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  • python的requests用法详解

    python接口测试Requests用法详解

    Requests是一个Python语言写的http相关设置或者请求的一个库

    安装：pip install Requests或者pip3 install requests

    使用的时候要import requests

    http://httpbin.org/：这个链接可以用来检查你请求的链接返回的内容，输出的是你请求的基本内容，可以用来测试验证

    get请求

    1.基本get请求的写法：

    import requests

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")

print(response.text)

    打印出你的请求头，请求链接，IP地址等

    2.带参数的get请求(在链接的后面加上问号再加参数)：

    Response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")

# 还有一种方式：就是先定义一个字典，然后调用get方法的时候，将字典赋值给给params参数

data = {

‘name’:’germey’,

‘age’:22

}

    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)

    print(response.text)

    3.解析json

    Json用来保存一些键值对组成的数据，用于数据交换，也可用于前后端之间互相传递数据，比如前端发起请求，调用接口，后端返回一串json数据，处理数据，渲染到页面上。

    Request模块中也有解析json的方法：

    import requests

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")

print(type(response.text))

print(response.json())

print(type(response.json()))

    还可以这样写：

    Import requests

Import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
    #和request.json()是一个意思，都是打印出一个字典数据，这个json()方法也是调用了json的loads方法
    print(json.loads(requests.test()))

    4.获取二进制数据

    一般用来下载图片、视频等

    response = requests.get("http://github.com/favicon.ico")   #将要下载的图片链接放这

print(type(response.text),type(response.content))  #类型分别是str和bytes

print(response.text)

print(response.content)     #获取二进制数据的方法

    图片的二进制数据获取到后怎么保存呢？

    import requests

response = requests.get("http://github.com/favicon.ico")

with open("favicon.ico","wb") as f:

    f.write(response.content)

    f.close()

    5.添加headers

    有时候不加headers发请求的时候会直接被拒绝或者服务器错误等，加上headers就可以了。

    比如下面这段会报500错误：

    response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore")

print(response.text)

    此时需要添加一个headers：

    1 headers = {
2 
3 "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.118 Safari/537.36"
4 
5 }
6 
7 response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore",headers=headers)
8 
9 print(response.text)

    基本post请求，和get请求类似

    6.需要的表单数据也用一个字典存起来给data参数，headers和get方法一样

    Import requests

headers = {

"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.118 Safari/537.36"

}

data = {

‘name’:’germey’,

‘age’:22

}

# 需要注意和get方法不同的是如果有参数用的是data=而不是params=

response = requests.post("https://www.zhihu.com/expiore",data = data,headers = headers)

print(response.json())

    响应

    7.response属性

    response = requests.post("https://www.jianshu.com")

print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)

print(type(response.headers),response.headers)

print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)

print(type(response.url),response.url)

print(type(response.history),response.history)   #历史记录

    8.状态码判断

    1 response = requests.post("https://www.jianshu.com")
2 
3 exit() if not response.status_code==200 else print("request sucessfully")
4 
5 或者可以写成：
6 
7 exit() if not response.status_code==request.codes.ok else print("request sucessfully")

    状态码和request.codes列表中的英文状态对应表

    状态码

    英文

    100

    ("continue",)

    101

    ("switching_protocols")

    102

    ("processing",)

    103

    ("checkpoint",)

    122

    ("url_too_long","request_url_too_long")

    200

    ("ok","okay","all_ok","all_good",\o/,"√")

    201

    ("created",)

    202

    ("accepted",)

    203

    ("non_authoritative_info","non_authoritative_information")

    204

    ("no_content",)

    205

    ("reset_content","reset")

    206

    ("partial_content","partial")

    207

    ("multi_status","multiple_status","multi_stati","multiple_stati")

    208

    ("already_reported",)

    300

    ("multiple_choices",)

    301

    ("moved_permanentiy","moved","\o-")

    302

    ("found",)

    303

    ("see_other","other")

    304

    ("not_modified")

    305

    ("use_proxy")

    306

    ("switch_proxy")

    307

    ("temporary_redirect","remporary_moved","temporary")

    308

    ("permanent_redirect","resume_incomplete","resume")

    400

    ("bad_request","bad")

    401

    ("unauthorized",)

    402

    ("payment_required","payment")

    403

    ("forbidden",)

    404

    ("not_found","-o-")

    405

    ("method_not_allowed","not_allowed")

    406

    ("not_acceptable",)

    407

    ("proxy_authentication_required","proxy_auth","proxy_authentication")

    408

    ("request_timeout","timeout")

    409

    ("conflict",)

