作者:AshesCat
1、介绍
MyCat
是一个开源的分布式数据库中间件,是一个实现了MySQL
协议的服务器
前端:用户可以把它看作是一个数据库代理,用MySQL
客户端工具和命令行访问
后端:可以用MySQL
原生协议与多个MySQL
服务器通信,也可以用JDBC
协议与大多数主流数据库服务器通信,其核心功能是分表分库,即将一个大表水平分割为N
个小表,存储在后端MySQL
服务器里或者其他数据库里
简单来说:数据库是对底层存储文件的抽象,而Mycat
是对数据库的抽象
2、环境架构准备
两台虚拟机db04
、db05
每台创建四个mysql
实例:3307 3308 3309 3310
2.1 安装文件准备
cd /opt
wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
tar xf mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
ln -s /opt/mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /data/app/mysql
useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
chown -R mysql.mysql /data/*
2.2 创建相关目录并初始化数据
mkdir /data/33{07..10}/data -p
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3307/data --basedir=/data/app/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3308/data --basedir=/data/app/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3309/data --basedir=/data/app/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3310/data --basedir=/data/app/mysql
2.3 准备配置文件和启动脚本
2.3.1 db04
配置文件
cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/data/app/mysql
datadir=/data/3307/data
socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock
port=3307
log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=7
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/data/app/mysql
datadir=/data/3308/data
port=3308
socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=8
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/data/app/mysql
datadir=/data/3309/data
socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock
port=3309
log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=9
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/data/app/mysql
datadir=/data/3310/data
socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock
port=3310
log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=10
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
启动脚本
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
2.3.2 db05
配置文件
cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/data/app/mysql
datadir=/data/3307/data
socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock
port=3307
log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=17
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/data/app/mysql
datadir=/data/3308/data
port=3308
socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock
log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=18
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/data/app/mysql
datadir=/data/3309/data
socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock
port=3309
log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=19
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/data/app/mysql
datadir=/data/3310/data
socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock
port=3310
log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log
log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin
binlog_format=row
skip-name-resolve
server-id=20
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
log-slave-updates=1
EOF
启动脚本
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/data/app/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF
2.4 启动多实例
启动多实例
systemctl start mysqld3307
systemctl start mysqld3308
systemctl start mysqld3309
systemctl start mysqld3310
测试服务状态
[root@db4 opt]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
ke 'server_id'"+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id | 7 |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db4 opt]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id | 8 |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db4 opt]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id | 9 |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db4 opt]# mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id | 10 |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id | 17 |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id | 18 |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id | 19 |
+---------------+-------+
[root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| server_id | 20 |
+---------------+-------+
2.5 搭建主从环境
按照架构图进行搭建主从环境
2.5.1 stard1
192.168.10.54:3307 <---> 192.168.10.55:3307 双主搭建
# db05
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123';"
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant all on *.* to root@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123' with grant option;"
# db04
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.55', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
# db05
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.54', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
192.168.10.54:3309 ---> 192.168.10.54:3307 主从搭建
# db04
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.54', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
192.168.10.55:3309 ---> 192.168.10.55:3307 主从搭建
# db05
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.55', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
2.5.2 stard2
192.168.10.55:3308 <---> 192.168.10.54:3308 双主搭建
# db04
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123';"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant all on *.* to root@'192.168.10.%' identified by '123' with grant option;"
# db05
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.54', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
# db04
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.55', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
192.168.10.55:3310 ---> 192.168.10.55:3308 主从搭建
# db05
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.55', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
192.168.10.54:3310 ---> 192.168.10.54:3308 主从搭建
# db04
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.10.54', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';"
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;"
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
2.6 检测主从状态
db04
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
db05
[root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
[root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
[root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
[root@db5 ~]# mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep Yes
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
3、安装MyCat软件
下载地址:http://dl.mycat.org.cn/
安装java环境
[root@localhost opt]# yum install java -y
下载mycat软件
[root@localhost opt]# wget http://dl.mycat.org.cn/1.6.7.6/20210303094759/Mycat-server-1.6.7.6-release-20210303094759-linux.tar.gz
解压安装,加入环境变量
[root@localhost opt]# tar xf Mycat-server-1.6.7.6-release-20210303094759-linux.tar.gz
[root@localhost /]# vim /etc/profile
export PATH=/opt/mycat/bin:/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH
[root@localhost /]# source /etc/profile
启动mycat
[root@localhost /]# mycat start
Starting Mycat-server...
