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  • flask入门到入土

    # Flask
    
    ## 0.Flask简介
    
    Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug  WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,然后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时,需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
    
    “微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实可以 ),也不意味着 Flask  在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些  Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。
    
    默认情况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而,Flask  支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask  本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask  也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用
    
    ## 1.安装
    
    pip3 install flask
    
    ## 2.werkzeug简介
    
    Werkzeug是一个WSGI工具包,他可以作为一个Web框架的底层库。这里稍微说一下, werkzeug 不是一个web服务器,也不是一个web框架,而是一个工具包,官方的介绍说是一个 WSGI 工具包,它可以作为一个 Web 框架的底层库,因为它封装好了很多 Web 框架的东西,例如 Request,Response 等等 
    
    代码示例:
    
    ```python
    from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
    
    @Request.application
    def hello(request):
        return Response('Hello World!')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
        run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
    ```
    
    ## 3.flask快速使用
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask
    # 实例化产生一个Flask对象
    app = Flask(__name__)
    # 将 '/'和视图函数hello_workd的对应关系添加到路由中
    @app.route('/') # 1. v=app.route('/') 2. v(hello_world)
    def hello_world():
        return 'Hello World!'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run() # 最终调用了run_simple()
    ```
    
    ### 案例:登录,显示用户信息
    
    main.py
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session,url_for
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.debug = True
    app.secret_key = 'sdfsdfsdfsdf'
    
    USERS = {
        1:{'name':'张三','age':18,'gender':'','text':"道路千万条"},
        2:{'name':'李四','age':28,'gender':'','text':"安全第一条"},
        3:{'name':'王五','age':18,'gender':'','text':"行车不规范"},
    }
    
    @app.route('/detail/<int:nid>',methods=['GET'])
    def detail(nid):
        user = session.get('user_info')
        if not user:
            return redirect('/login')
    
        info = USERS.get(nid)
        return render_template('detail.html',info=info)
    
    
    @app.route('/index',methods=['GET'])
    def index():
        user = session.get('user_info')
        if not user:
            # return redirect('/login')
            url = url_for('l1')
            return redirect(url)
        return render_template('index.html',user_dict=USERS)
    
    
    @app.route('/login',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='l1')
    def login():
        if request.method == "GET":
            return render_template('login.html')
        else:
            # request.query_string
            user = request.form.get('user')
            pwd = request.form.get('pwd')
            if user == 'lqz' and pwd == '123':
                session['user_info'] = user
                return redirect('http://www.baidu.com')
            return render_template('login.html',error='用户名或密码错误')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    detail.html
    
    ```html
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>详细信息 {{info.name}}</h1>
        <div>
            {{info.text}}
        </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    ```
    
    index.html
    
    ```html
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>用户列表</h1>
        <table>
            {% for k,v in user_dict.items() %}
            <tr>
                <td>{{k}}</td>
                <td>{{v.name}}</td>
                <td>{{v['name']}}</td>
                <td>{{v.get('name')}}</td>
                <td><a href="/detail/{{k}}">查看详细</a></td>
            </tr>
            {% endfor %}
        </table>
    </body>
    </html>
    ```
    
    login.html
    
    ```html
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>用户登录</h1>
        <form method="post">
            <input type="text" name="user">
            <input type="text" name="pwd">
            <input type="submit" value="登录">{{error}}
        </form>
    </body>
    </html>
    ```
    
