C++算法接口使用参考

C++算法接口参考

算法参考：【algorithm】

编译：g++ -std=c++11 xxx_algorithm.cpp

运行：./a.out

1.保持原序列运算

all_of

template <class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
bool all_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (!pred(*first))
        {
            return false;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return true;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::all_of
#include <array>     // std::array

int main()
{
    std::array<int, 8> foo = {3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17};

    if (std::all_of(foo.begin(), foo.end(), [](int i){return i%2;}))
    {
        std::cout << "All the elements are odd numbers.
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//All the elements are odd numbers.

any_of

template<class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
bool any_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (pred(*first))
        {
            return true;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return false;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::any_of
#include <array>     // std::array

int main()
{
    std::array<int ,7> foo = {5,3,1,0,-1,-3,-5};

    if (std::any_of(foo.begin(), foo.end(), [](int i){return i<0;}))
    {
        std::cout << "There are negative elements in the range.
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//There are negative elements in the range.

none_of

template<class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
bool none_of(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (pred(*first))
        {
            return false;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return true;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::none_of
#include <array>     // std::array

int main()
{
    std::array<int, 8> foo = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8};

    if ( std::none_of(foo.begin(), foo.end(), [](int i){return i<0;}) )
    {
        std::cout << "There are no negative elements in the range.
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//There are no negative elements in the range.

for_each

template<class InputIterator, class Function>
Function forEach(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Function fn)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        fn(*first);
        ++first;
    }

    //return move(fn);
    return fn;       // or, since c++11: return move(fn);
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::for_each
#include <vector>    // std::vector

void myfunction(int i)
{
    std::cout << ' ' << i;
}

struct myclass
{
    void operator() (int i) {std::cout << ' ' << i;}
}myobject;

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    myvector.push_back(10);
    myvector.push_back(20);
    myvector.push_back(30);

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    forEach (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myfunction);
    std::cout << '
';

    // or:
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    forEach(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myobject);
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector: 10 20 30
//myvector: 10 20 30

find

template<class InputIterator, class T>
InputIterator Find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (*first == val)
        {
            return first;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return last;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::find
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    // using std::find with array and pointer:
    int myints[] = {10, 20, 30, 40};
    int *p;

    //p = std::find(myints, myints+4, 30);
    p = Find(myints, myints+4, 30);
    if (p != myints+4)
    {
        std::cout << "Element found in myints:" << *p << '
';
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Element not found in myints.
";
    }

    // using std::find with vector and iterator:
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+4);
    std::vector<int>::iterator it;

    //it = find(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 30);
    it = Find(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 30);
    if (it != myvector.end())
    {
        std::cout << "Element found in myvector:" << *it << '
';
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Element not found in myvector.
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//Element found in myints:30
//Element found in myvector:30

 find_if

template<class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
InputIterator find_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (pred(*first))
        {
            return first;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return last;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::find_if
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return ((i%2)==1);
}

int main ()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;

    myvector.push_back(10);
    myvector.push_back(25);
    myvector.push_back(40);
    myvector.push_back(55);

    std::vector<int>::iterator it = std::find_if(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd);
    std::cout << "The first odd value is:" << *it << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//The first odd value is:25

find_if_not

template<class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
InputIterator find_if_not(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (!pred(*first))
        {
            return first;
        }
    }

    return last;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::find_if_not
#include <array>     // std::array

int main()
{
    std::array<int, 5> foo = {1,2,3,4,5};

    std::array<int, 5>::iterator it = std::find_if_not(foo.begin(), foo.end(), [](int i){return i%2;});
    std::cout << "The first even value is:" << *it << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//The first even value is:2

find_end

template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1 find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator2 last1,
                          ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2)
{
    if (first2 == last2)
    {
        return last1;
    }

    ForwardIterator1 ret = last1;

    while (first1 != last1)
    {
        ForwardIterator1 it1 = first1;
        ForwardIterator2 it2 = first2;
        while (*it1 == *it2)
        {
            ++it1;
            ++it2;
            
            if (it2 == last2)
            {
                ret = first1; 
                break;
            }

            if (it1 == last1)
            {
                return ret;
            }
        }

        ++first1;
    }

    return ret;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::find_end
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return (i==j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5};
    std::vector<int> haystack(myints, myints+10);

    int needle1[] = {1,2,3};
    // using default comparison:
    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    it = std::find_end(haystack.begin(), haystack.end(), needle1, needle1+3);

    if (it != haystack.end())
    {
        std::cout << "needle1 last found at position:" << (it-haystack.begin()) << '
';
    }

    int needle2[] = {4,5,1};
    // using predicate comparison:
    it = std::find_end(haystack.begin(), haystack.end(), needle2, needle2+3, myfunction);
    
    if (it != haystack.end())
    {
        std::cout << "needle2 last found at position:" << (it-haystack.begin()) << '
';
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//needle1 found at position:5
//needle2 found at position:3

find_first_of

template<class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
InputIterator findFirstOf(InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,
        ForwardIterator first2, ForwardIterator last2)
{
    while (first1 != last1)
    {
        for (ForwardIterator it=first2; it!=last2; ++it)
        {
            if (*it == *first1)
            {
                return first1;
            }
            ++first1;
        }
    }

    return last1;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::find_first_of
#include <vector>    // std::vector
#include <cctype>    // std::tolower

bool comp_case_insensitive(char c1, char c2)
{
    return (std::tolower(c1) == std::tolower(c2));
}

int main()
{
    int mychars[] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'A', 'B', 'C'};
    std::vector<char> haystack(mychars, mychars+6);
    std::vector<char>::iterator it;

    int needle[] = {'A', 'B', 'C'};
    // using default comparison:
    it = findFirstOf(haystack.begin(), haystack.end(), needle, needle+3);
    if (it != haystack.end())
    {
        std::cout << "The first match is:" << *it << '
';
    }

    // using predicate comparison:
    //it = findFirstOf(haystack.begin(), haystack.end(), needle, needle+3, comp_case_insensitive);
    //if (it != haystack.end())
    //{
    //    std::cout << "The first match is:" << *it << '
';
    //}

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//The first match is:A
//The first match is:a

adjacent_find

template<class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator adjacent_find(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
{
    if (first != last)
    {
        ForwardIterator next = first;
        ++next;
        while (next != last)
        {
            if (*first == next)
            {
                return first;
            }
            ++first;
            ++next;
        }
    }

    return last;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::adjacent_find
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {5,20,5,30,30,20,10,10,20};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+8);
    std::vector<int>::iterator it;

