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  • Oracle数据库部分命令练习(Oracle Command)

    Oracle数据库部分命令练习(并不全面,对于Oracle体系结构、分区表等以及基础的分支语句、触发器、存储过程等补充请直接参考Oracle实验报告练习或直接下载资源文档:https://download.csdn.net/download/qq_42785226/14622190

    Oracle Command

    SQL题目练习

    1、列出至少有一个员工的所有部门。

    2、列出薪金比“SMITH”多的所有员工。

    3、列出所有员工的姓名及其直接上级的姓名。

    4、列出受雇日期早于其直接上级的所有员工。

    5、列出部门名称和这些部门的员工信息,同时列出那些没有员工的部门

    6、列出所有“CLERK”(办事员)的姓名及其部门名称。

    7、列出最低薪金大于1500的各种工作。

    8、列出在部门“SALES”(销售部)工作的员工的姓名,假定不知道销售部的部门编号。

    9、列出薪金高于公司平均薪金的所有员工。

    10、列出与“SCOTT”从事相同工作的所有员工。

    11、列出薪金等于部门30中员工的薪金的所有员工的姓名和薪金。

    12、列出薪金高于在部门30工作的所有员工的薪金的员工姓名和薪金。

    13、列出在每个部门工作的员工数量、平均工资和平均服务期限。

    14、列出所有员工的姓名、部门名称和工资。

    15、列出所有部门的详细信息和部门人数。

    16、列出各种工作的最低工资。

    17、列出各个部门的MANAGER(经理)的最低薪金。

    答案:

    1.select deptno, count(*) from scott.emp group by DEPTNO having count(*) >1;

    2.select * from scott.emp where sa1 > (select sa1 from scott.emp where ename='SMITH');

    3.select e0.ENAME, e1.ename from scott.emp e0,scott.emp e1 where e0.MGR=e1.empno;

     

    分析:上述早于即小于(时间)

    用(+)来实现, 这个+号可以这样来理解: + 表示补充,即哪个表有加号,这个表就是匹配表。如果加号写在右表,左表就是全部显示,所以是左连接。

    这里以e0为员工,e1为其直接上级:

    1. select e0.*,e1.* from scott.emp e0,scott.emp e1 where e0.mgr=e1.empno(+) and e0.hiredate<e1.hiredate;

     

    分析:同时列出那些没有员工的部门,即列出所有部门,我们采用左外连接:

    1. select d.dname,e.* from scott.dept d,scott.emp e where d.deptno=e.deptno(+);

     

    6.select e.ename, d.dname from scott.emp e join scott.dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno where job = 'CLERK';

    上述采用的是外连接,也可以采用多表查询等方式:

    select ename,dname from emp, dept where emp.job='CLERK' and emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

     

    7.select job from scott.emp group by job having min(sal) > 1500;

    8.select e.ename from scott.emp e, scott.dept d where d.dname = 'SALES' and e.deptno(+) = d.deptno;

    9.select * from scott.emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from scott.emp);

    10.select * from scott.emp where job = (select job from scott.emp where ename = 'SCOTT');

    11.select * from scott.emp where sal in (select sal from scott.emp where deptno = 30);

     

    12.select * from scott.emp where sal > all (select sal from scott.emp where deptno = 30);

    上述实现也可以采用如下方式(首先获取部门为30的最高工资(利用desc降序排列和rownum获取最高工资)):

    select * from emp where sal >

     (select sal from

        (select sal from emp where deptno=30 order by sal desc)

          where rownum<=1);

    (注意:ASC是升序排列,在rownum那里要进行嵌套查询,order by要写到where子句之后,否则会报ORA-00933: SQL 命令未正确结束错误group by也要写到where子句之后)

    SQL GROUP BY 语法

    SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

    FROM table_name

    WHERE column_name operator value

    GROUP BY column_name

    SQL> select sal,deptno from emp

      2  order by sal desc

      3  where deptno=30

      4   ;

    select sal,deptno from emp

    order by sal desc

    where deptno=30

     

    ORA-00933: SQL 命令未正确结束

    上述rownum是oracle中的top子句(取前number行数据):

    top子句:

     

    SQLServer用法:

    SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)

    FROM table_name

    例(percent百分数):

    SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Persons

    从上面的 "Persons" 表中选取 50% 的记录:

    SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Persons

     