    ### 作业:登录认证装饰器
    
    -多个装饰器执行顺序
    
    -反向查找的名称(endpoint),不允许重复
    
    ## 4.配置文件
    
    `flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象(继承字典),默认配置为:` 
    
    ```python
     {
            'DEBUG':                                get_debug_flag(default=False),  是否开启Debug模式
            'TESTING':                              False,                          是否开启测试模式
            'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS':                 None,                          
            'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION':        None,
            'SECRET_KEY':                           None,
            'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),
            'USE_X_SENDFILE':                       False,
            'LOGGER_NAME':                          None,
            'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY':               'always',
            'SERVER_NAME':                          None,
            'APPLICATION_ROOT':                     None,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
            'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
            'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
            'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,
            'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH':                   None,
            'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT':            timedelta(hours=12),
            'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS':              False,
            'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS':                 False,
            'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING':             False,
            'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME':                 'http',
            'JSON_AS_ASCII':                        True,
            'JSON_SORT_KEYS':                       True,
            'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR':          True,
            'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE':                     'application/json',
            'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD':                None,
        }
    ```
    
    ### 方式一
    
    ```python
       app.config['DEBUG'] = True
       PS: 由于Config对象本质上是字典,所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)
    ```
    
    ### 方式二
    
    ```python
    #通过py文件配置
    app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
    如:
    settings.py
    DEBUG = True
    
    app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
    #通过环境变量配置
    app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
    #app.config.from_pyfile(os.environ['YOURAPPLICATION_SETTINGS'])
    环境变量的值为python文件名称名称,内部调用from_pyfile方法
    
    app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
    JSON文件名称,必须是json格式,因为内部会执行json.loads
    
    app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG': True})
    字典格式
    
    app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")
    
    app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
    
    settings.py
    
    
    class Config(object):
        DEBUG = False
        TESTING = False
        DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
    
    
    class ProductionConfig(Config):
        DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
    
    
    class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
        DEBUG = True
    
    
    class TestingConfig(Config):
        TESTING = True
    
    
    PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
    
    PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录,如果instance_relative_config为True,则就是instance_path目录(Flask对象init方法的参数)
    ```
    
    ## 5.路由系统
    
    ### 典型写法
    
    ```python
    @app.route('/detail/<int:nid>',methods=['GET'],endpoint='detail')
    ```
    
    ### 默认转换器
    
    ```python
    DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
        'default':          UnicodeConverter,
        'string':           UnicodeConverter,
        'any':              AnyConverter,
        'path':             PathConverter,
        'int':              IntegerConverter,
        'float':            FloatConverter,
        'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
    }
    ```
    
    ### 路由系统本质
    
    ```python
    """
    1. decorator = app.route('/',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='n1')
        def route(self, rule, **options):
            # app对象
            # rule= /
            # options = {methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='n1'}
            def decorator(f):
                endpoint = options.pop('endpoint', None)
                self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)
                return f
            return decorator
    2. @decorator
        decorator(index)
    """
    #同理
    def login():
        return '登录'
    app.add_url_rule('/login', 'n2', login, methods=['GET',"POST"])
    #与django路由类似
    #django与flask路由:flask路由基于装饰器,本质是基于:add_url_rule
    #add_url_rule 源码中,endpoint如果为空,endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func),最终取view_func.__name__(函数名)
    ```
    
    ### CBV(源码分析)
    
    ```python
    def auth(func):
        def inner(*args, **kwargs):
            print('before')
            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            print('after')
            return result
    
        return inner
    
    class IndexView(views.View):
        methods = ['GET']
        decorators = [auth, ]
    
        def dispatch_request(self):
            print('Index')
            return 'Index!'
    
    app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
    #或者,通常用此方式
      class IndexView(views.MethodView):
                methods = ['GET']
                decorators = [auth, ]
    
                def get(self):
                    return 'Index.GET'
    
                def post(self):
                    return 'Index.POST'
            app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
    
    ```
    
    ### app.add_url_rule参数
    
    ```python
    @app.route和app.add_url_rule参数:
    rule, URL规则
    view_func, 视图函数名称
    defaults = None, 默认值, 当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults = {'k': 'v'}
    为函数提供参数
    endpoint = None, 名称,用于反向生成URL,即: url_for('名称')
    methods = None, 允许的请求方式,如:["GET", "POST"]
    #对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求
    strict_slashes = None
        '''
            @app.route('/index', strict_slashes=False)
            #访问http://www.xx.com/index/ 或http://www.xx.com/index均可
            @app.route('/index', strict_slashes=True)
            #仅访问http://www.xx.com/index
        '''
    #重定向到指定地址
    redirect_to = None, 
        '''
            @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
        '''
    
