You’ve built an index of all your posts, now you need to create a template to frame each piece of content (or missing content) on its own. In this lesson, you’ll create templates for single posts, post attachments, and 404 error pages.
The Template for Templates
The structure of single.php (and almost all the other templates we’ll be creating) is largely the same as index.php. In fact you can think of it as our template-template. Go ahead and add the following tosingle.php.
<?php /** * The Template for displaying all single posts. * @package Shape * @since Shape 1.0 */ get_header(); ?> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <?php while ( have_posts() ) : the_post(); ?> <?php shape_content_nav( 'nav-above' ); ?> <?php get_template_part( 'content', 'single' ); ?> <?php shape_content_nav( 'nav-below' ); ?> <?php // If comments are open or we have at least one comment, load up the // comment template if (comments_open () || '0' != get_comments_number ()) comments_template ( '', true ); ?> <?php endwhile; // end of the loop. ?> </div> <!-- #content .site-content --> </div> <!-- #primary .content-area --> <?php get_sidebar(); ?> <?php get_footer(); ?>
Notice how we’re calling get_template_part() again:
<?php get_template_part( 'content', 'single' ); ?>
This line means that your theme will search for a file called content-single.php to fill in the Loop, otherwise it will default tocontent.php. We’ll fill up our content-single.php file in just a bit, but first, let's go over a few things in single.php.
First, since this is a single post, we’ll need the comments_template(). Take a look at this code in single.php:
<?php // If comments are open or we have at least one comment, load up the comment template if ( comments_open() || '0' != get_comments_number() )
comments_template( '', true ); ?>
We'll only load comments if comments are open and if there is at least one comment. And because we’ll be separating our comments and trackbacks when we come to coding up comments.php, we need to call comments_template() like so: comments_template( '', true );.
Single Post Content
Because there will be some notable differences in the way we format single posts (as opposed to posts on the index page), we're going to create a separate template file for the single post loop. Open content-single.php, and add the following code.
<?php /** * @package Shape * @since Shape 1.0 */ ?> <article id="post-<?php the_ID(); ?>" <?php post_class(); ?>> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><?php the_title(); ?></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <?php shape_posted_on(); ?> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-content"> <?php the_content(); ?> <?php wp_link_pages( array( 'before' => '<div class="page-links">' . __( 'Pages:', 'shape' ), 'after' => '</div>' ) ); ?> </div><!-- .entry-content --> <footer class="entry-meta"> <?php /* translators: used between list items, there is a space after the comma */ $category_list = get_the_category_list( __( ', ', 'shape' ) ); /* translators: used between list items, there is a space after the comma */ $tag_list = get_the_tag_list( '', ', ' ); if ( ! shape_categorized_blog() ) { // This blog only has 1 category so we just need to worry about tags in the meta text if ( '' != $tag_list ) { $meta_text = __( 'This entry was tagged %2$s. Bookmark the <a href="%3$s" title="Permalink to %4$s" rel="bookmark">permalink</a>.', 'shape' ); } else { $meta_text = __( 'Bookmark the <a href="%3$s" title="Permalink to %4$s" rel="bookmark">permalink</a>.', 'shape' ); } } else { // But this blog has loads of categories so we should probably display them here if ( '' != $tag_list ) { $meta_text = __( 'This entry was posted in %1$s and tagged %2$s. Bookmark the <a href="%3$s" title="Permalink to %4$s" rel="bookmark">permalink</a>.', 'shape' ); } else { $meta_text = __( 'This entry was posted in %1$s. Bookmark the <a href="%3$s" title="Permalink to %4$s" rel="bookmark">permalink</a>.', 'shape' ); } } // end check for categories on this blog printf( $meta_text, $category_list, $tag_list, get_permalink(), the_title_attribute( 'echo=0' ) ); ?> <?php edit_post_link( __( 'Edit', 'shape' ), '<span class="edit-link">', '</span>' ); ?> </footer><!-- .entry-meta --> </article><!-- #post-<?php the_ID(); ?> -->
It looks very similar to content.php, with some differences, which we'll discuss in the next few sections.
Single Post Content
Unlike content.php, in content-single.php, we don't have any conditionals that tell us to display excerpts on search result pages -- because we're already on the single post view.
Single Post Meta
The single post meta is almost identical to that in content.php. The main difference is that we don't need to check whether or not this is a Page.