    // using default comparison:
    it = std::adjacent_find(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    if (it != myvector.end())
    {
        std::cout << "The first pair of repeated elements are:" << *it << '
';
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//The first pair of repeated elements are:30

count

template <class InputIterator, class T>
int count(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
    int ret = 0;
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (*first == val)
        {
            ++ret;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return ret;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::count
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    // counting elements in array:
    int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,40}; // 8 elements
    int mycount = std::count(myints, myints+8, 10);
    std::cout << "10 appears " << mycount << " times.
";

    // counting elements in container:
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+8);
    mycount = std::count(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20);
    std::cout << "20 appears " << mycount << " times.
";

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//10 appears 3 times.
//20 appears 2 times.

count_if

template<class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
int countIf(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    int ret = 0;
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (pred(*first))
        {
            ++ret;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return ret;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::count_if
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return ((i%2) == 1);
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    for (int i=1; i<10; i++)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i);
    }

    int mycount = countIf(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd);
    std::cout << "myvector contains " << mycount << " odd values.
";

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains 5 odd values.

mismatch

#include <utility>  // std::pair
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
std::pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2)
{
    while ((first1 != last1) && (first1 == first2))
    {
        ++first1;
        ++first2;
    }

    return std::make_pair(first1, first2);
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::mismatch
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool mypredicate(int i, int j)
{
    return (i==j);
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;  // 10 20 30 40 50
    for (int i=1; i<6; i++)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i*10);
    }

    int myints[] = {10, 20, 80, 320, 1024};

    std::pair<std::vector<int>::iterator, int*> mypair;
    // using defautl comparison:
    mypair = std::mismatch(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myints);
    std::cout << "First mismatching elements:" << *mypair.first;
    std::cout << " and " << *mypair.second << '
';

    ++mypair.first;
    ++mypair.second;
    // using predicate comparison:
    mypair = std::mismatch(mypair.first, myvector.end(), mypair.second, mypredicate);
    std::cout << "Second mismatching elements:" << *mypair.first;
    std::cout << " and " << *mypair.second << '
';

    return 0;
}

//------Output------
//First mismatching elements:30 and 80
//Second mismatching elements:40 and 320

equal

template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2)
{
    while (first1 != last1)
    {
        if (first1 != first2)
        {
            return false;
        }
        ++first1;
        ++first2;
    }

    return true;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::equal
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool mypredicate(int i, int j)
{
    return (i==j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {20,40,60, 80, 100};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+5);

    // using default comparison:
    if (std::equal(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myints))
    {
        std::cout << "The contents of both sequences are equal.
";
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "The contents of both sequences differ.
";
    }

    myvector[3] = 81;
    // using predicate comparison:
    if (std::equal(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myints, mypredicate))
    {
        std::cout << "Second contents of both sequences are equal.
";
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Second contents of both sequences differ.
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Putput-----
//The contents of both sequences are equal.
//Second contents of both sequence differ.

is_permutation

#include <iostream>  // std::cout

template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool is_permutation(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2)
{
    std::tie(first1, first2) = std::mismatch(first1, last1, first2);
    if (first1 == last1)
    {
        return true;
    }

    InputIterator2 last2 = first2;
    std::advance(last2, std::distance(first1, last1));
    for (InputIterator1 it1=first1; it1!=last1; ++it1)
    {
        if (std::find(first1, it1, *it1) == it1)
        {
            auto n = std::count(first2, last2, *it1);
            if (n==0 || std::count(it1, last1, *it1)!=n)
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
}

//-----Example-----
#include <algorithm> // std::is_permutation
#include <array>     // std::array

int main()
{
    std::array<int, 5> foo = {1,2,3,4,5};
    std::array<int, 5> bar = {3,1,4,5,2};

    if (std::is_permutation(foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin()))
    {
        std::cout << "foo and bar contain the same elements.
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//------Output-----
//foo and bar contain the same elements.

search

template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1 search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
        ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2)
{
    if (first2 == last2)
    {
        return first1;
    }    

    while (first1 != last1)
    {
        ForwardIterator1 it1 = first1;
        ForwardIterator2 it2 = first2;
        while(*it1 == *it2)
        {
            ++it1;
            ++it2;
            if (it2 == last2)
            {
                return first1;
            }

            if (it1 == last1)
            {
                return last1;
            }
        }
        ++first1;
    }

    return first1;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::search
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool mypredicate(int i, int j)
{
    return (i==j);
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> haystack;    // 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    for (int i=1; i<10; ++i)
    {
        haystack.push_back(i*10);
    }

    // using default comparison:
    int needle1[] = {40, 50, 60, 70};
    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    it = std::search(haystack.begin(), haystack.end(), needle1, needle1+4);
    if (it != haystack.end())
    {
        std::cout << "needle1 found at position:" << (it-haystack.begin()) << '
';
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "needle1 not found.
";
    }

    // using predicate comparison:
    int needle2[] = {20, 30, 50};
    it  = std::search(haystack.begin(), haystack.end(), needle2, needle2+3, mypredicate);
    if (it != haystack.end())
    {
        std::cout << "needle2 found at position:" << (it-haystack.begin()) << '
';
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "needle2 not found.
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//needle1 found at position:3
//needle2 not found.

search_n

#include <iostream>  // std::cout

template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
ForwardIterator search_n(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
        Size count, const T& val)
{
    ForwardIterator it, limit;
    Size i;

    limit = first;
    std::advance(limit, std::distance(first, last)-count);
    while (first != limit)
    {
        it = first;
        i  = 0;
        while (*it == val)
        {
            ++it;
            if (++i == count)
            {
                return first;
            }
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return last;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <algorithm> // std::searcn_n
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool mypredicate(int i, int j)
{
    return (i==j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+8);

    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    // using default comparison:
    it = std::search_n(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 2, 30);
    if (it != myvector.end())
    {
        std::cout << "Two 30s found at position:" << (it-myvector.begin()) << '
';
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Match1 not found.
";
    }

    // using predicate comparison:
    it = std::search_n(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 2, 10, mypredicate);
    if (it != myvector.end())
    {
        std::cout << "Two 10s found at position:" << (it-myvector.begin()) << '
';
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Match2 not found.
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//Two 30s found at position:2
//Two 10s found at position:5