    #子域名访问
    subdomain = None, 
        '''
        #C:WindowsSystem32driversetchosts
        127.0.0.1       www.liuqingzheng.com
        127.0.0.1       admin.liuqingzheng.com
        127.0.0.1       buy.liuqingzheng.com
        
        from flask import Flask, views, url_for
        app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
        app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'liuqingzheng.com:5000'
        @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
        def static_index():
            """Flask supports static subdomains
            This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
            return "static.your-domain.tld"
        #可以传入任意的字符串,如传入的字符串为aa,显示为 aa.liuqingzheng.com
        @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
        def username_index(username):
            """Dynamic subdomains are also supported
            Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
            return username + ".your-domain.tld"
        if __name__ == '__main__':
            app.run()
            
        访问:
        http://www.liuqingzheng.com:5000/dynamic
        http://admin.liuqingzheng.com:5000/dynamic
        http://buy.liuqingzheng.com:5000/dynamic
        '''
    ```
    
    ### 支持正则
    
    ```python
    #1 写类,继承BaseConverter
    #2 注册:app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
    # 3 使用:@app.route('/index/<regex("d+"):nid>')  正则表达式会当作第二个参数传递到类中
    from flask import Flask, views, url_for
    from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
    
    app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
    
    class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
        """
        自定义URL匹配正则表达式
        """
        def __init__(self, map, regex):
            super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
            self.regex = regex
    
        def to_python(self, value):
            """
            路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
            """
            return int(value)
    
        def to_url(self, value):
            """
            使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
            """
            val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
            return val
    # 添加到flask中
    app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
    @app.route('/index/<regex("d+"):nid>')
    def index(nid):
        print(url_for('index', nid='888'))
        return 'Index'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    ## 6.模版
    
    比django中多可以加括号,执行函数,传参数
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask,render_template,Markup,jsonify,make_response
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    def func1(arg):
        return Markup("<input type='text' value='%s' />" %(arg,))
    @app.route('/')
    def index():
        return render_template('index.html',ff = func1)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    index.html
    
    ```html
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
        {{ff('六五')}}
        {{ff('六五')|safe}}
    
    </body>
    </html>
    ```
    
    注意:
    
    1.Markup等价django的mark_safe ,
    
    2.extends,include一模一样
    
    ## 7.请求响应
    
    ```python
       from flask import Flask
        from flask import request
        from flask import render_template
        from flask import redirect
        from flask import make_response
    
        app = Flask(__name__)
    
    
        @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
        def login():
    
            # 请求相关信息
            # request.method
            # request.args
            # request.form
            # request.values
            # request.cookies
            # request.headers
            # request.path
            # request.full_path
            # request.script_root
            # request.url
            # request.base_url
            # request.url_root
            # request.host_url
            # request.host
            # request.files
            # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
            # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
    
            # 响应相关信息
            # return "字符串"
            # return render_template('html模板路径',**{})
            # return redirect('/index.html')
            #return jsonify({'k1':'v1'})
    
            # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
            # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
            # response.delete_cookie('key')
            # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
            # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
            # return response
            return "内容"
    
        if __name__ == '__main__':
            app.run()
    ```
    
    ## 8.session
    
    除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。 (app.session_interface对象)
    
    ```python
    设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'
    删除:session.pop('username', None)
    ```
    
    ## 9.闪现(message)
    
    ```python
    -设置:flash('aaa')
    -取值:get_flashed_message()
    -假设在a页面操作出错,跳转到b页面,在b页面显示a页面的错误信息
    ```
    
    示例:
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask,flash,get_flashed_messages,request,redirect
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = 'asdfasdf'
    