Notice also that we are not including the comments link, because we have already called up the comments_template() on single.php.
Single Post Navigation
Now, let's go back to single.php. Notice how, just as we did forindex.php, we're using the shape_content_nav() function to handle navigation for single posts. We added this function to inc/template-tags.php in our lesson on the Index Template.
Here are the contents of that function (just in case you missed that lesson, or don't feel like opening inc/template-tags.php).
function shape_content_nav( $nav_id ) { global $wp_query, $post; // Don't print empty markup on single pages if there's nowhere to navigate. if ( is_single() ) { $previous = ( is_attachment() ) ? get_post( $post->post_parent ) : get_adjacent_post( false, '', true ); $next = get_adjacent_post( false, '', false ); if ( ! $next && ! $previous ) return; } // Don't print empty markup in archives if there's only one page. if ( $wp_query->max_num_pages < 2 && ( is_home() || is_archive() || is_search() ) ) return; $nav_class = 'site-navigation paging-navigation'; if ( is_single() ) $nav_class = 'site-navigation post-navigation'; ?> <nav role="navigation" id="<?php echo $nav_id; ?>" class="<?php echo $nav_class; ?>"> <h1 class="assistive-text"><?php _e( 'Post navigation', 'shape' ); ?></h1> <?php if ( is_single() ) : // navigation links for single posts ?> <?php previous_post_link( '<div class="nav-previous">%link</div>', '<span class="meta-nav">' . _x( '←', 'Previous post link', 'shape' ) . '</span> %title' ); ?> <?php next_post_link( '<div class="nav-next">%link</div>', '%title <span class="meta-nav">' . _x( '→', 'Next post link', 'shape' ) . '</span>' ); ?> <?php elseif ( $wp_query->max_num_pages > 1 && ( is_home() || is_archive() || is_search() ) ) : // navigation links for home, archive, and search pages ?> <?php if ( get_next_posts_link() ) : ?> <div class="nav-previous"><?php next_posts_link( __( '<span class="meta-nav">←</span> Older posts', 'shape' ) ); ?></div> <?php endif; ?> <?php if ( get_previous_posts_link() ) : ?> <div class="nav-next"><?php previous_posts_link( __( 'Newer posts <span class="meta-nav">→</span>', 'shape' ) ); ?></div> <?php endif; ?> <?php endif; ?> </nav><!-- #<?php echo $nav_id; ?> --> <?php }
Here's the specific part of the function that handles single post navigation.
<?php if ( is_single() ) : // navigation links for single posts ?> <?php previous_post_link( '<div class="nav-previous">%link</div>', '<span class="meta-nav">' . _x( '←', 'Previous post link', 'shape' ) . '</span> %title' ); ?> <?php next_post_link( '<div class="nav-next">%link</div>', '%title <span class="meta-nav">' . _x( '→', 'Next post link', 'shape' ) . '</span>' ); ?>
Instead of using the poorly named next_posts_link() andprevious_posts_link() we’ll be using the mostly accurately namedprevious_post_link() and next_post_link(). They do just what you think they do.
Post Attachments
Not a lot of people use post attachments but they’re kinda interesting. When you add an image to your post you’re actually attaching it to the post. And, of course, you can attach more than just images. We’re going to make an image.php template, but you can, if you like, adapt it further to cover other types of attachments like video, audio, and applications, by making video.php, audio.php, andapplication.php templates. There’s lots of different ways to be creative with attachment templates and WordPress.
So, without further ado, go ahead and create an image.php file in your theme's root directory. Once you've done that, fill it up with the following.
