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  • 数据库中间件Mycat的安装使用

    作者:AshesCat

    1、介绍

    MyCat是一个开源的分布式数据库中间件,是一个实现了MySQL协议的服务器

    前端:用户可以把它看作是一个数据库代理,用MySQL客户端工具和命令行访问

    后端:可以用MySQL原生协议与多个MySQL服务器通信,也可以用JDBC协议与大多数主流数据库服务器通信,其核心功能是分表分库,即将一个大表水平分割为N个小表,存储在后端MySQL服务器里或者其他数据库里

    简单来说:数据库是对底层存储文件的抽象,而Mycat是对数据库的抽象

    2、环境架构准备

    两台虚拟机db04db05
    每台创建四个mysql实例:3307 3308 3309 3310

    2.1 安装文件准备

    cd /opt
    wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
    tar xf mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
    ln -s /opt/mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64  /data/app/mysql
    useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
    chown -R mysql.mysql /data/*
    

    2.2 创建相关目录并初始化数据

    mkdir /data/33{07..10}/data -p
    mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3307/data --basedir=/data/app/mysql
    mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3308/data --basedir=/data/app/mysql
    mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3309/data --basedir=/data/app/mysql
    mysqld --initialize-insecure  --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3310/data --basedir=/data/app/mysql
    

    2.3 准备配置文件和启动脚本

    2.3.1 db04

    配置文件

    cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/data/app/mysql
    datadir=/data/3307/data
    socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock
    port=3307
    log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=7
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/data/app/mysql
    datadir=/data/3308/data
    port=3308
    socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock
    log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=8
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/data/app/mysql
    datadir=/data/3309/data
    socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock
    port=3309
    log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=9
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/data/app/mysql
    datadir=/data/3310/data
    socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock
    port=3310
    log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=10
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    

    启动脚本

    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    

    2.3.2 db05

    配置文件

    cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/data/app/mysql
    datadir=/data/3307/data
    socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock
    port=3307
    log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=17
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/data/app/mysql
    datadir=/data/3308/data
    port=3308
    socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock
    log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=18
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/data/app/mysql
    datadir=/data/3309/data
    socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock
    port=3309
    log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=19
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    
    cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF
    [mysqld]
    basedir=/data/app/mysql
    datadir=/data/3310/data
    socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock
    port=3310
    log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log
    log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin
    binlog_format=row
    skip-name-resolve
    server-id=20
    gtid-mode=on
    enforce-gtid-consistency=true
    log-slave-updates=1
    EOF
    

    启动脚本

    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    
    cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF
    [Unit]
    Description=MySQL Server
    Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
    Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
    After=network.target
    After=syslog.target
    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target
    [Service]
    User=mysql
    Group=mysql
    ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf
    LimitNOFILE = 5000
    EOF
    

    2.4 启动多实例

    启动多实例

    systemctl start mysqld3307
    systemctl start mysqld3308
    systemctl start mysqld3309
    systemctl start mysqld3310
    

    测试服务状态

    [root@db4 opt]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    ke 'server_id'"+---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 7     |
    +---------------+-------+
    [root@db4 opt]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 8     |
    +---------------+-------+
    [root@db4 opt]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 9     |
    +---------------+-------+
    [root@db4 opt]# mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 10    |
    +---------------+-------+
    
    [root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 17    |
    +---------------+-------+
    [root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 18    |
    +---------------+-------+
    [root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 19    |
    +---------------+-------+
    [root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 20    |
    +---------------+-------+
    

    2.5 搭建主从环境

    按照架构图进行搭建主从环境

    2.5.1 stard1

    192.168.10.54:3307 <---> 192.168.10.55:3307 双主搭建

    # db05
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant all  on *.* to root@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123'  with grant option;"
    # db04 
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.55', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    # db05
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.54', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    192.168.10.54:3309 ---> 192.168.10.54:3307 主从搭建

    # db04
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock  -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.54', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock  -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock  -e "show slave statusG"
    

    192.168.10.55:3309 ---> 192.168.10.55:3307 主从搭建

    # db05
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.55', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    2.5.2 stard2

