已剪辑自: http://www.blogjava.net/zhanglongsr/articles/356782.html
一、前言
ReentrantLock是JDK1.5引入的，它拥有与synchronized相同的并发性和内存语义，并提供了超出synchonized的其他高级功能(例如，中断锁等候、条件变量等)，并且使用ReentrantLock比synchronized能获得更好的可伸缩性。
ReentrantLock的实现基于AQS(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer)和LockSupport。
AQS主要利用硬件原语指令(CAS compare-and-swap)，来实现轻量级多线程同步机制，并且不会引起CPU上文切换和调度，同时提供内存可见性和原子化更新保证(线程安全的三要素：原子性、可见性、顺序性)。
AQS的本质上是一个同步器/阻塞锁的基础框架，其作用主要是提供加锁、释放锁，并在内部维护一个FIFO等待队列，用于存储由于锁竞争而阻塞的线程。
二、关键代码分析
1.关键字段
AQS使用链表作为队列，使用volatile变量state，作为锁状态标识位。
/**
* Head of the wait queue, lazily initialized. Except for
* initialization, it is modified only via method setHead. Note:
* If head exists, its waitStatus is guaranteed not to be
* CANCELLED.
*/
private transient volatile Node head; // 等待队列的头
/**
* Tail of the wait queue, lazily initialized. Modified only via
* method enq to add new wait node.
*/
private transient volatile Node tail; // 等待队列的尾
/**
* The synchronization state.
*/
private volatile int state; //原子性的锁状态位，ReentrantLock对该字段的调用是通过原子操作compareAndSetState进行的
/**
* Atomically sets synchronization state to the given updated
* value if the current state value equals the expected value.
* This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read
* and write.
*
* @param expect the expected value
* @param update the new value
* @return {@code true} if successful. False return indicates that the actual
* value was not equal to the expected value.
*/
protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
return STATE.compareAndSet(this, expect, update);
}
**2.ReentrantLock的公平锁与非公平锁
**
从ReentrantLock的构造子可以看到，ReentrantLock提供两种锁：公平锁和非公平锁，其内部实现了两种同步器NonfairSync、FairSync派生自AQS，主要才采用了模板方法模式，主要重写了AQS的tryAcquire、lock方法，如下图。
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
* This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
*/
public ReentrantLock() {
sync = new NonfairSync();
}
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
* given fairness policy.
*
* @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
*/
public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
}
3.获取锁操作
/**
* Acquires the lock.
*
* <p>Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread and returns
* immediately, setting the lock hold count to one.
*
* <p>If the current thread already holds the lock then the hold
* count is incremented by one and the method returns immediately.
*
* <p>If the lock is held by another thread then the
* current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
* purposes and lies dormant until the lock has been acquired,
* at which time the lock hold count is set to one.
*/
public void lock() {
sync.acquire(1);
}
由于NonfairSync、FairSync分别实现了lock方法，我们将分别探讨
**3.1.1acquire方法分析
** (1)如果尝试以独占的方式获得锁失败，那么就把当前线程封装为一个Node，加入到等待队列中；如果加入队列成功，接下来检查当前线程的节点是否应该等待(挂起)，如果当前线程所处节点的前一节点的等待状态小于0，则通过LockSupport挂起当前线程；无论线程是否被挂起，或者挂起后被激活，都应该返回当前线程的中断状态，如果处于中断状态，需要中断当前线程。
package java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
/**
* Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts. Implemented
* by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
* returning on success. Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
* repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
* #tryAcquire} until success. This method can be used
* to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
*
* @param arg the acquire argument. This value is conveyed to
* {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
* can represent anything you like.
*/
public final void acquire(int arg) {
if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
selfInterrupt();
}
/**
* Attempts to acquire in exclusive mode. This method should query
* if the state of the object permits it to be acquired in the
* exclusive mode, and if so to acquire it.
*
* <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing
* acquire. If this method reports failure, the acquire method
* may queue the thread, if it is not already queued, until it is
* signalled by a release from some other thread. This can be used
* to implement method {@link Lock#tryLock()}.