    MySQL 和 Oracle 中的 SQL SELECT TOP 是等价的:

    MySQL 语法:

    SELECT column_name(s)

    FROM table_name

    LIMIT number

    Oracle 语法:

    SELECT column_name(s)

    FROM table_name

    WHERE ROWNUM <= number

    例(MySQL(limit)):

    Oracle为rownum,这里不再多说。

    需要注意的一点就是这几个top子句都是符合不同数据库的语法,不能混用:

    例(在oracle中使用mysql中的limit top子句则行不通):

     

    同时在oracle中和mysql中使用SqlServer中的top子句也不行。

     

    13.select count(empno) 人数, avg(sal) 平均5261工资4102, avg(EXTRACT(year FROM sysdate) - EXTRACT(year FROM emp.hiredate)) 平均雇佣期限1653 from dual, scott.emp group by deptno;

    14.select e.ename, d.dname, e.sal from scott.emp e, scott.dept d  where e.deptno = d.deptno(+);

    15.select d.*, t.count from scott.dept d, (select deptno, count(empno) count from scott.emp group by deptno) t where d.deptno = t.deptno(+);

    16.select job, min(sal) from scott.emp group by job;

    17.select deptno, min(sal) from scott.emp where job = 'MANAGER' group by deptno;

     

    PL/SQL基础语句练习

    HelloWord以及赋值语句练习:

     

    SET ServerOutput ON;

    BEGIN

      dbms_output.put_line('HELLO WORLD!');

    END;

    /

     

    SET ServerOutput ON;

    DECLARE

    Database VARCHAR2(50) := 'Oracle 11g';  --赋值语句练习

    BEGIN

      dbms_output.put_line(Database);

    END;

    /

     

    SQL%NOTFOUND练习(模拟merge练习):

    SET ServerOutput ON;

    DECLARE

        /*定义变量类型,注意:=*/

        v_xm varchar2(8):='Jame';

        v_zym varchar2(10):='计算机';

        v_zxf number(2):=45;

    BEGIN

        UPDATE XS SET zxf=v_zxf WHERE xm=v_xm;

        IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN --SQL%NOTFOUND用于判断update是否执行成功执行成功则sql found即SQL%NOTFOUND返回false,反之即执行失败返回true

          dbms_output.put_line('没有该人,需要插入该人');

          INSERT INTO XS(XH,XM,ZYM,ZXF)VALUES('007',v_xm,v_zym,v_zxf);

        END IF;

    END;

    /

     

    Update扩展(带Return子句):

    SET ServerOutput ON;

    DECLARE

        row_id ROWID;

        info VARCHAR2(100);

    BEGIN

          UPDATE scott.dept SET deptno=90 WHERE DNAME='RESEARCH'

                 RETURNING rowid,dname||':'||to_char(deptno)||':'||loc

                          INTO row_id,info;

          dbms_output.put_line('ROWID:'||row_id);

          dbms_output.put_line(info);

    END;

    /

    结果:

    ROWID:AAAMgxAAEAAAAAQAAB

    RESEARCH:90:DALLAS

     

    SET ServerOutput ON;

    DECLARE

        --row_id ROWID;

        info VARCHAR2(100);

    BEGIN

          UPDATE scott.dept SET deptno=90 WHERE DNAME='RESEARCH'

                 RETURNING dname||':'||to_char(deptno)||':'||loc

                          INTO info;

          --dbms_output.put_line('ROWID:'||row_id);

          dbms_output.put_line(info);

    END;

    /

    结果:

    RESEARCH:90:DALLAS

     

    %rowtype练习:

    SET ServerOutput ON;

    DECLARE

       one_emp scott.emp%rowtype;

    BEGIN

          select * into one_emp from scott.emp where empno=7900;

          dbms_output.put_line('该员工的职位为:'||one_emp.job);

          dbms_output.put_line('该员工的工资为:'||one_emp.sal);

    END;

    /

     

    %type练习:

    SET ServerOutput ON;

    DECLARE

       emp_number constant number(4):=7900;

       emp_name scott.emp.ename%type;

       emp_job scott.emp.job%type;

       emp_sal scott.emp.sal%type;