    192.168.10.55:3308 <---> 192.168.10.54:3308 双主搭建

    # db04
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant all  on *.* to root@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123'  with grant option;"
    # db05
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.54', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    # db04
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.55', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    192.168.10.55:3310 ---> 192.168.10.55:3308 主从搭建

    # db05
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.55', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    192.168.10.54:3310 ---> 192.168.10.54:3308 主从搭建

    # db04
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.54', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
    mysql  -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
    

    2.6 检测主从状态

    db04

    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    

    db05

    [root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    [root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    [root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    [root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    

    3、安装MyCat软件

    下载地址:http://dl.mycat.org.cn/
    安装java环境

    [root@localhost opt]# yum install java -y
    

    下载mycat软件

    [root@localhost opt]# wget http://dl.mycat.org.cn/1.6.7.6/20210303094759/Mycat-server-1.6.7.6-release-20210303094759-linux.tar.gz
    

    解压安装,加入环境变量

    [root@localhost opt]# tar xf Mycat-server-1.6.7.6-release-20210303094759-linux.tar.gz 
    [root@localhost /]# vim /etc/profile
    export PATH=/opt/mycat/bin:/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH
    [root@localhost /]# source /etc/profile
    

    启动mycat

    [root@localhost /]# mycat start 
    Starting Mycat-server...
    [root@localhost /]# 
    

    连接mycat

    [root@localhost /]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h127.0.0.1 -P8066
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 2
    Server version: 5.6.29-mycat-1.6.7.6-release-20210303094759 MyCat Server (OpenCloudDB)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +----------+
    | DATABASE |
    +----------+
    | TESTDB   |
    +----------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> 
    

    4、配置文件介绍

    # conf目录
    autopartition-long.txt       # 分片配置信息
    auto-sharding-long.txt       # 分片配置信息
    auto-sharding-rang-mod.txt   # 分片配置信息
    rule.xml                     # 分片策略的定义和使用方法
    schema.xml                   # 主配置文件,节点、分片、高可用、读写分离
    server.xml                   # Mycat服务配置文件
    
    # log目录
    mycat.log   # 系统日志
    wrapper.log # 启动日志
    

    4.1 schema.xml 配置文件

    [root@localhost ~]# vim /opt/mycat/conf/schema.xml
    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
    # 逻辑库内容
    <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1">
            <table name="city" dataNode="sh1"/>      # 取节点sh1的city表
            <table name="country" dataNode="sh2"/>   # 取节点sh2的country表
    
    # 分片定义(dn节点定义)
    </schema>
        <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="dh1" database= "world" />  # sh1数据源是从world库,具体连接配置见dh1
        <dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="dh2" database= "world" />  # sh2数据源是从world库,具体连接配置见dh2
    
    # 数据主机定义(dh1定义)
        <dataHost name="dh1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
    
    # 两套主从,默认db1写,其它三台只读。
        <writeHost host="db1" url="192.168.10.54:3307" user="root" password="123">  # 主库(Master)
                <readHost host="db2" url="192.168.10.54:3309" user="root" password="123" />  # 从库
        </writeHost>
        <writeHost host="db3" url="192.168.10.55:3307" user="root" password="123">  # 备用主库(standby Master)
                <readHost host="db4" url="192.168.10.55:3309" user="root" password="123" />  # 从库
        </writeHost>
        </dataHost>
    
    # 数据主机定义(dh2定义)
        <dataHost name="dh2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
          
    # 两套主从,默认db1写,其它三台只读。
        <writeHost host="db1" url="192.168.10.54:3308" user="root" password="123">   # 主库(Master)
                <readHost host="db2" url="192.168.10.54:3310" user="root" password="123" />  # 从库
        </writeHost>
        <writeHost host="db3" url="192.168.10.55:3308" user="root" password="123">   # 备用主库(Standby Master)
                <readHost host="db4" url="192.168.10.55:3310" user="root" password="123" />  # 从库
        </writeHost>
        </dataHost>
    	