2.更改原序列运算

copy

template<class InputIterator, class OutputInterator>
OutputInterator copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputInterator result)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        *result = *last;
        ++result;
        ++first;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::copy
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,30,40,50,60,70};
    std::vector<int> myvector(7);

    std::copy(myints, myints+7, myvector.begin());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

copy_n

template<class InputIterator, class Size, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator copy_n(InputIterator first, Size n, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (n > 0)
    {
        *result = *first;
        ++result;
        ++first;
        --n;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::copy_n
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,30,40,50,60,70};
    
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    myvector.resize(7);
    std::copy_n(myints, 7, myvector.begin());

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output----
//myvector contains: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

copy_if

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
OutputIterator copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (pred(*first))
        {
            *result = *first;
            ++result;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::copy_if
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> foo = {5, -10, -5, 0, 15};
    std::vector<int> bar(foo.size());

    // copy only positive numbers:
    auto it = std::copy_if(foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), [](int i){return (i>0);});
    bar.resize(std::distance(bar.begin(), it));  // shrink container to new size

    std::cout << "bar contains:";
    for (int &x: bar)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << x;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//bat contains: 5 15

 copy_backward

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator copy_backward(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (last != first)
    {
        *(--result) = *(--last);
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::copy_backward
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    // set some values: 10 20 30 40 50
    for (int i=1; i<=5; ++i)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i*10);
    }

    std::vector<int> bar;
    bar.resize(myvector.size());
    std::copy_backward(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), bar.end());

    std::cout << "bar contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//bar contains: 10 20 30 40 50

move

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::move(range)
#include <utility>   // std::move(object)
#include <vector>    // std::vector
#include <string>    // std::string

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator move(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        *result = std::move(*first);
        ++result;
        ++first;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    std::vector<std::string> foo = {"Hello", "World"};
    std::vector<std::string> bar(2);

    // moving ranges:
    std::cout << "Moving ranges...
";
    std::move(foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin());

    std::cout << "foo contains " << foo.size() << " elements:";
    std::cout << "(each in an unspecified but valid state)";
    std::cout << '
';

    std::cout << "bar contains " << bar.size() << " elements:";
    for (std::string &x:bar)
    {
        std::cout << " [" << x << "]";
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    // moving containers:
    std::cout << "Moving containers...
";
    foo = std::move(bar);

    std::cout << "foo contains " << foo.size() << " elements:";
    for (std::string &x:foo)
    {
        std::cout << " [" << x << "]";
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::cout << "bar is in an unspecified but valid state";
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//Moving ranges...
//foo contains 2 elements:(each in an unspecified but valid state)
//bar contains 2 elements: [Hello] [World]
//Moving contains...
//foo contains 2 elements: [Hello] [World]
//bar is in an unspecified but valid state

move_backward

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::move_backward
#include <vector>    // std::vector
#include <string>    // std::string

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator move_backward(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (last != first)
    {
        *(--result) == *(--last);
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    std::string elems[2] = {"Hello", "World"};
    std::vector<std::string> bar(4);

    // insert new elements at the beginning:
    std::move_backward(elems, elems+2, bar.end());
    bar[0] = "Welcome";
    bar[1] = "To";
    
    std::cout << "bar contains:";
    for (std::string &x:bar)
    {
        std::cout << " [" << x << "]";
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//bar contains: [Welcome] [To] [Hello] [World]

swap

template<class T> void swap(T &a, T &b)
{
    T c(a);
    a = b;
    b = c;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::swap
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int x = 10;
    int y = 20;
    std::swap(x, y);
    std::cout << "Swap x and y:
";
    std::cout << "x=" << x << "; y=" << y;
    std::cout << '
';

    std::vector<int> foo(3,x);
    std::vector<int> bar(2,y);
    std::swap(foo, bar);
    std::cout << "Swap contains:
";
    std::cout << "foo contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=foo.begin(); it!=foo.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';
    std::cout << "bar contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//Swap x and y:
//x=20; y=10
//Swap contains:
//foo contains:10 10
//bar contains:20 20 20

swap_ranges

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::swap_ranges
#include <vector>    // std::vector
    
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator2 swap_ranges(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1, ForwardIterator2 first2)
{
    while (first1 != last1)
    {
        std::swap(*first1, *first2);
        ++first1;
        ++first2;
    }

    return first2;
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    std::vector<int> foo(5, 11); // 11 11 11 11 11
    std::vector<int> bar(5, 22); // 22 22 22 22 22

    std::swap_ranges(foo.begin()+1, foo.end()-1, bar.begin()+1);
    std::cout << "foo contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=foo.begin(); it!=foo.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::cout << "bar contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//foo contains: 11 22 22 22 11
//bar contains: 22 11 11 11 22

iter_swap

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::iter_swap
#include <vector>    // std::vector
    
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
void iter_swap(ForwardIterator1 a, ForwardIterator2 b)
{
    std::swap(*a, *b);
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,30,40,50};                //   myints: 10 20 30 40 50
    std::vector<int> myvector(4,99);                // myvector: 99 99 99 99

    std::iter_swap(myints, myvector.begin());       //   myints: 99 20 30 40 50
                                                    // myvector: 10 99 99 99
    std::iter_swap(myints+2, myvector.begin()+3);   //   myints: 99 20 99 40 50
                                                    // myvector: 10 99 99 30
    std::cout << "myints contains:";
    for (int i=0; i<5; i++)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << myints[i];
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myints contains: 99 20 99 40 50
//myvector contains: 10 99 99 30

transform

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperator>
OutputIterator transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, 
        OutputIterator result, UnaryOperator op)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        *result = op(*first);
        ++result;
        ++first;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>   // std::cout
#include <algorithm>  // std::transform
#include <vector>     // std::vector
#include <functional> // std::plus

int op_increase (int i)
{
    return (++i);
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> foo;
    std::vector<int> bar;