    
    @app.route('/index')
    def index():
        # 从某个地方获取设置过的所有值,并清除。
        val = request.args.get('v')
        if val == 'oldboy':
            return 'Hello World!'
        flash('超时错误',category="x1")
        return "ssdsdsdfsd"
        # return redirect('/error')
    
    
    @app.route('/error')
    def error():
        """
        展示错误信息
        :return:
        """
        data = get_flashed_messages(category_filter=['x1'])
        if data:
            msg = data[0]
        else:
            msg = "..."
        return "错误信息:%s" %(msg,)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    ## 10.请求扩展
    
    ### 1 before_request
    
    类比django中间件中的process_request,在请求收到之前绑定一个函数做一些事情 
    
    ```python
    #基于它做用户登录认证
    @app.before_request
    def process_request(*args,**kwargs):
        if request.path == '/login':
            return None
        user = session.get('user_info')
        if user:
            return None
        return redirect('/login')
    ```
    
    ### 2 after_request
    
    类比django中间件中的process_response,每一个请求之后绑定一个函数,如果请求没有异常 
    
    ```python
    @app.after_request
    def process_response1(response):
        print('process_response1 走了')
        return response
    ```
    
    ### 3 before_first_request
    
    第一次请求时,跟浏览器无关
    
    ```python
    @app.before_first_request
    def first():
        pass
    ```
    
    ### 4 teardown_request 
    
    每一个请求之后绑定一个函数,即使遇到了异常 
    
    ```python
    @app.teardown_request 
    def ter(e):
        pass
    ```
    
    ### 5 errorhandler
    
    路径不存在时404,服务器内部错误500
    
    ```python
    @app.errorhandler(404)
    def error_404(arg):
        return "404错误了"
    ```
    
    ### 6 template_global
    
    标签
    
    ```python
    @app.template_global()
    def sb(a1, a2):
        return a1 + a2
    #{{sb(1,2)}}
    ```
    
    ### 7 template_filter
    
    过滤器
    
    ```python
    @app.template_filter()
    def db(a1, a2, a3):
        return a1 + a2 + a3
    #{{ 1|db(2,3)}}
    ```
    
    总结:
    
    1 重点掌握before_request和after_request,
    
    2 注意有多个的情况,执行顺序
    
    3 before_request请求拦截后(也就是有return值),response所有都执行
    
    ## 11 中间件(了解)
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    @app.route('/')
    def index():
        return 'Hello World!'
    # 模拟中间件
    class Md(object):
        def __init__(self,old_wsgi_app):
            self.old_wsgi_app = old_wsgi_app
    
        def __call__(self,  environ, start_response):
            print('开始之前')
            ret = self.old_wsgi_app(environ, start_response)
            print('结束之后')
            return ret
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        #把原来的wsgi_app替换为自定义的
        app.wsgi_app = Md(app.wsgi_app)
        app.run()
    ```
    
    ## 12.蓝图
    
    对程序进行目录结构划分
    
    ### 不使用蓝图,自己分文件
    
    目录结构:
    
    ```python
    -templates
    -views
        -__init__.py
        -user.py
        -order.py
    -app.py
    ```
    
    app.py
    
    ```python
    from views import app
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    init.py
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask,request
    app = Flask(__name__)
    #不导入这个不行
    from . import account
    from . import order
    from . import user
    ```
    
    user.py
    
    ```python
    from . import app
    @app.route('/user')
    def user():
        return 'user'
    ```
    
    order.py
    
    ```python
    from . import app
    @app.route('/order')
    def order():
        return 'order'
    ```
    
    ### 使用蓝图之中小型系统
    
    详见代码:pro_flask_简单应用程序目录示例.zip
    
    目录结构:
    
    ```python
    -flask_pro
        -flask_test
            -__init__.py
            -static
            -templates
            -views
                -order.py
                -user.py
         -manage.py 
            