    </mycat:schema>
    

    4.2 schema.xml 部分参数说明

    以下参数正常使用默认值即可。

    <dataHost name="dh2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
    balance # 读负载均衡参数
    	1:1w/3r,所有standby writehost、readhost参与select语句的负载均衡。
    	0:1rw,不开启读写分离机制,所有读写操作都发送到第一台writehost上。
    	2:1rw/3r,所有读操作都随机在wirtehost、readhost上分发。
    	
    writeType # 写负载均衡参数
    	0:1w/3r,默认,所有写操作只发送到配置的第一个writehost,第一个挂了后,切换到第二个还生存的writehsot,重新弄启动后以切换后的writehost为主,切换记录在配置文件:dnindex.properties中。
    	1:2w/2r,所有写操作随机发送到所有writehost,般用于双主半同步复制。并不推荐使用。
    
    switchType # 是否自动切换
    	-1:不自动切换
    	1 :默认,自动切换
    	2 :基于MySQL主从同步的状态决定是否切换,心跳语句未show slave status
    
    maxCon # 最大连接并发数
    minCon # 连接池,mycat在启动之后,会在后端节点上自动开启的链接线程
    
    tempReadHostAvailable = "1" # master宕机后,允许这台的slave继续处理select任务
    	这个一主一从时(一个readhost,一个writehost),可以开启这个参数。一般不用。
    
    <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> # 监测心跳
    

    5、垂直分片应用

    5.1 配置文件准备

    [root@localhost ~]# vim /opt/mycat/conf/schema.xml
    
    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
    <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
    <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1">
            <table name="table7" dataNode="sh1"/>
            <table name="table8" dataNode="sh2"/>
    
    </schema>
        <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="dh1" database= "world" />
        <dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="dh2" database= "world" />
    
        <dataHost name="dh1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
        <writeHost host="db1" url="192.168.10.54:3307" user="root" password="123">
                <readHost host="db2" url="192.168.10.54:3309" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
        <writeHost host="db3" url="192.168.10.55:3307" user="root" password="123">
                <readHost host="db4" url="192.168.10.55:3309" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
        </dataHost>
    
        <dataHost name="dh2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1"  writeType="0" dbType="mysql"  dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
            <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
        <writeHost host="db1" url="192.168.10.54:3308" user="root" password="123">
                <readHost host="db2" url="192.168.10.54:3310" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
        <writeHost host="db3" url="192.168.10.55:3308" user="root" password="123">
                <readHost host="db4" url="192.168.10.55:3310" user="root" password="123" />
        </writeHost>
        </dataHost>
    
    </mycat:schema>
    

    5.2 创建测试数据库

    在3307节点创建table7和table9,在3308节点创建table7和table9。

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "create database world charset utf8;"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "create database world charset utf8;"
    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table7(id int,name varchar(20));create table table9(id int,name varchar(20));"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table8(id int,name varchar(20));create table table7(id int,name varchar(20));"
    

    5.3 重启mycat并检查逻辑库

    mycat restart;
    
    mysql> use TESTDB
    Database changed
    mysql> show tables;
    +-----------------+
    | Tables_in_world |
    +-----------------+
    | table7          |
    | table8          |
    | table9          |
    +-----------------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    

    5.4 写入测试

    目前逻辑库TESTDB中存在table7-9三张表。table7为3307节点表,table8为3308节点表,table9为3308/3309共有表。以此结论进行写入测试。

    # 在逻辑库TESTDB中对3张表进行数据插入
    mysql> insert into table7 values(1,'a');
    mysql> insert into table8 values(2,'b');
    mysql> insert into table9 values(3,'c');
    
    # 在逻辑库查看三张表数据
    mysql> select * from table7;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | a    |
    +------+------+
    1 row in set (0.03 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from table8;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    2 | b    |
    +------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from table9;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    3 | c    |
    +------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 在3307节点查看数据
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table7;"
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | a    |
    +------+------+
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table9;"
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    3 | c    |
    +------+------+
    
    # 在3308节点查看数据
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table8;"
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    2 | b    |
    +------+------+
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table9;"
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    3 | c    |
    +------+------+
    