<?php /** * The template for displaying image attachments. * * @package Shape * @since Shape 1.0 */ get_header(); ?> <div id="primary" class="content-area image-attachment"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <?php while ( have_posts() ) : the_post(); ?> <article id="post-<?php the_ID(); ?>" <?php post_class(); ?>> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><?php the_title(); ?></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <?php $metadata = wp_get_attachment_metadata(); printf( __( 'Published <span class="entry-date"><time class="entry-date" datetime="%1$s" pubdate>%2$s</time></span> at <a href="%3$s" title="Link to full-size image">%4$s × %5$s</a> in <a href="%6$s" title="Return to %7$s" rel="gallery">%7$s</a>', 'shape' ), esc_attr( get_the_date( 'c' ) ), esc_html( get_the_date() ), wp_get_attachment_url(), $metadata['width'], $metadata['height'], get_permalink( $post->post_parent ), get_the_title( $post->post_parent ) ); ?> <?php edit_post_link( __( 'Edit', 'shape' ), '<span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="edit-link">', '</span>' ); ?> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> <nav id="image-navigation" class="site-navigation"> <span class="previous-image"><?php previous_image_link( false, __( '← Previous', 'shape' ) ); ?></span> <span class="next-image"><?php next_image_link( false, __( 'Next →', 'shape' ) ); ?></span> </nav><!-- #image-navigation --> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="entry-attachment"> <div class="attachment"> <?php /** * Grab the IDs of all the image attachments in a gallery so we can get the URL of the next adjacent image in a gallery, * or the first image (if we're looking at the last image in a gallery), or, in a gallery of one, just the link to that image file */ $attachments = array_values( get_children( array( 'post_parent' => $post->post_parent, 'post_status' => 'inherit', 'post_type' => 'attachment', 'post_mime_type' => 'image', 'order' => 'ASC', 'orderby' => 'menu_order ID' ) ) );
foreach ( $attachments as $k => $attachment ) {
if ( $attachment->ID == $post->ID )
break;
}
$k++; // If there is more than 1 attachment in a gallery if ( count( $attachments ) > 1 ) { if ( isset( $attachments[ $k ] ) ) // get the URL of the next image attachment $next_attachment_url = get_attachment_link( $attachments[ $k ]->ID ); else // or get the URL of the first image attachment $next_attachment_url = get_attachment_link( $attachments[ 0 ]->ID ); } else { // or, if there's only 1 image, get the URL of the image $next_attachment_url = wp_get_attachment_url(); } ?> <a href="<?php echo $next_attachment_url; ?>" title="<?php echo esc_attr( get_the_title() ); ?>" rel="attachment"><?php $attachment_size = apply_filters( 'shape_attachment_size', array( 1200, 1200 ) ); // Filterable image size. echo wp_get_attachment_image( $post->ID, $attachment_size ); ?></a> </div><!-- .attachment --> <?php if ( ! empty( $post->post_excerpt ) ) : ?> <div class="entry-caption"> <?php the_excerpt(); ?> </div><!-- .entry-caption --> <?php endif; ?> </div><!-- .entry-attachment --> <?php the_content(); ?> <?php wp_link_pages( array( 'before' => '<div class="page-links">' . __( 'Pages:', 'shape' ), 'after' => '</div>' ) ); ?> </div><!-- .entry-content --> <footer class="entry-meta"> <?php if ( comments_open() && pings_open() ) : // Comments and trackbacks open ?> <?php printf( __( '<a class="comment-link" href="#respond" title="Post a comment">Post a comment</a> or leave a trackback: <a class="trackback-link" href="%s" title="Trackback URL for your post" rel="trackback">Trackback URL</a>.', 'shape' ), get_trackback_url() ); ?> <?php elseif ( ! comments_open() && pings_open() ) : // Only trackbacks open ?> <?php printf( __( 'Comments are closed, but you can leave a trackback: <a class="trackback-link" href="%s" title="Trackback URL for your post" rel="trackback">Trackback URL</a>.', 'shape' ), get_trackback_url() ); ?> <?php elseif ( comments_open() && ! pings_open() ) : // Only comments open ?> <?php _e( 'Trackbacks are closed, but you can <a class="comment-link" href="#respond" title="Post a comment">post a comment</a>.', 'shape' ); ?> <?php elseif ( ! comments_open() && ! pings_open() ) : // Comments and trackbacks closed ?> <?php _e( 'Both comments and trackbacks are currently closed.', 'shape' ); ?> <?php endif; ?> <?php edit_post_link( __( 'Edit', 'shape' ), ' <span class="edit-link">', '</span>' ); ?> </footer><!-- .entry-meta --> </article><!-- #post-<?php the_ID(); ?> --> <?php comments_template(); ?> <?php endwhile; // end of the loop. ?> </div><!-- #content .site-content --> </div><!-- #primary .content-area .image-attachment --> <?php get_footer(); ?>
.
The attachment template is very similar in structure to single.php. The file looks busier than single.php because we are not using get_template_part() to call a separate template containing the contents of our Loop. Why did we place the contents of the Loop directly into this file? Because we don't use this specific code in any other place in the theme. If you were going to reuse this code for other templates, it would make sense to place it in a separate file and call it using get_template_part().