    // set some value:10 20 30 40 50
    for (int i=1; i<=5; i++)
    {
        foo.push_back(i*10);
    }
    bar.resize(foo.size());

    std::transform(foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), op_increase);
    std::cout << "increase foo:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::transform(foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), bar.begin(), std::plus<int>());
    std::cout << "plus foo and bar:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it= bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//icrease foo: 11 21 31 41 51
//plus foo and bar: 21 41 61 81 101

replace

template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
void replace(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
        const T& old_value, const T& new_value)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (*first == old_value)
        {
            *first = new_value;
        }
        ++first;
    }
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::replace
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10, 20, 30, 20, 10};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+5);

    std::cout << "old myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::replace(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20, 66);
    std::cout << "new myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//old myvector contains: 10 20 30 20 10
//new myvector contains: 10 66 30 66 10

replace_if

template<class ForwardIterator, class UnaryPredicate, class T>
void replace_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
        UnaryPredicate pred, const T& new_value)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (pred(*first))
        {
            *first = new_value;
        }
        ++first;        
    }
}

//-----Excample-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::replace_if
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return ((i%2) == 1);
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector; // 1 2 3 4 5
    for (int i=1; i<6; i++)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i);
    }

    std::replace_if(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd, 0);
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Example-----
//myvector contains: 0 2 0 4 0

replace_copy

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator replace_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
        OutputIterator result, const T& old_value, const T& new_value)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        *result = (*first==old_value)?new_value:*first;
        ++first;
        ++result;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::replace_copy
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,20,30,40,20};
    std::vector<int> myvector(6);
    std::replace_copy(myints, myints+6, myvector.begin(), 20, 66);

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 10 66 66 30 40 66

replace_copy_if

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryPredicate, class T>
OutputIterator replace_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
        OutputIterator result, UnaryPredicate pred,
        const T& new_value)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        *result = (pred(*first))?new_value:*first;
        ++result;
        ++first;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::replace_copy_if
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return ((i%2)==1);
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> foo, bar;
    for (int i=1; i<10; ++i)
    {
        foo.push_back(i);
    }

    bar.resize(foo.size());
    std::replace_copy_if(foo.begin(), foo.end(), bar.begin(), IsOdd, 0);

    std::cout << "bar contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=bar.begin(); it!=bar.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//bar contains: 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0

fill

template<class InputIterator, class T>
void fill(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        *first = val;
        ++first;
    }
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::fill
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector(8);

    std::fill(myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+2, 1);
    std::fill(myvector.begin()+2, myvector.begin()+4, 2);
    std::fill(myvector.begin()+4, myvector.end(), 3);

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3

fill_n

template<class OutputIterator, class Size, class T>
OutputIterator fill_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, const T& val)
{
    while (n > 0)
    {
        *first = val;
        ++first;
        --n;
    }

    return first;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::fill_n
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector(8, 10);

    std::fill_n(myvector.begin(), 2, 20);
    std::fill_n(myvector.begin()+3, 3, 30);
    
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 20 20 10 30 30 30 10 10

generate

template<class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
void generate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Generator gen)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        *first = gen();
        ++first;
    }
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::generate
#include <vector>    // std::vector
#include <ctime>     // std::time
#include <cstdlib>   // std::rand, std::srand

// function generator:
int RandomNumber()
{
    return (std::rand()%100);
}

// class generator:
struct c_unique{
    int current;
    c_unique(){current=0;}
    int operator()(){return ++current;}
}UniqueNumber;

int main()
{
    std::srand (unsigned(std::time(0)));
    std::vector<int> myvector(8);

    std::generate(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), RandomNumber);
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::generate(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), UniqueNumber);
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 57 87 76 66 85 54 17 15
//myvector contains: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

 generate_n

template<class OutputIterator, class Size, class Generator>
void generate_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, Generator gen)
{
    while (n > 0)
    {
        *first = gen();
        ++first;
        --n;
    }
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::generate_n

int current = 0;
int UniqueNumber()
{
    return ++current;
}

int main()
{
    int myints[9];
    std::generate_n(myints, 9, UniqueNumber);

    std::cout << "myints contains:";
    for (int i=0; i<9; ++i)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << myints[i];
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myints contains: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

remove

template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator Remove(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& val)
{
    ForwardIterator result = first;
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (!(*first == val))
        {
            *result = *first;
            ++result;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::remove

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,30,40,50,40,30,20,10};

    int *pBegin  = myints;
    int *pEnd    = myints+sizeof(myints)/sizeof(int);

    pEnd = Remove(pBegin, pEnd, 20);
    std::cout << "rang contains:";
    for (int *p=pBegin; p!=pEnd; ++p)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *p;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//rang contains: 10 30 40 50 40 30 10

remove_copy

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
        OutputIterator result, const T& val)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (!(*first == val))
        {
            *result = *first;
            ++result;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::remove_copy
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 30, 20, 10};
    std::vector<int> myvector(7);

    std::remove_copy(myints, myints+7, myvector.begin(), 30);
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//muvector contains: 10 20 40 20 10 0 0

remove_copy_if

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
OutputIterator remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
        OutputIterator result, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (!pred(*first))
        {
            *result = *first;
            ++result;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::remove_copy_if
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return ((i%2)==1);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
    std::vector<int> myvector(9);

    std::remove_copy_if(myints, myints+9, myvector.begin(), IsOdd);
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 2 4 6 8 0 0 0 0 0

unique

template<class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
{
    if (first == last)
    {
        return last;
    }

    ForwardIterator result = last;
    while (++first != last)
    {
        if (!(*result != last))
        {
            *(++result) = *first;
        }
    }

    return ++result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::unique
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return (i == j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,20,30,40,40,30,30};

    std::vector<int> myvector(myints,myints+8);
    // using default comparition:
    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    it = std::unique(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    myvector.resize(std::distance(myvector.begin(),it));
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::vector<int> yvector(myints,myints+8);
    // using predicate comparison:
    std::unique(yvector.begin(), yvector.end(), myfunction);
    std::cout << "yvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=yvector.begin(); it!=yvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 10 20 30 40 30
//yvector contains: 10 20 30 40 30 40 30 30

unique_copy

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::unique_copy, std::sort, std::distance
#include <vector>    // std::vector
    
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result)
{
    if (first == last)
    {
        return result;
    }

    *result = *first;
    while (++first != last)
    {
        typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type val = *first;
        if (!(*result == val))
        {
            *(++result) = val;
        }
    }

    return ++result;
}

//-----Example-----
bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return (i==j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,20,20,30,30,20,20,10};
    std::vector<int> myvector(9);