[root@localhost /]#
连接mycat
[root@localhost /]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h127.0.0.1 -P8066
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.6.29-mycat-1.6.7.6-release-20210303094759 MyCat Server (OpenCloudDB)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+----------+
| DATABASE |
+----------+
| TESTDB |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
4、配置文件介绍
# conf目录
autopartition-long.txt # 分片配置信息
auto-sharding-long.txt # 分片配置信息
auto-sharding-rang-mod.txt # 分片配置信息
rule.xml # 分片策略的定义和使用方法
schema.xml # 主配置文件,节点、分片、高可用、读写分离
server.xml # Mycat服务配置文件
# log目录
mycat.log # 系统日志
wrapper.log # 启动日志
4.1 schema.xml 配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# vim /opt/mycat/conf/schema.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
# 逻辑库内容
<mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
<schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1">
<table name="city" dataNode="sh1"/> # 取节点sh1的city表
<table name="country" dataNode="sh2"/> # 取节点sh2的country表
# 分片定义(dn节点定义)
</schema>
<dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="dh1" database= "world" /> # sh1数据源是从world库,具体连接配置见dh1
<dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="dh2" database= "world" /> # sh2数据源是从world库,具体连接配置见dh2
# 数据主机定义(dh1定义)
<dataHost name="dh1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
# 两套主从,默认db1写,其它三台只读。
<writeHost host="db1" url="192.168.10.54:3307" user="root" password="123"> # 主库(Master)
<readHost host="db2" url="192.168.10.54:3309" user="root" password="123" /> # 从库
</writeHost>
<writeHost host="db3" url="192.168.10.55:3307" user="root" password="123"> # 备用主库(standby Master)
<readHost host="db4" url="192.168.10.55:3309" user="root" password="123" /> # 从库
</writeHost>
</dataHost>
# 数据主机定义(dh2定义)
<dataHost name="dh2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
# 两套主从,默认db1写,其它三台只读。
<writeHost host="db1" url="192.168.10.54:3308" user="root" password="123"> # 主库(Master)
<readHost host="db2" url="192.168.10.54:3310" user="root" password="123" /> # 从库
</writeHost>
<writeHost host="db3" url="192.168.10.55:3308" user="root" password="123"> # 备用主库(Standby Master)
<readHost host="db4" url="192.168.10.55:3310" user="root" password="123" /> # 从库
</writeHost>
</dataHost>
</mycat:schema>
4.2 schema.xml 部分参数说明
以下参数正常使用默认值即可。
<dataHost name="dh2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
balance # 读负载均衡参数
1:1w/3r,所有standby writehost、readhost参与select语句的负载均衡。
0:1rw,不开启读写分离机制,所有读写操作都发送到第一台writehost上。
2:1rw/3r,所有读操作都随机在wirtehost、readhost上分发。
writeType # 写负载均衡参数
0:1w/3r,默认,所有写操作只发送到配置的第一个writehost,第一个挂了后,切换到第二个还生存的writehsot,重新弄启动后以切换后的writehost为主,切换记录在配置文件:dnindex.properties中。
1:2w/2r,所有写操作随机发送到所有writehost,般用于双主半同步复制。并不推荐使用。
switchType # 是否自动切换
-1:不自动切换
1 :默认,自动切换
2 :基于MySQL主从同步的状态决定是否切换,心跳语句未show slave status
maxCon # 最大连接并发数
minCon # 连接池,mycat在启动之后,会在后端节点上自动开启的链接线程
tempReadHostAvailable = "1" # master宕机后,允许这台的slave继续处理select任务
这个一主一从时(一个readhost,一个writehost),可以开启这个参数。一般不用。
<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> # 监测心跳
5、垂直分片应用
5.1 配置文件准备
[root@localhost ~]# vim /opt/mycat/conf/schema.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd">
<mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/">
<schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1">
<table name="table7" dataNode="sh1"/>
<table name="table8" dataNode="sh2"/>
</schema>
<dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="dh1" database= "world" />
<dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="dh2" database= "world" />
<dataHost name="dh1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
<writeHost host="db1" url="192.168.10.54:3307" user="root" password="123">
<readHost host="db2" url="192.168.10.54:3309" user="root" password="123" />
</writeHost>
<writeHost host="db3" url="192.168.10.55:3307" user="root" password="123">
<readHost host="db4" url="192.168.10.55:3309" user="root" password="123" />