    BEGIN

          select ename,job,sal into emp_name,emp_job,emp_sal from scott.emp where empno=emp_number;

          dbms_output.put_line('查询的员工号为:'||emp_number);

          dbms_output.put_line('该员工的姓名为:'||emp_name);

          dbms_output.put_line('该员工的职位为:'||emp_job);

          dbms_output.put_line('该员工的工资为:'||emp_sal);

    END;

    /

     

    异常处理:

    SET ServerOutput ON;

    DECLARE

      v_1 number;

    BEGIN

      SELECT count(*) INTO v_1 FROM xs;

      dbms_output.put_line(v_1);

    EXCEPTION

      when others then

        dbms_output.put_line('出现异常了');

    END;

    /

     

    定义常量:

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

    DECLARE

      conVersion constant VARCHAR2(20) := '1.0.0.1';  --直接赋值

    BEGIN

      dbms_output.put_line(conVersion);

    END;

    /  

     

    IF语句练习: IF...ELSIF...ELSE...END IF

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

    DECLARE

      Num INTEGER :=- 11;

    BEGIN

      IF Num <0 THEN

         dbms_output.put_line('负数');

      ELSIF Num > 0 THEN

           dbms_output.put_line('正数');

      ELSE

           dbms_output.put_line('0');

      END IF;

    END;

    /

     

    简单Case语句练习:

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

    DECLARE

      varDAY INTEGER := 3;

      Result VARCHAR2(20);

    BEGIN

      Result := CASE varDAY  --赋值,看case是几

             WHEN 1 THEN '星期一'

             WHEN 2 THEN '星期二'

             WHEN 3 THEN '星期三'

             WHEN 4 THEN '星期四'

             WHEN 5 THEN '星期五'

             WHEN 6 THEN '星期六'

             WHEN 7 THEN '星期七'

             ELSE '数据越界'

      END;

      dbms_output.put_line(Result);

    END;

    /

     

    循环语句练习:LOOP...IF..EXIT..END IF...END LOOP(采用if..exit中途退出的方式来跳出循环)

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

    DECLARE

      v_Num INTEGER := 1;

      v_Sum INTEGER := 0;

    BEGIN

      LOOP

        v_Sum := v_Sum + v_Num;

        dbms_output.put_line(v_Num);

        IF v_Num = 3 THEN

          EXIT;

        END IF;

        dbms_output.put_line('+');

        v_Num := v_Num+1;

      END LOOP;

      dbms_output.put_line('=');

      dbms_output.put_line(v_Sum);

    END;

    /

     

    别名练习(也可加上as):

    SQL> select xh xuehao,xm from xs;

     

    XUEHAO XM

    ------ ------

     

    DUAL练习:

    Dual操作(DESC,查询内容,日期(格式),作计算器等):

    SQL> SELECT * FROM DUAL;

     

    DUMMY

    -----

    X

     

    SQL> SELECT 1+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           1+1

    ----------

             2

     

    SQL> SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

     

    SYSDATE

    -----------

    2020/10/2 1

     

    SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DY')FROM DUAL;

     

    TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DY')

    ---------------------

    星期五

     

    SQL> DESC DUAL;

    Name  Type        Nullable Default Comments

    ----- ----------- -------- ------- --------

    DUMMY VARCHAR2(1) Y      

     

    Dual查询user、日期(带特定格式)、生成随机数:

    SQL> select user from dual;

     

    USER

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SYSTEM

     

    SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual;

     

    TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YYYY-MM-DDHH24:MI:SS')

    ---------------------------------------

    2020-10-03 21:55:35

     

    SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual;

     

    TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MM-DDHH24:MI:SS')

    ----------------------------------

    10-03 21:56:06

     

     

    SQL> select dbms_random.random from dual;

     

        RANDOM

    ----------

    -496286255

     

    SQL> select dbms_random.random from dual;

     

        RANDOM

    ----------

    1745332824

     

     

    临时变量&:

     

    SQL> SELECT &a1+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           1+1

    ----------

             2

     

    SQL> SELECT &a1+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           2+1

    ----------

             3

     

    SQL> SELECT &&a1+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           5+1

    ----------

             6

     

    SQL> SELECT &a1+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           5+1

    ----------

             6

     

      

    导入表(黑屏下)

    SQL> $imp system/test tables=(xs,kc,xs_kc) file=c:xskc.dmp;

     

    黑屏下查询归档文件信息:

    SQL> ArCHIVE Log list;

    ORA-01031: 权限不足

    SQL> conn /as sysdba;

    已连接。

    SQL> archive log list;

     

    查询表信息:

    SQL> select * from cat;

     

    TABLE_NAME                     TABLE_TYPE

    ------------------------------ -----------

    SYSCATALOG                     SYNONYM

    CATALOG                        SYNONYM

    ...

