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数组:有序的元素序列。 若将有限个类型相同的变量的集合命名,那么这个名称为数组名。组成数组的各个变量称为数组的分量,也称为数组的元素,有时也称为下标变量。用于区分数组的各个元素的数字编号称为下标。数组是在程序设计中,为了处理方便, 把具有相同类型的若干元素按无序的形式组织起来的一种形式。这些无序排列的同类数据元素的集合称为数组。数组是用于储存多个相同类型数据的集合。
二维数组:本质上是以数组作为数组元素的数组,即“数组的数组”。二维数组又称为矩阵,行列数相等的矩阵称为方阵。
对称矩阵:a[i][j] = a[j][i]
对角矩阵:n阶方阵主对角线外都是零元素
三维数组:指维数为三的数组结构。三维数组是最常见的多维数组,由于其可以用来描述三维空间中的位置或状态而被广泛使用。
定义二维数组
1 //方式1 2 var arr1 = [[Int]]() 3 print(arr1) 4 //Print [] 5 6 //方式2 7 var arr2 = Array<Array<Int>>() 8 print(arr2) 9 //Print [] 10 11 //方式3:定义3列4行的二维数组,元素初始化为0 12 var arr3 = [[Int]](repeating: [Int](repeating: 0, count: 3), count: 4) 13 print(arr3) 14 //Print [[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
二维数组的遍历
1 //遍历行 2 for row in arr3 3 { 4 print(row) 5 //Print [0, 0, 0] 6 //遍历列 7 for col in row 8 { 9 //从左到右,从上到下进行遍历 10 print(col) 11 //Print 0 12 } 13 }
定义三维数组
1 //方式1 2 var arr1 = [[[Int]]]() 3 print(arr1) 4 //Print [] 5 6 //方式2 7 var arr2 = Array<Array<Array<Int>>>() 8 print(arr2) 9 //Print [] 10 11 //方式3:定义三维数组,元素初始化为0,由内往外 12 var arr3 = [[[Int]]](repeating: [[Int]](repeating: [Int](repeating: 0, count: 2), count: 3), count: 4) 13 print(arr3) 14 //2个元素的一维数组,3个元素的二维数组,4个元素的三位数组 15 /* 16 [ 17 [ 18 [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] 19 ], 20 [ 21 [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] 22 ], 23 [ 24 [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] 25 ], 26 [ 27 [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0] 28 ] 29 ] 30 */
三维数组的遍历
1 //遍历高height 2 for height in arr3 3 { 4 print(height) 5 //Print [[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]] 6 //遍历长depth 7 for depth in height 8 { 9 print(depth) 10 //Print [0, 0] 11 //遍历宽width 12 for width in depth 13 { 14 print(width) 15 //Print 0 16 } 17 } 18 }
使用函数来创建多维数组
1 //num:元素个数 2 //value:元素初始值 3 func dimension<T>(_ num: Int, _ value: T) -> [T] { 4 return [T](repeating: value, count: num) 5 }
示例代码:
1 //用嵌套的方式创建多维数组 2 //创建一维数组 3 let arr1 = dimension(1,0) 4 print(arr1) 5 //Print [0] 6 7 //创建二维数组 8 let arr2 = dimension(2,arr1) 9 //即:let arr2 = dimension(2,dimension(1,0)) 10 print(arr2) 11 //Print [[0], [0]] 12 13 //创建三维数组 14 let arr3 = dimension(3,arr2) 15 //即:let arr3 = dimension(3,dimension(2,dimension(1,0))) 16 print(arr3) 17 //Print [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]] 18 19 //创建四维数组 20 let arr4 = dimension(4,arr3) 21 //即:let arr4 = dimension(4,dimension(3,dimension(2,dimension(1,0)))) 22 print(arr4) 23 //Print [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]] 24 25 //创建五维数组 26 let arr5 = dimension(5,arr4) 27 //即:arr5 = dimension(5,dimension(4,dimension(3,dimension(2,dimension(1,0))))) 28 print(arr5) 29 //Print [[[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]], [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]], [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]], [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]], [[[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]], [[[0], [0]], [[0], [0]], [[0], [0]]]]] 30 31 //......
