个很好的技术, 前提是你选的参数比较适合.

以下是两个注意点:

The keys to use batch normalization in slim are:

Set proper decay rate for BN layer. Because a BN layer uses EMA (exponential moving average) to approximate the population mean/variance, it takes sometime to warm up, i.e. to get the EMA close to real population mean/variance. The default decay rate is 0.999, which is kind of high for our little cute MNIST dataset and needs ~1000 steps to get a good estimation. In my code, decay is set to 0.95, then it learns the population statistics very quickly. However, a large value of decay does have it own advantage: it gathers information from more mini-batches thus is more stable.

Use slim.learning.create_train_op to create train op instead of tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.1).minimize(loss) or something else!.