    ```
    
    __init_.py
    
    ```python
    from flask import  Flask
    app=Flask(__name__)
    from flask_test.views import user
    from flask_test.views import order
    app.register_blueprint(user.us)
    app.register_blueprint(order.ord)
    ```
    
    manage.py
    
    ```python
    from flask_test import  app
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run(port=8008)
    ```
    
    user.py
    
    ```python
    from flask import Blueprint
    us=Blueprint('user',__name__)
    
    @us.route('/login')
    def login():
        return 'login'
    ```
    
    order.py
    
    ```python
    from flask import Blueprint
    ord=Blueprint('order',__name__)
    
    @ord.route('/test')
    def test():
        return 'order test'
    ```
    
    ### 使用蓝图之大型系统
    
    详见代码:pro_flask_大型应用目录示例.zip
    
    总结:
    
    1 xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,url_prefix='/xxx') :蓝图URL前缀,表示url的前缀,在该蓝图下所有url都加前缀
    
    2 xxx = Blueprint('account', name,url_prefix='/xxx',template_folder='tpls'):给当前蓝图单独使用templates,向上查找,当前找不到,会找总templates
    
    3 蓝图的befort_request,对当前蓝图有效
    
    4 大型项目,可以模拟出类似于django中app的概念
    
    ## 13.请求上下文源码分析
    
    ```python
    第一阶段:将ctx(request,session)放到Local对象上
                       
    第二阶段:视图函数导入:request/session 
    request.method
        -LocalProxy对象.method,执行getattr方法,getattr(self._get_current_object(), name)
            -self._get_current_object()返回return self.__local(),self.__local(),在LocakProxy实例化的时候,object.__setattr__(self, '_LocalProxy__local', local),此处local就是:partial(_lookup_req_object, 'request')
    
        -def _lookup_req_object(name):
                top = _request_ctx_stack.top #_request_ctx_stack 就是LocalStack()对象,top方法把ctx取出来
                if top is None:
                    raise RuntimeError(_request_ctx_err_msg)
                return getattr(top, name)#获取ctx中的request或session对象
    
    第三阶段:请求处理完毕
            - 获取session并保存到cookie
            - 将ctx删除
    ```
    
    程序运行,两个LocalStack()对象,一个里面放request和session,另一个放g和`current_app` 
    
    ## 14.g对象
    
    专门用来存储用户信息的g对象,g的全称的为global 
    
    g对象在一次请求中的所有的代码的地方,都是可以使用的 
    
    ### g对象和session的区别
    
    ```python
    session对象是可以跨request的,只要session还未失效,不同的request的请求会获取到同一个session,但是g对象不是,g对象不需要管过期时间,请求一次就g对象就改变了一次,或者重新赋值了一次
    ```
    
    ## 15.flask-session
    
    作用:将默认保存的签名cookie中的值 保存到 redis/memcached/file/Mongodb/SQLAlchemy
    
    安装:pip3 install flask-session
    
    使用1:
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask,session
    from flask_session import RedisSessionInterface
    import redis
    app = Flask(__name__)
    conn=redis.Redis(host='127.0.0.1',port=6379)
    #use_signer是否对key签名
    app.session_interface=RedisSessionInterface(conn,key_prefix='lqz')
    @app.route('/')
    def hello_world():
        session['name']='lqz'
        return 'Hello World!'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    使用2:
    
    ```python
    from redis import Redis
    from flask.ext.session import Session
    app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
    app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
    Session(app)
    ```
    
    问题:设置cookie时,如何设定关闭浏览器则cookie失效。
    
    ```python
    response.set_cookie('k','v',exipre=None)#这样设置即可
    #在session中设置
    app.session_interface=RedisSessionInterface(conn,key_prefix='lqz',permanent=False)
    #一般不用,我们一般都设置超时时间,多长时间后失效
    ```
    