使用函数嵌套的方法创建多维数组有一个很大的缺陷:无法明确维度所代表的意义。
所以,可以考虑使用一维数组存储多维数组的数据。
创建一个Array2D类,用一维数组存储二维数组的数据。
此时我们只需关注“列”和“行”的数值,细节交由Array2D来处理,这就是将原始数据类型包装成包装器类型或结构体的优点。
二维数组A[rows][columns]放到一维数组B中的对应公式:
两种方式 :
(1)、按行遍历
A[i][j] = B[ i + j * rows ]
(2)、按列遍历
A[i][j] = B[ i * columns + j ]
1 public struct Array2D<T> { 2 //列数 3 public let columns:Int 4 //行数 5 public let rows:Int 6 fileprivate var array: [T] 7 8 //初始化 9 public init(columns: Int, rows: Int, initialValue: T) { 10 self.columns = columns 11 self.rows = rows 12 array = .init(repeating: initialValue, count: rows*columns) 13 } 14 15 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的值 16 public subscript(column: Int, row: Int) -> T { 17 //读取 18 get { 19 //先决条件 20 precondition(column <= columns, "Column (column) Index is out of range. Array<T>(columns: (columns), rows:(rows))") 21 precondition(row <= rows, "Row (row) Index is out of range. Array<T>(columns: (columns), rows:(rows))") 22 return array[row * columns + column] 23 //或 return array[row + column * rows] 24 } 25 //写入 26 set { 27 //先决条件 28 precondition(column <= columns, "Column (column) Index is out of range. Array<T>(columns: (columns), rows:(rows))") 29 precondition(row <= rows, "Row (row) Index is out of range. Array<T>(columns: (columns), rows:(rows))") 30 array[row * columns + column] = newValue 31 //或 array[row + column * rows] = newValue 32 } 33 } 34 }
示例代码:
1 // 创建一个二维数组的实例 2 var arr2D = Array2D(columns: 2, rows:3, initialValue: 0) 3 print(arr2D) 4 //Print Array2D<Int>(columns: 2, rows: 3, array: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]) 5 6 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的元素值 7 let num = arr2D[1, 1] 8 print(num) 9 //Print 0 10 11 //给数组中的元素赋值 12 arr2D[1, 1] = 88 13 print(arr2D[1, 1]) 14 //Print 88
创建一个Array3D类,用一维数组存储三维维数组的数据。
此时我们只需关注“长”、“宽”和“高”的数值,细节交由Array3D来处理,这就是将原始数据类型包装成包装器类型或结构体的优点。
三维数组A[widths][depths][heights]放到一维数组B中的对应公式:
A[i][j][k] = B[ ( i - 1 ) * ( depths * heights ) + ( j - 1 ) * heights + k ]
1 public struct Array3D<T> { 2 //宽 3 public let widths:Int 4 //长 5 public let depths:Int 6 //高 7 public let heights:Int 8 fileprivate var array: [T] 9 10 //初始化 11 public init(widths: Int, depths: Int, heights: Int, initialValue: T) { 12 self.widths = widths 13 self.depths = depths 14 self.heights = heights 15 array = .init(repeating: initialValue, count: widths * depths * heights) 16 } 17 18 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的值 19 public subscript( Int, depth: Int, height: Int) -> T { 20 //读取 21 get { 22 //先决条件 23 precondition(width <= widths, "Width (width) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: (widths), depths:(depths), heights:(heights))") 24 precondition(depth <= depths, "Depth (depth) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: (widths), depths:(depths), heights:(heights))") 25 precondition(height <= heights, "Height (height) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: (widths), depths:(depths), heights:(heights))") 26 return array[(width - 1) * (depths * heights) + (depth - 1) * heights + height] 27 } 28 //写入 29 set { 30 //先决条件 31 precondition(width <= widths, "Width (width) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: (widths), depths:(depths), heights:(heights))") 32 precondition(depth <= depths, "Depth (depth) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: (widths), depths:(depths), heights:(heights))") 33 precondition(height <= heights, "Height (height) Index is out of range. Array<T>(widths: (widths), depths:(depths), heights:(heights))") 34 array[(width - 1) * (depths * heights) + (depth - 1) * heights + height] = newValue 35 } 36 } 37 }