</writeHost>
</dataHost>
<dataHost name="dh2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
<heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat>
<writeHost host="db1" url="192.168.10.54:3308" user="root" password="123">
<readHost host="db2" url="192.168.10.54:3310" user="root" password="123" />
</writeHost>
<writeHost host="db3" url="192.168.10.55:3308" user="root" password="123">
<readHost host="db4" url="192.168.10.55:3310" user="root" password="123" />
</writeHost>
</dataHost>
</mycat:schema>
5.2 创建测试数据库
在3307节点创建table7和table9,在3308节点创建table7和table9。
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "create database world charset utf8;"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "create database world charset utf8;"
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table7(id int,name varchar(20));create table table9(id int,name varchar(20));"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table8(id int,name varchar(20));create table table7(id int,name varchar(20));"
5.3 重启mycat并检查逻辑库
mycat restart;
mysql> use TESTDB
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_world |
+-----------------+
| table7 |
| table8 |
| table9 |
+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
5.4 写入测试
目前逻辑库TESTDB中存在table7-9三张表。table7为3307节点表,table8为3308节点表,table9为3308/3309共有表。以此结论进行写入测试。
# 在逻辑库TESTDB中对3张表进行数据插入
mysql> insert into table7 values(1,'a');
mysql> insert into table8 values(2,'b');
mysql> insert into table9 values(3,'c');
# 在逻辑库查看三张表数据
mysql> select * from table7;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | a |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> select * from table8;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 2 | b |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from table9;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 3 | c |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 在3307节点查看数据
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table7;"
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | a |
+------+------+
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table9;"
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 3 | c |
+------+------+
# 在3308节点查看数据
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table8;"
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 2 | b |
+------+------+
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table9;"
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 3 | c |
+------+------+
6、水平分片应用
6.1 拆分概念
6.1.1 分片策略
水平拆分包含了几乎经典业务中大部分的分片策略,mycat已经开发了相应算法,非常方便调用。
范围分片
取模
枚举
日期
HASH 等
6.1.2 分片键
作为分片条件的列,用来做查询条件的列,比较适合做分片键。
6.2 范围分片
对一张表table3进行分片
6.2.1 试用环境
1、表内行数较多(如2000w行数据,可按照范围分为1-1000w,1000w01-2000w分片)
2、数据访问非常频繁,但用户访问较离散。所有数据范围均匀访问。
6.2.2 配置文件准备
修改配置文件,定制分片策略。
# 1、schema.xml 添加:
vim schema.xml
<table name="table3" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="auto-sharding-long" />
# 2、定义和使用分片策略
vim rule.xml
<tableRule name="auto-sharding-long"> # 分片策略名称,schema.xml中调用
<rule>
<columns>id</columns> # 分片键为id列
<algorithm>rang-long</algorithm> # 范围方式(函数)
</rule>
<function name="rang-long"
class="io.mycat.route.function.AutoPartitionByLong">
<property name="mapFile">autopartition-long.txt</property> # 传参文件
</function>
# 3、定义范围
vim autopartition-long.txt
0-10=0 # id为0-10为0号分片
10-20=1 # id为10-20为0号分片
6.2.3 创建测试表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
6.2.4 重启mycat并检查
mycat restart
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_world |
+-----------------+
| table3 |
| table7 |
| table8 |
| table9 |
+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.07 sec)
6.2.5 写入测试
use TESTDB;
insert into table3(id,name) values(1,'a');
insert into table3(id,name) values(2,'b');
insert into table3(id,name) values(3,'c');
insert into table3(id,name) values(4,'d');
insert into table3(id,name) values(11,'aa');
insert into table3(id,name) values(12,'bb');