    6、水平分片应用

    6.1 拆分概念

    6.1.1 分片策略

    水平拆分包含了几乎经典业务中大部分的分片策略,mycat已经开发了相应算法,非常方便调用。
    范围分片
    取模
    枚举
    日期
    HASH 等

    6.1.2 分片键

    作为分片条件的列,用来做查询条件的列,比较适合做分片键。

    6.2 范围分片

    对一张表table3进行分片

    6.2.1 试用环境

    1、表内行数较多(如2000w行数据,可按照范围分为1-1000w,1000w01-2000w分片)
    2、数据访问非常频繁,但用户访问较离散。所有数据范围均匀访问。

    6.2.2 配置文件准备

    修改配置文件,定制分片策略。

    # 1、schema.xml 添加:
    vim schema.xml
    <table name="table3" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="auto-sharding-long" />
    
    # 2、定义和使用分片策略
    vim rule.xml
    <tableRule name="auto-sharding-long">   # 分片策略名称,schema.xml中调用
                    <rule>
                            <columns>id</columns>      # 分片键为id列
                            <algorithm>rang-long</algorithm>  # 范围方式(函数)
                    </rule>    
                    
    <function name="rang-long"
        class="io.mycat.route.function.AutoPartitionByLong">
        <property name="mapFile">autopartition-long.txt</property>    # 传参文件
    </function>
    
    # 3、定义范围
    vim autopartition-long.txt
    0-10=0     # id为0-10为0号分片
    10-20=1    # id为10-20为0号分片
    

    6.2.3 创建测试表

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    

    6.2.4 重启mycat并检查

    mycat restart 
    
    mysql> show tables;
    +-----------------+
    | Tables_in_world |
    +-----------------+
    | table3          |
    | table7          |
    | table8          |
    | table9          |
    +-----------------+
    4 rows in set (0.07 sec)
    

    6.2.5 写入测试

    use TESTDB;
    insert into table3(id,name) values(1,'a');
    insert into table3(id,name) values(2,'b');
    insert into table3(id,name) values(3,'c');
    insert into table3(id,name) values(4,'d');
    insert into table3(id,name) values(11,'aa');
    insert into table3(id,name) values(12,'bb');
    insert into table3(id,name) values(13,'cc');
    insert into table3(id,name) values(14,'dd');
    
    # 逻辑库查询结果
    mysql> select * from table3;
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    |  1 | a    |
    |  2 | b    |
    |  3 | c    |
    |  4 | d    |
    | 11 | aa   |
    | 12 | bb   |
    | 13 | cc   |
    | 14 | dd   |
    +----+------+
    8 rows in set (0.03 sec)
    
    # 3307节点查询结果
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table3;"
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    |  1 | a    |
    |  2 | b    |
    |  3 | c    |
    |  4 | d    |
    +----+------+
    
    # 3308节点查询结果
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table3;"
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    | 11 | aa   |
    | 12 | bb   |
    | 13 | cc   |
    | 14 | dd   |
    +----+------+
    

    6.3 取模分片

    取余数分片方式:分片键(一个列)与节点数进行取余,得到余数,将数据写入对应节点。

    6.3.1 配置文件准备

    # 1、schema.xml 添加:
    vim schema.xml
    <table name="table4" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long" />
    
    # 查看和定义分片使用
    vim rule.xml
    <property name="count">2</property>  # 定义被除数(节点个数)
    

    6.3.2 准备测试表

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
    

    6.3.3 重启mycat

    mycat restart

    6.3.4 写入测试

    use TESTDB;
    insert into table4(id,name) values(1,'a');
    insert into table4(id,name) values(2,'b');
    insert into table4(id,name) values(3,'c');
    insert into table4(id,name) values(4,'d');
    
    # 在逻辑库TESTDB查询结果
    mysql> select * from table4;
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    |  2 | b    |
    |  4 | d    |
    |  1 | a    |
    |  3 | c    |
    +----+------+
    4 rows in set (0.03 sec)
    
    # 在3307节点查询结果
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table4;"
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    |  2 | b    |
    |  4 | d    |
    +----+------+
    