    // using default comparison:
    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    it = std::unique_copy(myints, myints+9, myvector.begin());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator i=myvector.begin(); i!=myvector.end(); ++i)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *i;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::sort(myvector.begin(), it);
    std::cout << "sort myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator i=myvector.begin(); i!=myvector.end(); ++i)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *i;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    // using predicate comparison:
    it = std::unique_copy(myvector.begin(), it, myvector.begin(), myfunction);
    myvector.resize(std::distance(myvector.begin(), it));
    std::cout << "predicate myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator i=myvector.begin(); i!=myvector.end(); ++i)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *i;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 10 20 30 20 10 0 0 0 0
//sort myvector contains: 10 10 20 20 30 0 0 0 0
//predicate myvector contains: 10 20 30

reverse

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::reverse
#include <vector>    // std::vector
    
template<class InputIterator>
void reverse(InputIterator first, InputIterator last)
{
    while ((first != last) && (first != --last))
    {
        std::iter_swap(first, last);
        ++first;
    }
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    for (int i=1; i<10; i++)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i);
    }

    std::reverse(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains:9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

reverse_copy

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator reverse_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        --last;
        *result = *last;
        ++result;
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::reverse_copy
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    myvector.resize(9);

    std::reverse_copy(myints, myints+9, myvector.begin());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

 rotate

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::rotate
#include <vector>    // std::vector
    
template<class ForwardIterator>
void rotate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last)
{
    ForwardIterator next = middle;
    while (first != next)
    {
        swap(*first++, *next++);
        if (next == last)
        {
            next = middle;
        }
        else if (first == middle)
        {
            middle = next;
        }
    }
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    for (int i=1; i<10; ++i)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i);
    }

    std::rotate(myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+3, myvector.end());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3

rotate_copy

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::rotate_copy
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator rotate_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator middle,
        InputIterator last, OutputIterator result)
{
    result = std::copy(middle, last, result);
    result = std::copy(first, middle, result);

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
    std::vector<int> myvector(9);

    std::rotate_copy(myints, myints+4, myints+9, myvector.begin());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4

random_shuffle

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::random_shuffle
#include <vector>    // std::vector
#include <ctime>     // std::time
#include <cstdlib>   // std::rand, std::srand

template<class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
void random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
        RandomNumberGenerator &gen)
{
    typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::difference_type i, n;
    n = (last-first);
    for (i=n-1; i>0; --i)
    {
        std::swap(first[i], first[gen(i+1)]);
    }
}

//-----Example-----
int myrandom(int i)
{
    return std::rand()%i;
}

int main()
{
    std::srand(unsigned(std::time(0)));
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    for (int i=1; i<10; i++)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i);
    }

    // using built-in random generator:
    std::random_shuffle(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    std::cout << "def-random contain:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    // using myrandom
    std::random_shuffle(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myrandom);
    std::cout << "sef-random contain:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//def-random contain: 7 8 4 2 6 3 5 1 9
//sef-random contain: 6 1 9 8 4 3 7 5 2

shuffle

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::shuffle
#include <array>     // std::array
#include <random>    // std::default_random_engine
#include <chrono>    // std::chrono::system_clock

template<class RandomAccessIterator, class URNG>
void Shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, URNG &&g)
{
    for (auto i=(last-first)-1; i>0; --i)
    {
        std::uniform_int_distribution<decltype(i)> d(0, i);
        std::swap(first[i], first[d(g)]);
    }
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    std::array<int, 5> foo{1,2,3,4,5};
    unsigned seed = std::chrono::system_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
    Shuffle(foo.begin(), foo.end(), std::default_random_engine(seed));

    std::cout << "shuffled elements:";
    for (int &x:foo)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << x;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//shuffled elements: 3 1 4 2 5

3.分割运算

is_partitioned

template <class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
bool is_partitioned(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first!=last && pred(*first))
    {
        ++first;
    }

    while (first != last)
    {
        if (pred(*first))
        {
            return false;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return true;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::is_partitioned
#include <array>     // std::array

bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return (i%2)==1;
}

int main()
{
    std::array<int,7> foo{1,2,3,4,5,6,7};

    std::cout << "foo:";
    for (int &x:foo)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << x;
    }
    if (std::is_partitioned(foo.begin(), foo.end(), IsOdd))
    {
        std::cout << " (partitioned)
";
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << " (not partitioned)
";
    }

    std::partition(foo.begin(), foo.end(), IsOdd);
    std::cout << "foo:";
    for (int &x:foo)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << x;
    }
    if (std::is_partitioned(foo.begin(), foo.end(), IsOdd))
    {
        std::cout << " (partitioned)
";
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << " (not partitioned)
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//foo: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (not partitioned)
//foo: 1 7 3 5 4 6 2 (partitioned)

partition

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::partition
#include <vector>    // std::vector
    
template<class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
InputIterator partition(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        while (pred(*first))
        {
            ++first;
        }

        if (first == last)
        {
            return first;
        }

        do 
        {
            --last;
            if (first == last)
            {
                return first;
            }
        }while (!pred(*last));

        swap(*first, *last);
        ++first;
    }

    return first;
}

//-----Example-----
bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return (i%2)==1;
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    for (int i=1; i<10; ++i)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i);
    }

    std::vector<int>::iterator bound;
    bound = std::partition(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd);

    std::cout << "odd elements:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=bound; ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::cout << "even elements:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it2=bound; it2!=myvector.end(); ++it2)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it2;
    }    
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//odd elements: 1 9 3 7 5
//even elements: 6 4 8 2

stable_sort

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::stable_partition
#include <string>     // std::string

bool myfunction(char c)
{
    return c=='*';
}

int main()
{
    std::string str = "***b**a**c**d**";
    std::string str1(str);
    std::string str2(str);

    std::partition(std::begin(str1), std::end(str1), myfunction);
    std::stable_partition(std::begin(str2), std::end(str2), myfunction);

    std::cout << "partition string=" << str1.c_str() << '
';
    std::cout << "stable_partition string=" << str2.c_str() << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//partition string=*************cdab
//stable_partititon string=***********bacd

partition_copy

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::partition_copy
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator1, class OutputIterator2, class UnaryPredicate>
std::pair<OutputIterator1, OutputIterator2> partition_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
        OutputIterator1 result_true, OutputIterator2 result_false, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    while (first != last)
    {
        if (pred(*first))
        {
            *result_true = *first;
            ++result_true;
        }
        else
        {
            *result_false = *first;
            ++result_false;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return std::make_pair(result_true, result_false);
}