    问题:cookie默认超时时间是多少?如何设置超时时间
    
    ```python
    #源码expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
    'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),#这个配置文件控制
    ```
    
    
    
    
    
    ## 16.数据库连接池
    
    ### pymsql链接数据库
    
    ```python
    import pymysql
    
    conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123456', db='s8day127db')
    cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
    # cursor.execute("select id,name from users where name=%s and pwd=%s",['lqz','123',])
    cursor.execute("select id,name from users where name=%(user)s and pwd=%(pwd)s",{'user':'lqz','pwd':'123'})
    obj = cursor.fetchone()
    conn.commit()
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()
    
    print(obj)
    ```
    
    ### 数据库连接池版
    
    setting.py
    
    ```python
    from datetime import timedelta
    from redis import Redis
    import pymysql
    from DBUtils.PooledDB import PooledDB, SharedDBConnection
    
    class Config(object):
        DEBUG = True
        SECRET_KEY = "umsuldfsdflskjdf"
        PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME = timedelta(minutes=20)
        SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST= True
        SESSION_TYPE = "redis"
        PYMYSQL_POOL = PooledDB(
            creator=pymysql,  # 使用链接数据库的模块
            maxconnections=6,  # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
            mincached=2,  # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建
            maxcached=5,  # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制
            maxshared=3,
            # 链接池中最多共享的链接数量,0和None表示全部共享。PS: 无用,因为pymysql和MySQLdb等模块的 threadsafety都为1,所有值无论设置为多少,_maxcached永远为0,所以永远是所有链接都共享。
            blocking=True,  # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
            maxusage=None,  # 一个链接最多被重复使用的次数,None表示无限制
            setsession=[],  # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。如:["set datestyle to ...", "set time zone ..."]
            ping=0,
            # ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。# 如:0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested, 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always
            host='127.0.0.1',
            port=3306,
            user='root',
            password='123456',
            database='s8day127db',
            charset='utf8'
        )
    
    class ProductionConfig(Config):
        SESSION_REDIS = Redis(host='192.168.0.94', port='6379')
    
    
    
    class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
        SESSION_REDIS = Redis(host='127.0.0.1', port='6379')
    
    
    class TestingConfig(Config):
        pass
    ```
    
    utils/sql.py
    
    ```python
    import pymysql
    from settings import Config
    class SQLHelper(object):
    
        @staticmethod
        def open(cursor):
            POOL = Config.PYMYSQL_POOL
            conn = POOL.connection()
            cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=cursor)
            return conn,cursor
    
        @staticmethod
        def close(conn,cursor):
            conn.commit()
            cursor.close()
            conn.close()
    
        @classmethod
        def fetch_one(cls,sql,args,cursor =pymysql.cursors.DictCursor):
            conn,cursor = cls.open(cursor)
            cursor.execute(sql, args)
            obj = cursor.fetchone()
            cls.close(conn,cursor)
            return obj
    
        @classmethod
        def fetch_all(cls,sql, args,cursor =pymysql.cursors.DictCursor):
            conn, cursor = cls.open(cursor)
            cursor.execute(sql, args)
            obj = cursor.fetchall()
            cls.close(conn, cursor)
            return obj
    ```
    
    使用:
    
    ```python
    obj = SQLHelper.fetch_one("select id,name from users where name=%(user)s and pwd=%(pwd)s", form.data)
    ```
    
    
    
    ## 17.wtforms
    
    安装:pip3 install wtforms
    
    ###使用1:
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
    from wtforms import Form
    from wtforms.fields import simple
    from wtforms import validators
    from wtforms import widgets
    
    app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
    
    app.debug = True
    
    
    class LoginForm(Form):
        # 字段(内部包含正则表达式)
        name = simple.StringField(
            label='用户名',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空.'),
                validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d')
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(), # 页面上显示的插件
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
    