*
* <p>The default
* implementation throws {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
*
* @param arg the acquire argument. This value is always the one
* passed to an acquire method, or is the value saved on entry
* to a condition wait. The value is otherwise uninterpreted
* and can represent anything you like.
* @return {@code true} if successful. Upon success, this object has
* been acquired.
* @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if acquiring would place this
* synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
* thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
* correctly.
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported
*/
protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
**3.1.2nonfairTryAcquire分析
**
(1)如果锁状态空闲(state=0)，且通过原子的比较并设置操作，那么当前线程获得锁，并把当前线程设置为锁拥有者；
(2)如果锁状态空闲，且原子的比较并设置操作失败，那么返回false，说明尝试获得锁失败；
(3)否则，检查当前线程与锁拥有者线程是否相等(表示一个线程已经获得该锁，再次要求该锁，这种情况叫可重入锁)，如果相等，维护锁状态，并返回true;
(4)如果不是以上情况，说明锁已经被其他的线程持有，直接返回false;
static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 7316153563782823691L;
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {//对AQS的tryAcquire方法重写
return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
}
}
/**
* Performs non-fair tryLock. tryAcquire is implemented in
* subclasses, but both need nonfair try for trylock method.
*/
@ReservedStackAccess
final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
if (c == 0) {
if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0) // overflow
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
**3.1.3addWaiter分析
** (1)如果tail节点不为null，说明队列不为空，则把新节点加入到tail的后面，返回当前节点，否则进入enq进行处理(2)；
(2)如果tail节点为null，说明队列为空，需要建立一个虚拟的头节点，并把封装了当前线程的节点设置为尾节点；另外一种情况的发生，是由于在(1)中的compareAndSetTail可能会出现失败，这里采用for的无限循环，是要保证当前线程能够正确进入等待队列；
package java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
/**
* Creates and enqueues node for current thread and given mode.
*
* @param mode Node.EXCLUSIVE for exclusive, Node.SHARED for shared
* @return the new node
*/
private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
Node node = new Node(mode);
for (;;) {
Node oldTail = tail;
if (oldTail != null) {
node.setPrevRelaxed(oldTail);
if (compareAndSetTail(oldTail, node)) {
oldTail.next = node;
return node;
}
} else {
initializeSyncQueue();
}
}
}
/**
* Inserts node into queue, initializing if necessary. See picture above.
* @param node the node to insert
* @return node's predecessor
*/
private Node enq(Node node) {
for (;;) {
Node oldTail = tail;
if (oldTail != null) {
node.setPrevRelaxed(oldTail);
if (compareAndSetTail(oldTail, node)) {
oldTail.next = node;
return oldTail;
}
} else {
initializeSyncQueue();
}
}
}
**3.1.4acquire分析
**(1)如果当前节点是队列的头结点（如果第一个节点是虚拟节点，那么第二个节点实际上就是头结点了），就尝试在此获取锁tryAcquire(arg)。如果成功就将头结点设置为当前节点（不管第一个结点是否是虚拟节点），返回中断状态。否则进行(2)。
(2)检测当前节点是否应该park()-"挂起的意思"，如果应该park()就挂起当前线程并且返回当前线程中断状态。进行操作(1)。
package java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
/**
* Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
* queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
*
* @param node the node
* @param arg the acquire argument
* @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
*/
final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
boolean interrupted = false;
try {
for (;;) {
final Node p = node.predecessor();
if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
setHead(node);
p.next = null; // help GC
return interrupted;
}
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node))
interrupted |= parkAndCheckInterrupt();
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
cancelAcquire(node);
if (interrupted)
selfInterrupt();
throw t;
}
}
** (1)如果前一个节点的等待状态waitStatus<0，也就是前面的节点还没有获得到锁，那么返回true，表示当前节点（线程）就应该park()了。否则进行(2)。
(2)如果前一个节点的等待状态waitStatus>0，也就是前一个节点被CANCELLED了，那么就将前一个节点去掉，递归此操作直到所有前一个节点的waitStatus<=0，进行(4)。否则进行(3)。
(3)前一个节点等待状态waitStatus=0，修改前一个节点状态位为SINGAL，表示后面有节点等待你处理，需要根据它的等待状态来决定是否该park()。进行(4)。
(4)返回false，表示线程不应该park()。
注意：一个Node节点可包含以下状态以及模式：
/** waitStatus value to indicate thread has cancelled */ 取消
static final int CANCELLED = 1;
/** waitStatus value to indicate successor's thread needs unparking */ 信号等待(在AQS中，是通过LockSupport进行线程间信号交互的)
static final int SIGNAL = -1;
/** waitStatus value to indicate thread is waiting on condition */ 条件等待
static final int CONDITION = -2;
/** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in shared mode */ 共享模式
static final Node SHARED = new Node();
/** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in exclusive mode */ 独占模式
static final Node EXCLUSIVE = null;
/**
* Checks and updates status for a node that failed to acquire.