    # 在3308节点查询结果
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table4;"
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    |  1 | a    |
    |  3 | c    |
    +----+------+
    

    6.4 枚举分片

    枚举分片要根据不同的表的情况,选择分片键 。如中国表中,是根据不同省进行存储数据,便可根据省名称进行分片。前提是有一个列中存储了省的名称。如bj、sh、hlj等。如下表,可根据name列进行分片。

    id name teleno
    1 bj 1111111
    2 sh 2222222
    3 bj 3333333
    4 hlj 4444444
    5 sh 5555555

    6.4.1 配置文件准备

    # 1、schema.xml 添加:
    vim schema.xml
    <table name="table4" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="sharding-by-intfile" />
    
    # 2、查看和定义分片使用
    vim rule.xml
            <tableRule name="sharding-by-intfile">
                    <rule>
                            <columns>name</columns>   # 修改分片键(name)
                            <algorithm>hash-int</algorithm>
                    </rule>
    
            <function name="hash-int"
                              class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByFileMap">
                    <property name="mapFile">partition-hash-int.txt</property>
                    <property name="type">1</property>         # rule增加此行,修改type为1。不然默认为0,partition-hash-int.txt文档只支持二进制。bj/sh不生效。
            </function>
    
    # 3、定义范围
    vim partition-hash-int.txt
    bj=0         # name列为bj,分到0分片
    sh=1         # name列为sh,分到1分片
    DEFAULT_NODE=1    # 其它非bj,sh,分到默认1分片
    

    6.5 Mycat全局表

    如果你的业务中有写数据类似于数据字典,比如配置文件的配置、常用业务的配置或者数据量不大很少变动的表。这些表往往不是特别大,而且大部分的业务场景都会用到。那么这种表适合设置为Mycat全局表。无需对数据进行切分,在所有的分片上保存一份数据即可。
    Mycat在Join操作中,业务表与全局表进行Join聚合会优先选择相同分片内的全局表join,避免跨库join。在进行数据插入操作是,mycat将把数据分发到全局表对应的所有分片执行,在进行数据读取时候会随机获取一个节点的数据。

    6.5.1 配置全局表

    # 1、schema.xml 添加:
    vim schema.xml
    <table name="t_area" primaryKey="id" type="global" dataNode="sh1,sh2" />
    

    6.6 E-R分片

    如果业务中有两张表经常做join操作,如可以设置为E-R分片。如

    select * from a join b on a.id = b.aid where b.id = 1002;
    

    此策略会按取模分片的方式将两张表的数据分别分片到两个节点内,且相关联的数据会分到同一个节点。
    如a,b表:

    a:

    id name
    1 a
    2 b

    b:

    id addr aid
    1001 bj 1
    1002 sh 2

    分片结果会a表的1行和b表的1001行在一个节点,a表的2和b表的1002在一个节点。因为有aid相关联。

    6.6.1 准备配置文件

    schema.xml添加

    vim schema.xml
    <table name="a" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long_e-r" >  # 因为rule名称与mod-log重复,复制重命名新增一个,对应rule也需要新增同样名称表定义和函数。
    		<childTable name="b" joinKey="aid" parentKey="id" />  # 配置非驱动表
    </table>
    

    rule.xml增加

    vim rule.xml
    </tableRule>
    <tableRule name="mod-long_e-r">   # 自定义表定义名称
            <rule>
                    <columns>id</columns>
                    <algorithm>mod-long</algorithm>
            </rule>
    
    
    </function>
    <function name="mod-long_e-r" class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByMod">    # 自定义函数名称
            <!-- how many data nodes -->
            <property name="count">2</property>
    </function>
    

    6.6.2 准备测试表

    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;CREATE TABLE a ( id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY key auto_increment, NAME VARCHAR ( 20 ) NOT NULL );"
    mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;CREATE TABLE b ( id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY key auto_increment, addr VARCHAR ( 20 ) NOT NULL, aid int);"
    