    184 rows selected

     

    查询用户信息:

    SQL> select * from dba_users;

    USERNAME                          USER_ID PASSWORD                       ACCOUNT_STATUS                   LOCK_DATE   EXPIRY_DATE DEFAULT_TABLESPACE             TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE           CREATED     PROFILE                        INITIAL_RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP    EXTERNAL_NAME

    ------------------------------ ---------- ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    MGMT_VIEW                              53 181DA128BC4A91E7               OPEN                                                     SYSTEM                         TEMP                           2007/4/17 0 DEFAULT                        DEFAULT_CONSUMER_GROUP         

    SYS                                     0 D3CE9AB10E42F19D               OPEN                                                     SYSTEM                         TEMP                           2007/4/17 0 DEFAULT                        SYS_GROUP                      

    ...

    27 rows selected

     

    查询数据文件信息dba_data_files:

    SQL> select * from dba_data_files;

    FILE_NAME                                                                           FILE_ID TABLESPACE_NAME                     BYTES     BLOCKS STATUS    RELATIVE_FNO AUTOEXTENSIBLE   MAXBYTES  MAXBLOCKS INCREMENT_BY USER_BYTES USER_BLOCKS ONLINE_STATUS

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ---------- --------- ------------ -------------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ----------- -------------

    C:ORACLEPRODUCT10.2.0ORADATAORCLUSERS01.DBF                                         4 USERS                             5242880        640 AVAILABLE            4 YES            3435972198    4194302          160    5177344         632 ONLINE

    ...

     

    select * from v$datafile;

    SQL> select * from v$datafile;

     

         FILE# CREATION_CHANGE# CREATION_TIME        TS#     RFILE# STATUS  ENABLED    CHECKPOINT_CHANGE# CHECKPOINT_TIME UNRECOVERABLE_CHANGE# UNRECOVERABLE_TIME LAST_CHANGE# LAST_TIME   OFFLINE_CHANGE# ONLINE_CHANGE# ONLINE_TIME      BYTES     BLOCKS CREATE_BYTES BLOCK_SIZE NAME                                                                             PLUGGED_IN BLOCK1_OFFSET AUX_NAME                                                                         FIRST_NONLOGGED_SCN FIRST_NONLOGGED_TIME

    ---------- ---------------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ------- ---------- ------------------ --------------- --------------------- ------------------ ------------ ----------- --------------- -------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- --------------------

             1               11 2007/4/17 03:          0          1 SYSTEM  READ WRITE             730077 2020/10/9 15:56                     0                                                      521802         521803 2020/9/6 11  503316480      61440            0       8192 C:ORACLEPRODUCT10.2.0ORADATAORCLSYSTEM01.DBF                                        0          8192 NONE                                                                                               0

    ...

     

    查询归档文件信息:select name,log_mode from v$database;

    SQL> select name,log_mode from v$database;

     

    NAME      LOG_MODE

    --------- ------------

    ORCL      NOARCHIVELOG

     

    查询控制文件信息:select * from v$controlfile;

    SQL> select * from v$controlfile;

     

    STATUS  NAME                                                                             IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE BLOCK_SIZE FILE_SIZE_BLKS

    ------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------- --------------

            C:ORACLEPRODUCT10.2.0ORADATAORCLCONTROL01.CTL                              NO                         16384            430

    ...

     

    查询日志文件信息:

    select * from v$log;

    SQL> select * from v$log;

     

        GROUP#    THREAD#  SEQUENCE#      BYTES    MEMBERS ARCHIVED STATUS           FIRST_CHANGE# FIRST_TIME

    ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------- ---------------- ------------- -----------

             1          1          8   52428800          1 NO       INACTIVE                661898 2020/9/11 0

    ...

     

    select * from v$logfile;

    SQL> select * from v$logfile;

     

        GROUP# STATUS  TYPE    MEMBER                                                                           IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE

    ---------- ------- ------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

             3         ONLINE  C:ORACLEPRODUCT10.2.0ORADATAORCLREDO03.LOG                                 NO

    ...