* Returns true if thread should block. This is the main signal
* control in all acquire loops. Requires that pred == node.prev.
*
* @param pred node's predecessor holding status
* @param node the node
* @return {@code true} if thread should block
*/
private static boolean shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(Node pred, Node node) {
int ws = pred.waitStatus;
if (ws == Node.SIGNAL)
/*
* This node has already set status asking a release
* to signal it, so it can safely park.
*/
return true;
if (ws > 0) {
/*
* Predecessor was cancelled. Skip over predecessors and
* indicate retry.
*/
do {
node.prev = pred = pred.prev;
} while (pred.waitStatus > 0);
pred.next = node;
} else {
/*
* waitStatus must be 0 or PROPAGATE. Indicate that we
* need a signal, but don't park yet. Caller will need to
* retry to make sure it cannot acquire before parking.
*/
pred.compareAndSetWaitStatus(ws, Node.SIGNAL);
}
return false;
}
/**
* Convenience method to park and then check if interrupted.
*
* @return {@code true} if interrupted
*/
private final boolean parkAndCheckInterrupt() {
LockSupport.park(this);
return Thread.interrupted();
}
/**
* Convenience method to interrupt current thread.
*/
static void selfInterrupt() {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
**3.2FairSync.lock()分析
**
公平锁相对与非公平锁，在锁的获取实现上，差别只在FairSync提供自己的tryAcquire()的方法实现，代码如下：
(1)如果锁状态为0，等待队列为空，或者给定的线程在队列的头部，那么该线程获得锁；
(2)如果当前线程与锁持有者线程相等，这种情况属于锁重入，锁状态加上请求数；
(3)以上两种情况都不是，返回false，说明尝试获得锁失败；
4.总结
ReentrantLock在采用非公平锁构造时，首先检查锁状态，如果锁可用，直接通过CAS设置成持有状态，且把当前线程设置为锁的拥有者。
如果当前锁已经被持有，那么接下来进行可重入检查，如果可重入，需要为锁状态加上请求数。如果不属于上面两种情况，那么说明锁是被其他线程持有，
当前线程应该放入等待队列。
在放入等待队列的过程中，首先要检查队列是否为空队列，如果为空队列，需要创建虚拟的头节点，然后把对当前线程封装的节点加入到队列尾部。由于设置尾部节点采用了CAS，为了保证尾节点能够设置成功，这里采用了无限循环的方式，直到设置成功为止。
在完成放入等待队列任务后，则需要维护节点的状态，以及及时清除处于Cancel状态的节点，以帮助垃圾收集器及时回收。如果当前节点之前的节点的等待状态小于1，说明当前节点之前的线程处于等待状态(挂起)，那么当前节点的线程也应处于等待状态(挂起)。挂起的工作是由LockSupport类支持的，LockSupport通过JNI调用本地操作系统来完成挂起的任务(java中除了废弃的suspend等方法，没有其他的挂起操作)。
在当前等待的线程，被唤起后，检查中断状态，如果处于中断状态，那么需要中断当前线程。