//-----Example-----
bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return (i%2)==1;
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> foo{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
    std::vector<int> odd,even;

    unsigned n = std::count_if(foo.begin(), foo.end(), IsOdd);
    odd.resize(n);
    even.resize(foo.size()-n);

    std::partition_copy(foo.begin(), foo.end(), odd.begin(), even.begin(), IsOdd);

    std::cout << "odd:";
       for (int &x:odd)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << x;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    std::cout << "even:";
       for (int &y:even)
    {
        std::cout << ' '<< y;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//odd: 1 3 5 7 9
//even: 2 4 6 8

partition_point

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::partition std::partition_point
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template<class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
InputIterator partition_point(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
    auto n = std::distance(first, last);
    while (n > 0)
    {
        InputIterator it = first;
        auto step = n/2;
        std::advance(it, step);

        if (pred(*first))
        {
            first = ++it;
            n -= step+1;
        }
        else
        {
            n = step;
        }
    }

    return first;
}

//-----Example-----
bool IsOdd(int i)
{
    return (i%2)==1;
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> foo{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
    std::vector<int> odd;

    std::partition(foo.begin(), foo.end(), IsOdd);
    auto it = std::partition_point(foo.begin(), foo.end(), IsOdd);
    odd.assign(foo.begin(), it);

    std::cout << "odd:";
    for (int &x:odd)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << x;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//odd: 1 3 5 7 9

4.排序

sort

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return (i<j);
}

struct myclass
{
    bool operator()(int i, int j)
    {
        return (i<j);
    }
}myobject;

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {32,71,12,45,26,80,53,33};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+8);            // 32 71 12 45 26 80 53 33
 
    std::sort(myvector.begin(),myvector.begin()+4);         //(12 32 45 71)26 80 53 33
    std::sort(myvector.begin()+4,myvector.end(),myfunction);//(12 32 45 71(26 33 53 80)
    std::sort(myvector.begin(),myvector.end(),myobject);    //(12 26 32 33 45 53 71 80)

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it= myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 12 26 32 33 45 53 71 80

partial_sort

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::partial_sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return (i<j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+9);

    std::partial_sort(myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end());
    std::partial_sort(myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end(), myfunction);

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 1 2 3 4 5 9 8 7 6

partial_sort_copy

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::partial_sort_copy
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return (i<j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1};
    std::vector<int> myvector(5);

    std::partial_sort_copy(myints, myints+9, myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    //std::partial_sort_copy(myints, myints+9, myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), myfunction);
    //std::cout << "myvector_self contains:";
    //for (std::vector<int>::iterator it2=myvector.begin(); it2!=myvector.end(); it2++)
    //{
    //    std::cout << ' ' << it2;
    //}
    //std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//------Output-----
//myvector contains: 1 2 3 4 5
//myvector_self contains: 1 2 3 4 5

is_sorted

template<class InputInterator>
bool is_sorted(InputInterator first, InputInterator last)
{
    if (first == last)
    {
        return true;
    }

    InputInterator next = first;
    while (++next != last)
    {
        if (*next < *first)
        {
            return false;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return true;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::is_sorted, std::prev_permutation
#include <array>     // std::array

int main()
{
    std::array<int, 4> foo{2,4,1,3};
    do{
        std::prev_permutation(foo.begin(), foo.end());

        std::cout << "foo:";
        for (int &x:foo)
        {
            std::cout << ' ' << x;
        }
        std::cout << '
';
    }while (!std::is_sorted(foo.begin(),foo.end()));

    std::cout << "the range is sorted!
";

    return 0;
}

//foo: 1 2 3 4
//the range is sorted!

is_sorted_until

template<class InputIterator>
InputIterator is_sorted_until(InputIterator first, InputIterator last)
{
    if (first == last)
    {
        return first;
    }

    InputIterator next = first;
    while (++next != last)
    {
        if (*next < *first)
        {
            return next;
        }
        ++first;
    }

    return last;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::is_sorted_until, std::prev_permutation
#include <array>     // std::array

int main()
{
    std::array<int, 4> foo{2,4,1,3};
    std::array<int, 4>::iterator it;

    do{
    
        std::prev_permutation(foo.begin(), foo.end());
        std::cout << "foo:";
        for (int &x:foo)
        {
            std::cout << ' ' << x;
        }

        it = std::is_sorted_until(foo.begin(), foo.end());
        std::cout << " (" << (it-foo.begin()) << " elements sorted)
";
    }while (it != foo.end());

    std::cout << "the range is sorted!
";

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//foo: 1 2 3 4 (4 elements sorted)
//the range is sorted!

nth_element

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::nth_element, std::random_shuffle
#include <vector>    // std::vector

bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return (i<j);
}

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector;
    for (int i=1; i<10; ++i)
    {
        myvector.push_back(i);
    }

    std::random_shuffle(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());

    // using default comparison
    std::nth_element(myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end());

    // using self function
    std::nth_element(myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end(), myfunction);

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

 5.二进制搜索

lower_bound upper_bound

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::lower_bound, std::upper_bound, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template<class InputIterator, class T>
InputIterator lower_bound(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
    InputIterator it;
    typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type count, step;
    count = std::distance(first, last);
    while (count > 0)
    {
        it = first;
        step = count/2;
        std::advance(it, step);
        if (*it < val)
        {
            first = ++it;
            count -= step+1;
        }
        else
        {
            count = step;
        }
    }

    return first;
}

template<class InputIterator, class T>
InputIterator upper_bound(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
    InputIterator it;
    typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type count, step;
    count = std::distance(first, last);
    while (count > 0)
    {
        it = first;
        step = count/2;
        std::advance(it, step);
        if (*it > val)
        {
            first = ++it;
            count -= step+1; 
        }
        else
        {
            count = step;
        }
    }

    return first;
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+8);
    std::sort(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());

    std::vector<int>::iterator low,up;
    low = std::lower_bound(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20);
    up  = std::upper_bound(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20);

    std::cout << "lower_bound at position:" << (low-myvector.begin()) << '
';
    std::cout << "upper_bound at position:" << (up-myvector.begin()) << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//lower_bound at position:3
//upper_bound at position:6

equal_range

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::equal_range, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template<class InputIterator, class T>
std::pair<InputIterator, InputIterator>
equal_range(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
    InputIterator it = std::lower_bound(first, last, val);
    return std::make_pair(it, std::upper_bound(it, last, val));
}