        )
        # 字段(内部包含正则表达式)
        pwd = simple.PasswordField(
            label='密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.'),
                validators.Length(min=8, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d'),
                validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-zd$@$!%*?&]{8,}",
                                  message='密码至少8个字符,至少1个大写字母,1个小写字母,1个数字和1个特殊字符')
    
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
    
    
    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            form = LoginForm()
            return render_template('login.html', form=form)
        else:
            form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form)
            if form.validate():
                print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
            else:
                print(form.errors)
            return render_template('login.html', form=form)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    login.html
    
    ```html
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>登录</h1>
    <form method="post">
        <p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p>
    
        <p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p>
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>
    ```
    
    ### 使用2:
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect
    from wtforms import Form
    from wtforms.fields import core
    from wtforms.fields import html5
    from wtforms.fields import simple
    from wtforms import validators
    from wtforms import widgets
    
    app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
    app.debug = True
    
    
    
    class RegisterForm(Form):
        name = simple.StringField(
            label='用户名',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired()
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'},
            default='alex'
        )
    
        pwd = simple.PasswordField(
            label='密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.')
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField(
            label='重复密码',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='重复密码不能为空.'),
                validators.EqualTo('pwd', message="两次密码输入不一致")
            ],
            widget=widgets.PasswordInput(),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        email = html5.EmailField(
            label='邮箱',
            validators=[
                validators.DataRequired(message='邮箱不能为空.'),
                validators.Email(message='邮箱格式错误')
            ],
            widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type='email'),
            render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}
        )
    
        gender = core.RadioField(
            label='性别',
            choices=(
                (1, ''),
                (2, ''),
            ),
            coerce=int # “1” “2”
         )
        city = core.SelectField(
            label='城市',
            choices=(
                ('bj', '北京'),
                ('sh', '上海'),
            )
        )
    
        hobby = core.SelectMultipleField(
            label='爱好',
            choices=(
                (1, '篮球'),
                (2, '足球'),
            ),
            coerce=int
        )
    
        favor = core.SelectMultipleField(
            label='喜好',
            choices=(
                (1, '篮球'),
                (2, '足球'),
            ),
            widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False),
            option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(),
            coerce=int,
            default=[1, 2]
        )
    
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self.favor.choices = ((1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), (3, '羽毛球'))
    
        def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field):
            """
            自定义pwd_confirm字段规则,例:与pwd字段是否一致
            :param field:
            :return:
            """
            # 最开始初始化时,self.data中已经有所有的值
    
            if field.data != self.data['pwd']:
                # raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证
                raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致")  # 不再继续后续验证
    
    
    @app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def register():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            form = RegisterForm(data={'gender': 2,'hobby':[1,]}) # initial
            return render_template('register.html', form=form)
        else:
            form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form)
            if form.validate():
                print('用户提交数据通过格式验证,提交的值为:', form.data)
            else:
                print(form.errors)
            return render_template('register.html', form=form)
    
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    ```html
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>用户注册</h1>
    <form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0  50px">
        {% for field in form %}
        <p>{{field.label}}: {{field}} {{field.errors[0] }}</p>
        {% endfor %}
        <input type="submit" value="提交">
    </form>
    </body>
    </html>
    ```
    
    
    
    ## 18.信号
    
    Flask框架中的信号基于blinker,其主要就是让开发者可是在flask请求过程中定制一些用户行为 
    
    安装:`pip3 install blinker` 
    
    内置信号:
    
    ```python
    request_started = _signals.signal('request-started')                # 请求到来前执行
    request_finished = _signals.signal('request-finished')              # 请求结束后执行
     
    before_render_template = _signals.signal('before-render-template')  # 模板渲染前执行
    template_rendered = _signals.signal('template-rendered')            # 模板渲染后执行
     
    got_request_exception = _signals.signal('got-request-exception')    # 请求执行出现异常时执行
     
    request_tearing_down = _signals.signal('request-tearing-down')      # 请求执行完毕后自动执行(无论成功与否)
    appcontext_tearing_down = _signals.signal('appcontext-tearing-down')# 应用上下文执行完毕后自动执行(无论成功与否)
     
    appcontext_pushed = _signals.signal('appcontext-pushed')            # 应用上下文push时执行
    appcontext_popped = _signals.signal('appcontext-popped')            # 应用上下文pop时执行
    message_flashed = _signals.signal('message-flashed')                # 调用flask在其中添加数据时,自动触发
    ```
    