示例代码:
1 // 创建一个三维数组的实例 2 var arr3D = Array3D(widths: 2, depths: 3, heights: 4, initialValue: 0) 3 print(arr3D) 4 //Print Array3D<Int>(widths: 2, depths: 3, heights: 4, array: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]) 5 6 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的元素值 7 let num = arr3D[1, 1, 1] 8 print(num) 9 //Print 0 10 11 //给数组中的元素赋值 12 arr3D[1, 1, 1] = 88 13 print(arr3D[1, 1, 1]) 14 //Print 88
四维维数组A[a][b][c][d]放到一维数组B中的对应公式:
A[i][j][k][w] = B[(i - 1) * (b * c * d) + (j - 1) * (c * d) + (k - 1) * d + w]
归纳演绎......
N维数组映射到一维数组
由此及彼,由表及里,归纳总结,创建一个Dim类,用一维数组存储n维数组的数据,
此时我们只需关注每一个维度的数值,细节交由Dim来处理,这就是将原始数据类型包装成包装器类型或结构体的优点。
深入思考:
(1)、多维度中各维度所表示意义的顺序可以任意确定,确定维度顺序之后,就按照既定的维度顺序进行对一维数组进行读写。
(2)、如同二维数组中可以按照行遍历或者按照列遍历一样。多维数组也可以任意确定多维数组中下标i、j、k、w、...的顺序。
下标顺序确定之后就不可变更,根据下标顺序得出对应公式,公式从上文中请归纳,就按照既定的下标顺序进行对一维数组进行读写。
1 public struct Dim<T> { 2 //用一个数组来接收维度信息 3 //元素个数为维度 4 //元素数值为对应维度的具体数量 5 public let dimension:[Int] 6 fileprivate var array:[T] 7 //只能初始化一次 8 public let product:Int 9 //数组信息 10 public let arrayInfo:String 11 12 //初始化 13 public init(dimension:[Int], initialValue: T) { 14 self.dimension = dimension 15 //数组各元素求积reduce(1) 16 //用于一维数组保存多维数组的信息 17 self.product = dimension.reduce(1) {$0 * $1} 18 //初始化数组 19 array = .init(repeating: initialValue, count: product) 20 //初始化维度信息 21 var str:String = " Array<T>(" 22 for i in 0...(dimension.count - 1) 23 { 24 str += String(i + 1) + "Dimension: (dimension[i])," 25 } 26 //删除最后一个字符串‘,’ 27 str.remove(at: str.index(before: str.endIndex)) 28 str += ")" 29 arrayInfo = str 30 } 31 32 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的值 33 //T?:读取时如果输入的维度不等于原维度则返回nil 34 //取值需使用强制解包 35 public subscript(_ numbers: Int...) -> T? { 36 //读取 37 get 38 { 39 //判断元素个数是否等于维度数组个数 40 if numbers.count == dimension.count 41 { 42 for i in 0...(dimension.count - 1) 43 { 44 //先决条件 45 precondition( numbers[i] <= dimension[i], "(String(i + 1))Dimension:(numbers[i]) Index is out of range. " + arrayInfo) 46 } 47 return array[getIndex(numbers)] 48 } 49 return nil 50 } 51 52 //写入 53 set 54 { 55 //判断元素个数是否等于维度数组个数 56 if numbers.count == dimension.count 57 { 58 for i in 0...(dimension.count - 1) 59 { 60 //先决条件 61 precondition( numbers[i] <= dimension[i], "(String(i + 1))Dimension:(numbers[i]) Index is out of range. " + arrayInfo) 62 } 63 array[getIndex(numbers)] = newValue! 64 } 65 } 66 67 } 68 //求解多维数组的元素在一维数组中的索引 69 private func getIndex(_ dim: [Int]) -> Int 70 { 71 var sum:Int = 0 72 for index in 0...(dim.count - 1) 73 { 74 sum += (dim[index] - 1) * getProduct(index) 75 } 76 return sum 77 } 78 //求部分元素的积 79 private func getProduct(_ index:Int) -> Int 80 { 81 //数组各元素求积 82 var accumulate:Int = 1 83 //加1 84 var front:Int = index + 1 85 let real:Int = dimension.count - 1 86 if real > front 87 { 88 let arr:[Int] = [Int](dimension[front...real]) 89 if arr.count != 0 90 { 91 //数组各元素求积reduce(1) 92 accumulate = arr.reduce(1){$0 * $1} 93 } 94 } 95 return accumulate 96 } 97 }