//-----Example-----
bool mygreater(int i, int j)
{
    return (i>j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints, myints+8);
    std::pair<std::vector<int>::iterator,std::vector<int>::iterator> bounds;

    std::sort(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    // using default comparison:
    bounds = std::equal_range(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20);
    
    std::sort(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), mygreater);
    // using self conparison:
    bounds = std::equal_range(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20, mygreater);

    std::cout << "bounds at positions:" << (bounds.first-myvector.begin()) << " and " << (bounds.second-myvector.begin()) << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//bounds at positions:2 and 5

binary_search

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::binary_search, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template<class InputIterator, class T>
bool binary_search(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
    first = std::lower_bound(first, last, val);
    return ((first!=last) && !(val<*first));
}

//-----Example-----
bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return (i<j);
}

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1};
    std::vector<int> myvector(myints,myints+9);

    // using default
    std::sort(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    std::cout << "looking for 3...";
    if (std::binary_search(myvector.begin(),myvector.end(), 3))
    {
        std::cout << " found!
";
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << " not found!
";
    }

    // using self
    std::sort(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(),myfunction);
    std::cout << "looking for 6...";
    if (std::binary_search(myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 6, myfunction))
    {
        std::cout << " found!
";
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << " not found!
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//looking for 3... found!
//looking for 6... not found!

6.合并运算

Merge

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::merge, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
        InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (true)
    {
        if (first1 == last1)
        {
            return (std::copy(first2, last2, result));
        }

        if (first2 == last2)
        {
            return (std::copy(first1, last1, result));
        }

        *result++ = (*first2<*first1)?*first2++:*first1++;
    }
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    int array1[] = {5,10,15,20,25};
    int array2[] = {1,11,21,31,41};
    std::vector<int> myvector(10);

    std::sort(array1,array1+5);
    std::sort(array2,array2+5);
    std::merge(array1, array1+5, array2, array2+5, myvector.begin());
    
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 1 5 10 11 15 20 21 25 31 41

 inplace_merge

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::inplace_merge, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int array1[] = {5,10,15,20,25};
    int array2[] = {41,31,21,11,1};
    std::vector<int> myvector(10);

    std::sort(array1, array1+5);
    std::sort(array2, array2+5);

    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    it = std::copy(array1, array1+5, myvector.begin());
    std::copy(array2, array2+5, it);

    std::inplace_merge(myvector.begin(), myvector.begin()+5, myvector.end());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it2=myvector.begin(); it2!=myvector.end(); ++it2)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it2;
    }
    std::cout << '
';
    
    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains:1 5 10 11 15 20 21 25 31 41

includes

template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2)
{
    while (first1!=last1 && first2!=last2)
    {
        if (*first2 < *first1)
        {
            return false;
        }
        else if (*first1 < *first2)
        {
            ++first1;
        }
        else
        {
            ++first1;
            ++first2;
        }
    }

    return first2==first1;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::includes, std::sort

bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return i<j;
}

int main()
{
    int array[] = {5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50};
    int subarray[] = {40,30,20,10};

    std::sort(array, array+10);
    std::sort(subarray, subarray+4);

    // using default
    if (std::includes(array, array+10, subarray, subarray+4))
    {
        std::cout << "first array includes subarray!
";
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "first not includes!
";
    }

    // using self
    if (std::includes(array, array+10, subarray, subarray+4, myfunction))
    {
        std::cout << "second array includes subarray!
";
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "second not includes!
";
    }

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//first array includes subarray
//second array includes subarray

 set_union

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::set_union, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
        InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (true)
    {
        if (first1 == last1)
        {
            std::copy(first2, last2, result);
        }

        if (first2 == last2)
        {
            std::copy(first1, last1, result);
        }

        if (*first1 < *first2)
        {
            *result = *first1;
            ++first1;
        }
        else if (*first2 < *first1)
        {
            *result = *first2;
            ++first2;
        }
        else
        {
            *result = *first1;
            ++first1;
            ++first2;
        }
        ++result;
    }    

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    int firstArray[] = {5,10,15,20,25};
    int secondArray[] = {10,20,30,40,50};

    std::vector<int> myvector(10);
    std::vector<int>::iterator it;

    std::sort(firstArray, firstArray+5);
    std::sort(secondArray, secondArray+5);
    it = std::set_union(firstArray, firstArray+5, secondArray, secondArray+5, myvector.begin());
    myvector.resize(it-myvector.begin());

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50

set_intersection

template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
        InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (first1!=last1 && first2!=last2)
    {
        if (*first1 < *first2)
        {
            ++first1;
        }
        else if (*first2 < *first1)
        {
            ++first2;
        }
        else
        {
            *result = *first1;
            ++first1;
            ++first2;
            ++result;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::set_intersection, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    int firstArray[] = {5,10,15,20,25};
    int secondArray[] = {10,20,30,40,50};

    std::vector<int> myvector(10);
    std::sort(firstArray, firstArray+5);
    std::sort(secondArray, secondArray+5);

    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    it = std::set_intersection(firstArray, firstArray+5, secondArray, secondArray+5, myvector.begin());
    myvector.resize(it-myvector.begin());

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 10 20

set_difference

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::set_difference, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector
    
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
        InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result)
{
    while (first1!=last1 && first2!=last2)
    {
        if (*first1 < *first2)
        {
            *result = *first1;
            ++result;
            ++first1;
        }
        else if (*first2 < *first1)
        {
            ++first2;
        }
        else
        {
            ++first1;
            ++first2;
        }
    }

    return std::copy(first1, last1, result);
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    int firstArray[] = {10,20,30,40,50};
    int secondArray[] = {5,10,15,20,25};
    std::vector<int> myvector(10);

    std::sort(firstArray, firstArray+5);
    std::sort(secondArray, secondArray+5);
    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    it = std::set_difference(firstArray, firstArray+5, secondArray, secondArray+5, myvector.begin());
    
    myvector.resize(it-myvector.begin());
    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 30 40 50

set_symmetric_difference

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::set_symmetric_difference, std::sort
#include <vector>    // std::vector

template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
        InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, OutputIterator result)
{
    while(true)
    {
        if (first1 == last1)
        {
            return std::copy(first2, last2, result);
        }

        if (first2 == last2)
        {
            return std::copy(first1, last1, result);
        }

        if (*first1 < *first2)
        {
            *result = *first1;
            ++result;
            ++first1;
        }
        else if (*first2 < *first1)
        {
            *result = *first2;
            ++result;
            ++first2;
        }
        else
        {
            ++first1;
            ++first2;
        }
    }
}