    使用信号:
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask,signals,render_template
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    # 往信号中注册函数
    def func(*args,**kwargs):
        print('触发型号',args,kwargs)
    signals.request_started.connect(func)
    
    # 触发信号: signals.request_started.send()
    @app.before_first_request
    def before_first1(*args,**kwargs):
        pass
    @app.before_first_request
    def before_first2(*args,**kwargs):
        pass
    
    @app.before_request
    def before_first3(*args,**kwargs):
        pass
    
    @app.route('/',methods=['GET',"POST"])
    def index():
        print('视图')
        return render_template('index.html')
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.wsgi_app
        app.run()
    ```
    
    一个流程中的信号触发点(了解)
    
    ```python
    a. before_first_request
    b. 触发 request_started 信号
    c. before_request
    d. 模板渲染
        渲染前的信号 before_render_template.send(app, template=template, context=context)
            rv = template.render(context) # 模板渲染
        渲染后的信号 template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context)
    e. after_request
    f. session.save_session()
    g. 触发 request_finished信号        
        如果上述过程出错:
            触发错误处理信号 got_request_exception.send(self, exception=e)
                
    h. 触发信号 request_tearing_down
    ```
    
    自定义信号(了解):
    
    ```python
    from flask import Flask, current_app, flash, render_template
    from flask.signals import _signals
    app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
    
    # 自定义信号
    xxxxx = _signals.signal('xxxxx')
     
    def func(sender, *args, **kwargs):
        print(sender)
    # 自定义信号中注册函数
    xxxxx.connect(func)
    @app.route("/x")
    def index():
        # 触发信号
        xxxxx.send('123123', k1='v1')
        return 'Index' 
     
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    ```
    
    
    
    ## 19.多app应用
    
    ```python
    from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    from flask import Flask, current_app
    app1 = Flask('app01')
    app2 = Flask('app02')
    
    @app1.route('/index')
    def index():
        return "app01"
    
    @app2.route('/index2')
    def index2():
        return "app2"
    
    # http://www.oldboyedu.com/index
    # http://www.oldboyedu.com/sec/index2
    dm = DispatcherMiddleware(app1, {
        '/sec': app2,
    })
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        run_simple('localhost', 5000, dm)
    
    ```
    
    ## 20.flask-script
    
    用于实现类似于django中 python3 manage.py runserver  ...类似的命令
    
    安装:pip3 install flask-script
    
    ###使用
    
    ```python
    from flask_script import Manager
    app = Flask(__name__)
    manager=Manager(app)
    ...
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        manager.run()
    #以后在执行,直接:python3 manage.py runserver
    #python3 manage.py runserver --help
    ```
    
    ### 自定制命令
    
    ```python
    @manager.command
    def custom(arg):
        """
        自定义命令
        python manage.py custom 123
        :param arg:
        :return:
        """
        print(arg)
    
    
    @manager.option('-n', '--name', dest='name')
    #@manager.option('-u', '--url', dest='url')
    def cmd(name, url):
        """
        自定义命令(-n也可以写成--name)
        执行: python manage.py  cmd -n lqz -u http://www.oldboyedu.com
        执行: python manage.py  cmd --name lqz --url http://www.oldboyedu.com
        :param name:
        :param url:
        :return:
        """
        print(name, url)
    #有什么用?
    #把excel的数据导入数据库,定制个命令,去执行
    ```
    
    ## 
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    # 
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/tangda/p/11202326.html
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