     

    按组添加日志文件LOGFILE并作出相关查询:ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE GROUP 4('log1a.rdo','log2a.rdo')size 5000k;

    SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE GROUP 4('log1a.rdo','log2a.rdo')size 5000k;

     

    Database altered

     

    重新查询logfile日志文件:

    SQL> select * from v$logfile;

     GROUP# STATUS  TYPE    MEMBER                                                                           IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE

    ---------- ------- ------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

       4         ONLINE  C:ORACLEPRODUCT10.2.0DB_1DATABASELOG1A.RDO                                 NO

             4         ONLINE  C:ORACLEPRODUCT10.2.0DB_1DATABASELOG2A.RDO                                 NO

    ...

     

    按成员MEMBER添加日志文件LOGFILE到组GROUP并作出相关查询:ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE MEMBER 'log3a.log' TO Group 4;

    SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE MEMBER 'log3a.log' TO Group 4;

     

    Database altered

     

    重新查询logfile日志文件:

    SQL> select * from v$logfile;

     

        GROUP# STATUS  TYPE    MEMBER                                                                           IS_RECOVERY_DEST_FILE

    ---------- ------- ------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

     4 INVALID ONLINE  C:ORACLEPRODUCT10.2.0DB_1DATABASELOG3A.LOG                                 NO

    ...

     

    按成员删除日志文件:ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE MEMBER 'log3a.log';

    SQL> ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE MEMBER 'log3a.log';

     

    Database altered

     

    再次查询日志文件发现没有log3a.log文件了。

    SQL> select * from v$logfile;

    ...

     

    按组删除日志文件:ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE  Group 4;

    SQL> ALTER DATABASE DROP LOGFILE  Group 4;

     

    Database altered

     

    再次查询日志文件发现没有4组的了。

    SQL> select * from v$logfile;

    ...

     

    查询数据块大小:SHOW PARAMETER db_block_size;

    SQL> SHOW PARAMETER db_block_size;

     

    NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE

    ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

    db_block_size                        integer     8192

     

    查询用户分区信息:select * from user_extents;

    内容太多,略。

     

    归档模式与非归档模式:

    非归档模式,不记归档日志,没有办法进行数据恢复。当然如果数据库的量比较大,变换的频率比较高,这个归档的模式也要合理规划的,否则归档日志的空间量是很可观的!

     

    以下四步将数据库从非归档模式转化为归档模式(黑屏下):

    shutdown immediate;

    startup nomount;

    alter database mount;

    alter database archivelog;

     

    将数据库从非归档模式转化为归档模式(黑屏下)可能出现的错误:

    出现错误(ORA-12514: TNS: 监听程序当前无法识别连接描述符中请求的服务)   监听配置出错,修改listener.ora和tnsnames.ora配置文件后得以解决

    例:

    SQL> Shutdown immediate;

    数据库已经关闭。

    已经卸载数据库。

    ORACLE 例程已经关闭。

    SQL> Startup nomount;

    ORA-12514: TNS: 监听程序当前无法识别连接描述符中请求的服务

    SQL> Alter database mount;

    ERROR:

    ORA-03114: 未连接到 ORALCE

     

     

     

    SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.3.0 - Production on 星期五 10月 23 16:31:44 2020

     

    Copyright (c) 1982, 2006, Oracle.  All Rights Reserved.

     

     

    连接到:

    Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.3.0 - Production

    With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

     

    SQL> SHOW USER;

    USER 为 "SYSTEM"

    SQL> conn /as sysdba;

    已连接。

    SQL> show user;

    USER 为 "SYS"

     

    //重新操作时oracle重新运行了,应该先关闭

     

    SQL> startup nomount;

    ORA-01081: 无法启动已在运行的 ORACLE - 请首先关闭它

    SQL> shutdown immediate;

    数据库已经关闭。

    已经卸载数据库。

    ORACLE 例程已经关闭。

    SQL> startup nomount;

    ORACLE 例程已经启动。

     

    Total System Global Area  612368384 bytes

    Fixed Size                  1292036 bytes

    Variable Size             234883324 bytes

    Database Buffers          369098752 bytes

    Redo Buffers                7094272 bytes

    SQL> alter database mount;

     

    数据库已更改。

     

    SQL> alter database archivelog;

     