//-----Example-----
int main()
{
    int firstArray[] = {5,10,15,20,25};
    int secondArray[] = {10,20,30,40,50};
    std::vector<int> myvector(10);

    std::sort(firstArray, firstArray+5);
    std::sort(secondArray, secondArray+5);

    std::vector<int>::iterator it;
    it = std::set_symmetric_difference(firstArray, firstArray+5, secondArray, secondArray+5, myvector.begin());
    myvector.resize(it-myvector.begin());

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    for (it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout <<  ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains:5 15 25 30 40 50

 7.堆运算

make_heap pop_heap is_heap

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::is_heap, std::make_heap, std::pop_heap
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector{2,4,6,8,1,3,5,7,9};
    if (!std::is_heap(myvector.begin(), myvector.end()))
    {
        std::make_heap(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    }

    std::cout << "myvector contains:";
    while (!myvector.empty())
    {
        std::pop_heap(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
        std::cout << ' ' << myvector.back();
        myvector.pop_back();
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//myvector contains: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

is_head_until

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::is_heap_until, std::sort, std::reverse
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector{2,4,6,8,9,7,5,3,1};
    std::sort(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    std::reverse(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());

    auto last = std::is_heap_until(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());
    std::cout << "The " << (last-myvector.begin()) << " first elements are a valid heap:";
    for (auto it=myvector.begin(); it!=myvector.end(); ++it)
    {
        std::cout << ' ' << *it;
    }
    std::cout << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//The 9 first elements are a valid heap: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

 8.最小/最大运算

min

template<class T> const T& min(const T& a, const T& b)
{
    return !(b<a)?a:b;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::min

int main()
{
    std::cout << "min(1,2)==" << std::min(1,2) << '
';
    std::cout << "min(2,1)==" << std::min(2,1) << '
';
    std::cout << "min('a','z')==" << std::min('a','z') << '
';
    std::cout << "min(3.14,2.72)==" << std::min(3.14,2.72) << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//min(1,2)==1
//min(2,1)==1
//min('a','z')==a
//min(3.14,2.72)==2.72

minmax

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::minmax

template<class T> std::pair<const T&, const T&> minmax(const T& a, const T&b)
{
    return (b<a)?std::make_pair(b,a):std::make_pair(a,b);
}

int main ()
{
    auto result = std::minmax({1,3,5,7,9});
    std::cout << "minmax({1,3,5,7,9}): ";
    std::cout << result.first << ' ' << result.second << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//minmax({1,3,5,7,9}): 1 9

min_element max_element

template<class InputIterator>
InputIterator min_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last)
{
    if (first == last)
    {
        return last;
    }

    InputIterator smallest = first;
    while(++first != last)
    {
        if (*first < *smallest)
        {
            smallest = first;
        }
    }

    return smallest;
}

//-----Example-----
#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::min_element, std::max_element

bool myfunction(int i, int j)
{
    return i<j;
}

struct myclass
{
    bool operator()(int i, int j)
    {
        return i<j;
    }
}myobj;

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {3,7,2,5,6,8,4,1,9};
    std::cout << "min_element:" << *std::min_element(myints, myints+9) << '
';
    std::cout << "max_element:" << *std::max_element(myints, myints+9) << '
';

    std::cout << "min_element1:" << *std::min_element(myints, myints+9, myfunction) << '
';
    std::cout << "max_element1:" << *std::max_element(myints, myints+9, myfunction) << '
';

    std::cout << "min_element2:" << *std::min_element(myints, myints+9, myobj) << '
';
    std::cout << "max_element2:" << *std::max_element(myints, myints+9, myobj) << '
';

    return 0;    
}

//-----Output-----
//min_element:1 
//max_element:9
//min_element1:1 
//max_element1:9
//min_element2:1 
//max_element3:9

minmax_element

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::minmax_element
#include <vector>    // std::vector

int main()
{
    std::vector<int> myvector{3,5,7,9,2,4,6,8,1};
    auto result = std::minmax_element(myvector.begin(), myvector.end());

    std::cout << "min_element is " << *result.first;
    std::cout << " and position at " << result.first-myvector.begin() << '
';

    std::cout << "max_element is " << *result.second;
    std::cout << " and postion at " << result.second-myvector.begin() << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//min_element is 1 and position at 8
//max_element is 9 and position at 3

9.其他

lexicographical

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::lexicographical_compare
#include <cctype>    // std::tolower

bool mycompare(char c1, char c2)
{
    return std::tolower(c1)<std::tolower(c2);
}

int main()
{
    char foo[] = "Apple";
    char bar[] = "apartment";

    std::cout << "def_compare:" << std::lexicographical_compare(foo, foo+5, bar, bar+9) << '
';
    std::cout << "self_compare:" << std::lexicographical_compare(foo, foo+5, bar, bar+9, mycompare) << '
';

    return 0;    
}

//-----Output-----
//def_compare:1
//self_compare:0

next_permutation

#include <algorithm> // std::next_permutation, std::sort

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {1,2,3};

    std::sort(myints, myints+3);
    std::cout << "{1,2,3} permutation:
";
    do {
        std::cout << myints[0] << ' ' << myints[1] << ' ' << myints[2] << '
';
    }while(std::next_permutation(myints, myints+3));

    std::cout << "After loop:" << myints[0] << ' ' << myints[1] << ' ' << myints[2] << '
';
    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//{1,2,3} permutation:
//1 2 3
//1 3 2
//2 1 3
//2 3 1
//3 1 2
//3 2 1
//After loop:1 2 3

prev_permutation

#include <iostream>  // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::prev_permutation, std::sort, std::reverse

int main()
{
    int myints[] = {1,2,3};

    std::sort(myints, myints+3);
    std::reverse(myints, myints+3);
    std::cout << "{1,2,3} prev_permutation:" << '
';
    do{
        std::cout << myints[0] << ' ' << myints[1] << ' ' << myints[2] << '
';
    }while(std::prev_permutation(myints, myints+3));

    std::cout << "After loop:" << myints[0] << ' ' << myints[1] << ' ' << myints[2] << '
';

    return 0;
}

//-----Output-----
//{1,2,3} prev_permutation:
//3 2 1
//3 1 2
//2 3 1
//2 1 3
//1 3 2
//1 2 3
//After loop:3 2 1