You'll see that it's very similar to displaying a regular post, only instead of text, we're displaying the attached image. Let's go over a few things. Take a look at this code from image.php.
<header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><?php the_title(); ?></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <?php $metadata = wp_get_attachment_metadata(); printf( __( 'Published <span class="entry-date"><time class="entry-date" datetime="%1$s" pubdate>%2$s</time></span> at <a href="%3$s" title="Link to full-size image">%4$s × %5$s</a> in <a href="%6$s" title="Return to %7$s" rel="gallery">%7$s</a>', 'shape' ), esc_attr( get_the_date( 'c' ) ), esc_html( get_the_date() ), wp_get_attachment_url(), $metadata['width'], $metadata['height'], get_permalink( $post->post_parent ), get_the_title( $post->post_parent ) ); ?> <?php edit_post_link( __( 'Edit', 'shape' ), '<span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="edit-link">', '</span>' ); ?> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> <nav id="image-navigation" class="site-navigation"> <span class="previous-image"><?php previous_image_link( false, __( '← Previous', 'shape' ) ); ?></span> <span class="next-image"><?php next_image_link( false, __( 'Next →', 'shape' ) ); ?></span> </nav><!-- #image-navigation --> </header><!-- .entry-header -->
In this section, we display the title of the image (this is text you enter in the "Title" field when editing an uploaded image) and the image metadata (publication date, image pixel dimensions, and the title of the post it's attached to), followed by a link to edit the image.
The image navigation links allow us to navigate through all of the images attached to a particular post. In Setting Up Your Theme Functions, we added the function shape_enhanced_image_navigation() to inc/tweaks.php, which suffixes an anchor (#main) to the ends of the next/previous image navigation links. This lets the browser window stay one place when users click through the images. In the Header Template lesson, we also added some JavaScript that enables users to navigate their images using the left and right arrow keys on their keyboard.
The rest of the code in image.php is well-commented, so that you can get a general idea of what it's doing. Notice that there is no call to get_sidebar(). This is to allow image attachments the optimum amount of space to look awesome. However, if you'd like a sidebar on your image attachment pages, by all means, feel free to add it.
The 404 Template
A 404 Error is the server code for, “I can’t find this page” and it’s an event you need to take care of in your WordPress Themes. What happens when a link to your blog has a post url typed incorrectly? Or you unpublish a blog post? Your server coughs up a 404 error.
Luckily, WordPress has a template for that. It’s called, 404.php. The technique I stick with for 404 Templates is pretty straightforward but it works. Apologize and include a search form. There might be more creative solutions but none that get out of your visitor’s way faster.
Open up 404.php and add something like this.
<?php /** * The template for displaying 404 pages (Not Found). * * @package Shape * @since Shape 1.0 */ get_header(); ?> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <article id="post-0" class="post error404 not-found"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><?php _e( 'Oops! That page can’t be found.', 'shape' ); ?></h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-content"> <p><?php _e( 'It looks like nothing was found at this location. Maybe try one of the links below or a search?', 'shape' ); ?></p> <?php get_search_form(); ?> <?php the_widget( 'WP_Widget_Recent_Posts' ); ?> <div class="widget"> <h2 class="widgettitle"><?php _e( 'Most Used Categories', 'shape' ); ?></h2> <ul> <?php wp_list_categories( array( 'orderby' => 'count', 'order' => 'DESC', 'show_count' => 1, 'title_li' => '', 'number' => 10 ) ); ?> </ul> </div><!-- .widget --> <?php /* translators: %1$s: smilie */ $archive_content = '<p>' . sprintf( __( 'Try looking in the monthly archives. %1$s', 'shape' ), convert_smilies( ':)' ) ) . '</p>'; the_widget( 'WP_Widget_Archives', 'dropdown=1', "after_title=</h2>$archive_content" ); ?> <?php the_widget( 'WP_Widget_Tag_Cloud' ); ?> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-0 .post .error404 .not-found --> </div><!-- #content .site-content --> </div><!-- #primary .content-area --> <?php get_footer(); ?>
We've omitted the sidebar in this page as well, but you can always opt to add it in by placing a <get_sidebar(); ?> just above the <get_footer(); ?> call.