    数据库已更改。

     

    SQL>

     

    查询归档文件信息:select name,log_mode from v$database;

    SQL> select name,log_mode from v$database;

     

    NAME      LOG_MODE

    --------- ------------

    ORCL      NOARCHIVELOG

     

    ARCHIVE LOG LIST;黑屏模式下进行归档模式查询

    SQL> ARCHIVE LOG LIST;

    数据库日志模式             非存档模式

    自动存档             禁用

    存档终点            USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST

    最早的联机日志序列     13

    当前日志序列           15

     

    分支结构1

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

    DECLARE

    v_xm varchar2(8):='jame';

    v_zym varchar2(10):='计算机';

    v_zxf number(2):=45; /*定义变量类型*/

    BEGIN

      INSERT INTO XS(XH,XM,ZYM,ZXF)

      VALUES('007',v_xm,v_zym,v_zxf);

      IF SQL%FOUND THEN

        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('操作成功');

      ELSE

        DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('没有插入该人');

      END IF;

    END;

    /

     

    分支结构2

    DECLARE

    v_sal scott.emp.sal%type;

    v_tax scott.emp.sal%type;

    BEGIN

      select sal into v_sal from scott.emp where empno=7788;  /*%type返回一条记录中某一列*/

      if v_sal>=3000 then

        v_tax:=v_sal*0.08;

      elsif v_sal>=1500 then

        v_tax:=v_sal*0.06;

      else

        v_tax:=v_sal*0.04;

      end if;

      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('应交税金:'||v_tax);  /*||连接字符串*/

    END;

    /

     

    带临时变量的多分支结构

    declare

       v_deptno  scott.emp.deptno%type;

       v_zl  scott.emp.sal%type;

    begin

       select deptno into v_deptno  from  scott.emp  where empno=&&a;  --这里也可以为empno定义一个变量v_empno来记住外界输入的a的值

       if v_deptno=10 then

           v_zl:=100;

         elsif   v_deptno=20 then

            v_zl:=150;

              elsif   v_deptno=30 then

              v_zl:=200;

         else

         v_zl:=300;

         end if;

         --更新到原来的那个人(empno)

         UPDATE scott.emp SET sal=sal+v_zl  WHERE empno=&a;

         end;

    /

    /*上一步操作临时变量输入的是7934号员工,执行查询之后获得该7934号员工的deptno为100,增加100后更新到数据表中,结果可参见两次查询结果对比(1300->1400)*/

     

    /*注意临时变量&&a和&a的使用

    (&&是输入临时变量(并保存),&是获取上次输入过的临时变量,若没有输入过则需要进行输入(只&过的是不保存历史的临时变量,每次都要重新输入)*/

    /*例:

    输入a1:

    SQL> SELECT &&a1+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           3+1

    ----------

             4

     

    检测到历史a1,无需输入:

    SQL> SELECT &a1+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           3+1

    ----------

             4

    输入a2:

    SQL> SELECT &a2+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           2+1

    ----------

             3

     

    输入a2,上次的a2是&而不是&&,故需要重新输入:

    SQL> SELECT &a2+1 FROM DUAL;

     

           5+1

    ----------

             6

     

    */

     

    /*多分支case语句*/

    1.简单型case

    2.搜索性case

    3.嵌入到select语句执行复杂任务的case

    4.嵌入到PL/SQL程序语句(如赋值语句)的case

     

    简单型case

    declare

    grade varchar2(4):='良好';

    begin

      CASE grade

        when '优秀' then dbms_output.put_line('大于等于90');

        when '良好' then dbms_output.put_line('大于等于80,小于等于90');

        when '及格' then dbms_output.put_line('大于等于60,小于等于80');

        ELSE dbms_output.put_line('不及格');

        END CASE;

    end;

    /

     

    等值比较的case语句

    DECLARE

    v_deptno emp.deptno%type;

    v_increment number(4);

    v_empno emp.empno%type;

    BEGIN

      v_empno:=&x;  --这里也可以采用&&x然后使用&x来记录输入的x的值

      select deptno into v_deptno from emp where empno=v_empno;

      CASE v_deptno

      WHEN 10 THEN v_increment:=100;

      WHEN 20 THEN v_increment:=150;

      WHEN 30 THEN v_increment:=200;

      ELSE v_increment:=300;