insert into table3(id,name) values(13,'cc');
insert into table3(id,name) values(14,'dd');
# 逻辑库查询结果
mysql> select * from table3;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | a |
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |
| 11 | aa |
| 12 | bb |
| 13 | cc |
| 14 | dd |
+----+------+
8 rows in set (0.03 sec)
# 3307节点查询结果
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table3;"
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | a |
| 2 | b |
| 3 | c |
| 4 | d |
+----+------+
# 3308节点查询结果
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table3;"
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 11 | aa |
| 12 | bb |
| 13 | cc |
| 14 | dd |
+----+------+
6.3 取模分片
取余数分片方式:分片键(一个列)与节点数进行取余,得到余数,将数据写入对应节点。
6.3.1 配置文件准备
# 1、schema.xml 添加:
vim schema.xml
<table name="table4" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long" />
# 查看和定义分片使用
vim rule.xml
<property name="count">2</property> # 定义被除数(节点个数)
6.3.2 准备测试表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;create table table4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
6.3.3 重启mycat
mycat restart
6.3.4 写入测试
use TESTDB;
insert into table4(id,name) values(1,'a');
insert into table4(id,name) values(2,'b');
insert into table4(id,name) values(3,'c');
insert into table4(id,name) values(4,'d');
# 在逻辑库TESTDB查询结果
mysql> select * from table4;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 2 | b |
| 4 | d |
| 1 | a |
| 3 | c |
+----+------+
4 rows in set (0.03 sec)
# 在3307节点查询结果
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table4;"
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 2 | b |
| 4 | d |
+----+------+
# 在3308节点查询结果
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.table4;"
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | a |
| 3 | c |
+----+------+
6.4 枚举分片
枚举分片要根据不同的表的情况,选择分片键 。如中国表中,是根据不同省进行存储数据,便可根据省名称进行分片。前提是有一个列中存储了省的名称。如bj、sh、hlj等。如下表,可根据name列进行分片。
id | name | teleno |
---|---|---|
1 | bj | 1111111 |
2 | sh | 2222222 |
3 | bj | 3333333 |
4 | hlj | 4444444 |
5 | sh | 5555555 |
6.4.1 配置文件准备
# 1、schema.xml 添加:
vim schema.xml
<table name="table4" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="sharding-by-intfile" />
# 2、查看和定义分片使用
vim rule.xml
<tableRule name="sharding-by-intfile">
<rule>
<columns>name</columns> # 修改分片键(name)
<algorithm>hash-int</algorithm>
</rule>
<function name="hash-int"
class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByFileMap">
<property name="mapFile">partition-hash-int.txt</property>
<property name="type">1</property> # rule增加此行,修改type为1。不然默认为0,partition-hash-int.txt文档只支持二进制。bj/sh不生效。
</function>
# 3、定义范围
vim partition-hash-int.txt
bj=0 # name列为bj,分到0分片
sh=1 # name列为sh,分到1分片
DEFAULT_NODE=1 # 其它非bj,sh,分到默认1分片
6.5 Mycat全局表
如果你的业务中有写数据类似于数据字典,比如配置文件的配置、常用业务的配置或者数据量不大很少变动的表。这些表往往不是特别大,而且大部分的业务场景都会用到。那么这种表适合设置为Mycat全局表。无需对数据进行切分,在所有的分片上保存一份数据即可。
Mycat在Join操作中,业务表与全局表进行Join聚合会优先选择相同分片内的全局表join,避免跨库join。在进行数据插入操作是,mycat将把数据分发到全局表对应的所有分片执行,在进行数据读取时候会随机获取一个节点的数据。
6.5.1 配置全局表
# 1、schema.xml 添加:
vim schema.xml
<table name="t_area" primaryKey="id" type="global" dataNode="sh1,sh2" />
6.6 E-R分片
如果业务中有两张表经常做join操作,如可以设置为E-R分片。如
select * from a join b on a.id = b.aid where b.id = 1002;
此策略会按取模分片的方式将两张表的数据分别分片到两个节点内,且相关联的数据会分到同一个节点。
如a,b表:
a:
id | name |
---|---|
1 | a |
2 | b |
b:
id | addr | aid |
---|---|---|
1001 | bj | 1 |
1002 | sh | 2 |
分片结果会a表的1行和b表的1001行在一个节点,a表的2和b表的1002在一个节点。因为有aid相关联。
6.6.1 准备配置文件
schema.xml
添加
vim schema.xml
<table name="a" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long_e-r" > # 因为rule名称与mod-log重复,复制重命名新增一个,对应rule也需要新增同样名称表定义和函数。
<childTable name="b" joinKey="aid" parentKey="id" /> # 配置非驱动表
</table>
rule.xml
增加
vim rule.xml
</tableRule>
<tableRule name="mod-long_e-r"> # 自定义表定义名称
<rule>
<columns>id</columns>
<algorithm>mod-long</algorithm>
</rule>
</function>
<function name="mod-long_e-r" class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByMod"> # 自定义函数名称