    410

    ("gone",)

    411

    ("length_required",)

    412

    ("precondition_falled","precondition")

    413

    ("request_entity_too_large",)

    414

    ("request_uril_too_large",)

    415

    ("unsupported_media_type","unsupported_media","media_type")

    416

    ("requested_range_not_satisfiable"," requested_range"," range_not_satisfiable")

    417

    ("expectation_failed",)

    418

    ("im_a_teapot","teapot","i_am_a_teapot")

    421

    ("misdirected_request",)

    422

    ("unprocessable_entity","unprocessable")

    423

    ("locked",)

    424

    ("failed_dependency","dependency")

    425

    ("unordered_collection","unordered")

    426

    ("upgrade_required","upgrade")

    428

    ("precondition_required","precondition")

    429

    ("too_many_requests","too_mary")

    431

    ("header_fields_too_large"," fields_too_large")

    444

    ("no_response","none")

    449

    ("retry_with","retry")

    450

    ("unavallable_for_legal_reasons","parental_controls")

    451

    ("unavallable_for_legal_reasons","legal_reasons")

    499

    ("client_closed_request",)

    500

    ("internal_server_error","server_error","/o\","×")

    501

    ("not_implemented",)

    502

    ("bad_gateway",)

    503

    ("service_unavaliable","unavaliable")

    504

    ("gateway_timeout")

    505

    ("http_version_not_supported","http_version")

    506

    ("variant_also_negotiates",)

    507

    ("insufficient_storage",)

    509

    ("bandwidth_limit_exceeded","bandwidth")

    510

    ("not_extended",)

    511

    ("network_authentication_required","network_auth","network_authentication")

    request的高级操作

    文件上传

    1 import requests
2 
3 files = {"file":open("test.png",'rb')}
4 
5 response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",files=files)   #需要用post方法
6 
7 print(response.text)

    text返回的files是一个文件字节流

    获取cookie

    1 response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
2 
3 print(response.cookies)
4 
5 for key,value in response.cookies.items():
6 
7 print(key + "=" + value)

    会话维持：用来模拟登录

    1 requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/1234")   #调用cookies的set方法设置cookies
2 
3 response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")  #获取cookies
4 
5 print(response.cookies)

    这样结果出来是空的，因为你请求了两次get方法，等于是两个浏览器各自请求

    修改一下：

    1 s = requests.Session()
2 
3 s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/1234")
4 
5 response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")
6 
7 print(response.text)

    证书验证

    #这个12306的证书是一个不安全的，直接请求会报错：SSL error证书错误
    response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn")   
    # 这样改之后就返回200ok了，但是会有警告
     response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn",verfiy=False)

    再修改：

    1 from requests.packages import urllib3
2 
3 urllib3.disable_warnings()
4 
5 response = requests.get("http://www.12306.cn",verfiy=False)
6 
7 print(response.text)

    这样就没有警告了

    代理设置

    设置http或者https代理，并且没有用户名密码的情况下：

     1 Import requests
 2 
 3 proxies = {
 4 
 5 "http":"http://127.0.0.1:9743/",
 6 
 7 "https":"https://127.0.0.1:9743/"
 8 
 9 }
10 
11 response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies)
12 
13 print(response.status_code)

    设置http或者https代理，有用户名密码

    proxies = {

"http":" http://user：password@ 127.0.0.1:9743/"

}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies)

print(response.status_code)

    如果代理不是http或者https，是socks4或者socks5，则字典的键值还是http，但是值变了：

    首先需要 pip install "requests[socks]"

    Import requests

proxies = {

"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9743/",

"https":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9743/"

}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",proxies=proxies)

print(response.status_code)

    超时设置

    import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1)  #设置超过1秒就算超时

print(response.status_code)

    超时以后会报一个异常：ReadTimeout

    可以使用try捕获异常，修改代码为：

    Import requests

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout

try：

　　response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1)  #设置超过1秒就算超时

　　print(response.status_code)

except ReadTimeout：

    print("timeout")

    认证设置

    有写网址需要用户名密码登录后才可以看到内容，则：

    import requests

from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

r = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))

print(r.status_code)

    或者第二种写法：

    Import requests

 

r=requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001",auth= ("user","123"))

print(r.status_code)
    1. 异常处理
    import requests

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,HTTPError,ConnectionError,RequestException

try:
    response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com",timeout=1)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print("timeout")
except HTTPError:           #http异常
    print("http error")
except ConnectionError:       #网络不好
    print("ConnectionError")
except RequestException:    #父类异常
    print("error")
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/sy_test/p/12160274.html
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