      END CASE;

      update emp set sal=sal+v_increment where empno=v_empno;

    END;

    /

     

    搜索case表达式:

    SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

    declare

    score int:=91;

    begin

      case

        when score>=90 then dbms_output.put_line('优秀');

        when score>=80 then dbms_output.put_line('良好');

        when score>=60 then dbms_output.put_line('及格');

        else dbms_output.put_line('不及格');

      end case;

    end;

    /

     

    嵌入到select语句执行复杂任务的case

    /*与if语句不同,case语句可以用在select语句中,用于在检索数据的同时对数据进行判断并返回判断结果*/

    select xh,xm,zxf,

    (case

           when zxf>50 then '高'

             when zxf>=40 then '中'

               else '学分不够,需继续努力'

    end) as 获得学分情况

    from xs;

     

    将上述例子的结果以表的形式保存起来:

    create table t01 as

    select xh,xm,zxf,

    (case

           when zxf>50 then '高'

             when zxf>=40 then '中'

               else '学分不够,需继续努力'

    end) as 获得学分情况

    from xs;

     

    /*case的select练习*/

    /*对于学生借阅的图书信息,检验图书是否过期

    1.过期

    2.没过期

    3.没有借阅图书*/

    SQL> select empno,ename,job,hiredate,

      2  (case

      3         when trunc(sysdate-hiredate)>360 then '过期'  --trunc()取整函数

      4           when hiredate is null then '没借书'

      5             else '没过期'

      6  end)

      7  as 是否过期 from scott.emp;

     

    EMPNO ENAME      JOB       HIREDATE    是否过期

    ----- ---------- --------- ----------- --------

     7369 SMITH      CLERK     1980/12/17  过期

     7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN  1981/2/20   过期

     7521 WARD       SALESMAN  1981/2/22   过期

     7566 JONES      MANAGER   1981/4/2    过期

     7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN  1981/9/28   过期

     7698 BLAKE      MANAGER   1981/5/1    过期

     7782 CLARK      MANAGER   1981/6/9    过期

     7788 SCOTT      ANALYST   1987/4/19   过期

     7839 KING       PRESIDENT 1981/11/17  过期

     7844 TURNER     SALESMAN  1981/9/8    过期

     7876 ADAMS      CLERK     1987/5/23   过期

     7900 JAMES      CLERK     1981/12/3   过期

     7902 FORD       ANALYST   1981/12/3   过期

     7934 MILLER     CLERK     1982/1/23   过期

     

    14 rows selected

     

    查询图书是否过期及应缴金额(select--case查询)

    select empno,ename,job,hiredate,

    (case

        when trunc(sysdate-HIREDATE)>360  then '过期'

        when hiredate is null then '没借书'

         else  '没过期'

        end)

       as 是否过期,

    (case

        when trunc(sysdate-HIREDATE)>360  then trunc((sysdate-HIREDATE)*0.1)

        when hiredate is null then 0

         else  0

        end)

       as 应缴金额

       from scott.emp;

     

    结果:

    EMPNO ENAME      JOB       HIREDATE    是否过期       应缴金额

    ----- ---------- --------- ----------- -------- ----------

     7369 SMITH      CLERK     1980/12/17  过期           1453

     7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN  1981/2/20   过期           1446

     7521 WARD       SALESMAN  1981/2/22   过期           1446

     7566 JONES      MANAGER   1981/4/2    过期           1442

     7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN  1981/9/28   过期           1424

     7698 BLAKE      MANAGER   1981/5/1    过期           1439

     7782 CLARK      MANAGER   1981/6/9    过期           1435

     7788 SCOTT      ANALYST   1987/4/19   过期           1221

     7839 KING       PRESIDENT 1981/11/17  过期           1419

     7844 TURNER     SALESMAN  1981/9/8    过期           1426

     7876 ADAMS      CLERK     1987/5/23   过期           1218

     7900 JAMES      CLERK     1981/12/3   过期           1418

     7902 FORD       ANALYST   1981/12/3   过期           1418

     7934 MILLER     CLERK     1982/1/23   过期           1413

     

    14 rows selected

     

    查询优良等级(select--case查询)

    select xh,kch,cj,

        (case

              when cj>=90 then '优'

              when cj>=80 then '良'

               else ''

          end)

              as 级别

              from xs_kc;   

     