<!-- how many data nodes -->
<property name="count">2</property>
</function>
6.6.2 准备测试表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;CREATE TABLE a ( id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY key auto_increment, NAME VARCHAR ( 20 ) NOT NULL );"
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use world;CREATE TABLE b ( id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY key auto_increment, addr VARCHAR ( 20 ) NOT NULL, aid int);"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;CREATE TABLE a ( id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY key auto_increment, NAME VARCHAR ( 20 ) NOT NULL );"
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use world;CREATE TABLE b ( id INT NOT NULL PRIMARY key auto_increment, addr VARCHAR ( 20 ) NOT NULL, aid int);"
6.6.3 重启mycat
mycat restart
6.6.4 写入测试
# 在逻辑库TESTDB写入
insert into a(id,name) values(1,'a');
insert into a(id,name) values(2,'b');
insert into a(id,name) values(3,'c');
insert into a(id,name) values(4,'d');
insert into a(id,name) values(5,'e');
insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1001,'bj',1);
insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1002,'sh',2);
insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1003,'gz',3);
insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1004,'wh',4);
insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1005,'tj',5);
# 在逻辑库查询结果
mysql> USE TESTDB;
mysql> select * from a;
+----+------+
| id | NAME |
+----+------+
| 2 | b |
| 4 | d |
| 1 | a |
| 3 | c |
| 5 | e |
+----+------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from b;
+------+------+------+
| id | addr | aid |
+------+------+------+
| 1002 | sh | 2 |
| 1004 | wh | 4 |
| 1001 | bj | 1 |
| 1003 | gz | 3 |
| 1005 | tj | 5 |
+------+------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 在3307节点查询结果
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.a;"
+----+------+
| id | NAME |
+----+------+
| 2 | b |
| 4 | d |
+----+------+
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.b;"
+------+------+------+
| id | addr | aid |
+------+------+------+
| 1002 | sh | 2 |
| 1004 | wh | 4 |
+------+------+------+
# 在3308节点查询结果
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.a;"
+----+------+
| id | NAME |
+----+------+
| 1 | a |
| 3 | c |
| 5 | e |
+----+------+
[root@db4 ~]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from world.b;"
+------+------+------+
| id | addr | aid |
+------+------+------+
| 1001 | bj | 1 |
| 1003 | gz | 3 |
| 1005 | tj | 5 |
+------+------+------+
7、Mycat日常管理
7.1 管理服务常用命令
# 查看帮助
show @@help;
# 查看分片信息
show @@datanode;
# 查看数据源
show @@datasource;
# 查看服务信息
show @@server;
# 重载配置信息
reload @@config : schema.xml
reload @@config_all : 所有配置重新加载
7.2 修改逻辑库名
# 修改配置文件
vim schema.xml
<schema name="DB2" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> # 修改库名DB2
vim server.xml
<user name="root" defaultAccount="true"> # root用户
<property name="password">123456</property> # 默认密码
<property name="schemas">DB2</property> # 默认数据库(修改)
<property name="defaultSchema">DB2</property> # 默认数据库(修改)
<!--No MyCAT Database selected 错误前会尝试使用该schema作为schema,不设置则为null,报错 -->
<!-- 表级 DML 权限设置 -->
<!--
<privileges check="false">
<schema name="TESTDB" dml="0110" >
<table name="tb01" dml="0000"></table>
<table name="tb02" dml="1111"></table>
</schema>
</privileges>
-->
</user>
<user name="user">
<property name="password">user</property> # user 用户
<property name="schemas">DB2</property> # 默认数据库(修改)
<property name="readOnly">true</property> # 只读权限
<property name="defaultSchema">DB2</property> # 默认数据库(修改)
</user>
# 重载配置信息
reload config_all;
7.3 增加逻辑库
# schema.xml增加
<schema name="DB3" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1">
</schema>
# server.xml里授权
<property name="schemas">DB2,DB3</property> # 在原库后增加","分隔
# 重载配置信息
reload config_all;