Dim类,用一维数组存储n维数组的数据,示例:
1 // 创建一维数组的实例 2 var arr1 = Dim(dimension:[3], initialValue: 1) 3 print(arr1) 4 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [3], array: [1, 1, 1], product: 3, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 3)") 5 // 创建二维数组的实例 6 var arr2 = Dim(dimension:[1,2], initialValue: 2) 7 print(arr2) 8 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2], array: [2, 2], product: 2, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2)") 9 // 创建三维数组的实例 10 var arr3 = Dim(dimension:[1,2,3], initialValue: 3) 11 print(arr3) 12 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3], array: [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3], product: 6, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3)") 13 // 创建四维数组的实例 14 var arr4 = Dim(dimension:[1,2,3,4], initialValue: 4) 15 print(arr4) 16 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3, 4], array: [4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], product: 24, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3,4Dimension: 4)") 17 // 创建五维数组的实例 18 var arr5 = Dim(dimension:[1,2,3,4,5], initialValue: 5) 19 print(arr5) 20 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], array: [5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5], product: 120, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3,4Dimension: 4,5Dimension: 5)") 21 //...... 22 23 //subscript函数可以检索数组中的元素值,Optional为可选类型 24 //一维数组 25 arr1[2] = 11 26 print(arr1) 27 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [3], array: [1, 11, 1], product: 3, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 3)") 28 let num1 = arr1[1] 29 print(num1) 30 //Print Optional(1) 31 //二维数组 32 arr2[1,2] = 22 33 print(arr2) 34 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2], array: [2, 22], product: 2, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2)") 35 let num2 = arr2[1,1] 36 print(num2) 37 //Print Optional(22) 38 //三维数组 39 arr3[1,1,1] = 33 40 print(arr3) 41 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3], array: [33, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3], product: 6, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3)") 42 let num3 = arr3[1,1,1] 43 print(num3) 44 //Print Optional(33) 45 //四维数组 46 arr4[1,1,1,1] = 44 47 print(arr4) 48 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3, 4], array: [44, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4], product: 24, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3,4Dimension: 4)") 49 let num4 = arr4[1,1,1,1] 50 print(num4) 51 //Print Optional(44) 52 //五维数组 53 arr5[1,1,1,1,1] = 55 54 print(arr5) 55 //Print Dim<Int>(dimension: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], array: [55, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5], product: 120, arrayInfo: " Array<T>(1Dimension: 1,2Dimension: 2,3Dimension: 3,4Dimension: 4,5Dimension: 5)") 56 let num5 = arr5[1,1,1,1,1] 57 print(num5) 58 //Print Optional(55) 59 //......