    嵌入到pl/sql程序语句(如赋值语句)的case等。

     

    对于日期的简单练习等:

    -- https://www.cnblogs.com/jxtx92/p/7905339.html

    -- https://blog.csdn.net/w405722907/article/details/75519156

    -- https://blog.csdn.net/zoucui/article/details/79347286

     

    SQL> select months_between(sysdate,to_date('20151001','yyyymmdd')) from dual;

     

    MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,TO_DATE

    ------------------------------

                  61.4093977747909

     

    SQL> select months_between(to_date('01-31-1999','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('12-31-1998','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS" FROM DUAL;  

     

        MONTHS

    ----------

             1

     

    SQL> select trunc(sysdate-to_date('20181001','yyyymmdd'))天数 from dual;

     

            天数

    ----------

           774

     

    创建分区表:

    create table part_book1

          (  bid number(4),

             bookname VARCHAR2(20),

             bookpress VARCHAR2(30),

              booktime date)

    partition by list(bookpress)

      (partition part1 values('清华大学出版社') tablespace system,

       partition part2 values('教育出版社') tablespace users);

     

    查询分区表:

    SQL> select * from part_book1;

     BID BOOKNAME             BOOKPRESS                      BOOKTIME

    ----- -------------------- ------------------------------ -----------

        1 oralce               清华大学出版社                 2011/1/2

        2 音乐基础欣赏         教育出版社                     2012/1/2

     

    SQL> select * from part_book1 partition(part1);

     

      BID BOOKNAME             BOOKPRESS                      BOOKTIME

    ----- -------------------- ------------------------------ -----------

        1 oralce               清华大学出版社                 2011/1/2

     

    SQL> select * from part_book1 partition(part2);

     

      BID BOOKNAME             BOOKPRESS                      BOOKTIME

    ----- -------------------- ------------------------------ -----------

    2 音乐基础欣赏         教育出版社                     2012/1/2

     

     

    SQL>select * from dba_part_tables;

    内容太多,略。

     

    SQL> select * from dba_part_tables where table_name='PART_BOOK1';

     OWNER                          TABLE_NAME                     PARTITIONING_TYPE SUBPARTITIONING_TYPE PARTITION_COUNT DEF_SUBPARTITION_COUNT PARTITIONING_KEY_COUNT SUBPARTITIONING_KEY_COUNT STATUS   DEF_TABLESPACE_NAME            DEF_PCT_FREE DEF_PCT_USED DEF_INI_TRANS DEF_MAX_TRANS DEF_INITIAL_EXTENT                       DEF_NEXT_EXTENT                          DEF_MIN_EXTENTS                          DEF_MAX_EXTENTS                          DEF_PCT_INCREASE                         DEF_FREELISTS DEF_FREELIST_GROUPS DEF_LOGGING DEF_COMPRESSION DEF_BUFFER_POOL

    ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------------- -------------------- --------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------- -------- ------------------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ------------------- ----------- --------------- ---------------

    ...

     

    //注意:不同于select * from dba_part_tables

    SQL> select * from dba_tab_partitions where table_name='PART_BOOK1';

     

    TABLE_OWNER                    TABLE_NAME                     COMPOSITE PARTITION_NAME                 SUBPARTITION_COUNT HIGH_VALUE                                                                       HIGH_VALUE_LENGTH PARTITION_POSITION TABLESPACE_NAME                  PCT_FREE   PCT_USED  INI_TRANS  MAX_TRANS INITIAL_EXTENT NEXT_EXTENT MIN_EXTENT MAX_EXTENT PCT_INCREASE  FREELISTS FREELIST_GROUPS LOGGING COMPRESSION   NUM_ROWS     BLOCKS EMPTY_BLOCKS  AVG_SPACE  CHAIN_CNT AVG_ROW_LEN SAMPLE_SIZE LAST_ANALYZED BUFFER_POOL GLOBAL_STATS USER_STATS

    ------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------- ------------------------------ ------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------ ------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- --------------- ------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ----------- ------------ ----------

    ...

     

    修改分区表:

    SQL> Alter table part_book1 add partition part4 values('北京邮电出版社') tablespace system;

     

     

    本文版权归作者和博客园共有,欢迎转载,但未经作者同意必须在文章页面给出原文链接,否则保留追究法律责任的权利。
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/study-hard-forever/p/14387305.html
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