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;CREATE TABLE a ( id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY key auto_increment, NAME VARCHAR ( 20 ) NOT NULL );"
    mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;CREATE TABLE b ( id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY key auto_increment, addr VARCHAR ( 20 ) NOT NULL, aid int);"
    

    6.6.3 重启mycat

    mycat restart

    6.6.4 写入测试

    # 在逻辑库TESTDB写入
    insert into a(id,name) values(1,'a');
    insert into a(id,name) values(2,'b');
    insert into a(id,name) values(3,'c');
    insert into a(id,name) values(4,'d');
    insert into a(id,name) values(5,'e');
    
    insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1001,'bj',1);
    insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1002,'sh',2);
    insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1003,'gz',3);
    insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1004,'wh',4);
    insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1005,'tj',5);
    
    # 在逻辑库查询结果
    mysql> USE TESTDB;
    mysql> select * from a;
    +----+------+
    | id | NAME |
    +----+------+
    |  2 | b    |
    |  4 | d    |
    |  1 | a    |
    |  3 | c    |
    |  5 | e    |
    +----+------+
    5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from b;
    +------+------+------+
    | id   | addr | aid  |
    +------+------+------+
    | 1002 | sh   |    2 |
    | 1004 | wh   |    4 |
    | 1001 | bj   |    1 |
    | 1003 | gz   |    3 |
    | 1005 | tj   |    5 |
    +------+------+------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 在3307节点查询结果
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.a;"
    +----+------+
    | id | NAME |
    +----+------+
    |  2 | b    |
    |  4 | d    |
    +----+------+
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.b;"
    +------+------+------+
    | id   | addr | aid  |
    +------+------+------+
    | 1002 | sh   |    2 |
    | 1004 | wh   |    4 |
    +------+------+------+
    
    # 在3308节点查询结果
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.a;"
    +----+------+
    | id | NAME |
    +----+------+
    |  1 | a    |
    |  3 | c    |
    |  5 | e    |
    +----+------+
    [root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.b;"
    +------+------+------+
    | id   | addr | aid  |
    +------+------+------+
    | 1001 | bj   |    1 |
    | 1003 | gz   |    3 |
    | 1005 | tj   |    5 |
    +------+------+------+
    

    7、Mycat日常管理

    7.1 管理服务常用命令

    # 查看帮助
    show @@help;
    
    # 查看分片信息
    show @@datanode;
    
    # 查看数据源
    show @@datasource;
    
    # 查看服务信息
    show @@server;
    
    # 重载配置信息 
    reload @@config      : schema.xml
    reload @@config_all  : 所有配置重新加载
    

    7.2 修改逻辑库名

    # 修改配置文件
    vim schema.xml
    <schema name="DB2" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1">   # 修改库名DB2
    vim server.xml
            <user name="root" defaultAccount="true">              # root用户
                    <property name="password">123456</property>   # 默认密码 
                    <property name="schemas">DB2</property>       # 默认数据库(修改)
                    <property name="defaultSchema">DB2</property> # 默认数据库(修改)
                    <!--No MyCAT Database selected 错误前会尝试使用该schema作为schema,不设置则为null,报错 -->
                    <!-- 表级 DML 权限设置 -->
                    <!--            
                    <privileges check="false">
                            <schema name="TESTDB" dml="0110" >
                                    <table name="tb01" dml="0000"></table>
                                    <table name="tb02" dml="1111"></table>
                            </schema>
                    </privileges>           
                     -->
            </user>
            <user name="user">
                    <property name="password">user</property>      # user 用户
                    <property name="schemas">DB2</property>        # 默认数据库(修改)
                    <property name="readOnly">true</property>      # 只读权限
                    <property name="defaultSchema">DB2</property>  # 默认数据库(修改)
            </user>
    
    # 重载配置信息
    reload config_all;
    

    7.3 增加逻辑库

    # schema.xml增加
    <schema name="DB3" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> 
    </schema>
    
    # server.xml里授权
    <property name="schemas">DB2,DB3</property>   # 在原库后增加","分隔
    
    # 重载配置信息
    reload config_all;
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/ssgeek/p/14957016.html
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