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  • 用户管理

    用户管理

    ========================================================
    groupadd,groupdel
    useradd,usermod,userdel
    passwd,chage


    一、用户/组基本概念
    Users and groups:
    . Every process (running program) on the system runs as a particular user.
    . Every file is owned by a particular user.
    . Access to files and directories are restricted by user.
    . The user associated with a running process determines the files and directories accessible to that process.

    查看当前登录的用户信息:
    [root@CentOS ~]# id
    uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)

    查看文件的owner:
    [root@CentOS ~]# ll /home/
    drwx------. 4 alice alice 4096 Jun 2 15:59 alice
    drwx------. 2 root root 16384 Jun 1 23:09 lost+found
    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 2 15:33 CentOS

    查看运行进程的username:
    [root@CentOS ~]# ps aux |less
    USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
    root 1 0.0 0.0 19360 1536 ? Ss 13:29 0:00 /sbin/init
    root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 13:29 0:00 [kthreadd]
    root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 13:29 0:00 [migration/0]
    root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 13:29 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]

    和用户组相关的一些文件:
    /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
    用户名:x:uid:gid:描述:HOME:shell
    /etc/shadow root:$1$MYG2NDG6$a1wtyr5GDM2esAPjug0YP0:15636:0:99999:7:: :
    $id$salt$encrypted
    /etc/group root:x:0:

    [root@CentOS ~]# man 5 passwd
    [root@CentOS ~]# man 5 shadow
    [root@CentOS ~]# man 5 group
    [root@CentOS ~]# man 3 crypt

    加密算法$id:
    $1: MD5
    $5: SHA-256
    $6: SHA-512

    系统约定: RHEL6
    uid: 0 特权用户
    uid: 1~499 系统用户
    uid: 500+ 普通用户

    The root user

    . uid is 0
    . all power
    . This user has the power to override normal privileges on the file system
    . installing or removing software and to manage system files and directorie
    . Most devices can only be controlled by root


    二、给普通用户提权
    以下两种方式都可以将普通用户提升为root
    1.

    Switching users with su


    [alice@CentOS ~]$ useradd u1
    -bash: /usr/sbin/useradd: 权限不够
    [alice@CentOS ~]$ su - root
    password:
    [root@CentOS ~]# useradd u1

    2.

    Running commands as root with sudo


    以root身份授权普通用户
    [root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/sudoers
    %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

    [root@CentOS ~]# useradd yangyang -G wheel
    [root@CentOS ~]# id yangyang
    uid=504(yangyang) gid=504(yangyang) 组=504(yangyang),10(wheel)

    [yangyang@CentOS ~]$ useradd gougou10
    -bash: /usr/sbin/useradd: 权限不够
    [yangyang@CentOS ~]$ sudo useradd gougou10
    [yangyang@CentOS ~]$ id gougou10
    uid=505(gougou10) gid=505(gougou10) 组=505(gougou10)


    三、用户/组管理
    用户组:
    [root@CentOS ~]# groupadd hr
    [root@CentOS ~]# groupadd sale
    [root@CentOS ~]# groupadd it
    [root@CentOS ~]# groupadd fd
    [root@CentOS ~]# groupadd market
    [root@CentOS ~]# groupadd net01 -g 2000 //添加组net01,并指定gid 2000
    [root@CentOS ~]# grep 'net01' /etc/group //查看/etc/group中组net01信息
    [root@CentOS ~]# groupdel net01 //删除组net01


    用户:
    useradd creates users
    ==创建用户 未指定选项==
    [root@CentOS ~]# useradd user01
    . 未指定该用户的主组
    . 未指定该用户的附加组
    . 未指定用户的HOME
    . 未指定用户的SHELL
    . 未指定用户的UID...
    [root@CentOS ~]# grep 'user01' /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group
    /etc/passwd:user01:x:507:512::/home/user01:/bin/bash
    /etc/shadow:user01:!!:16589:0:99999:7:::
    /etc/group:user01:x:512:

    [root@CentOS ~]# id user01
    uid=507(user01) gid=512(user01) groups=512(user01)

    [root@CentOS ~]# ls /var/spool/mail/user01
    /var/spool/mail/user01

    小结:
    如果创建一个用户时,未指定任何选项,系统会创建一个和用户名相同的组作为用户的Primary Group.

    ==创建用户 指定选项==
    [root@CentOS ~]# useradd user02 -u 503 //创建用户usr02,指定uid
    [root@CentOS ~]# useradd user03 -d /aaa //创建用户user03 指定家目录
    [root@CentOS ~]# useradd user05 -s /sbin/nologin //创建用户并指定shell
    [root@CentOS ~]# useradd user07 -G hr,it,fd //创建用户,指定附加组
    [root@CentOS ~]# useradd user10 -u 4000 -s /sbin/nologin

    userdel deletes users
    ==删除用户==
    [root@CentOS ~]# userdel user10 //删除用户user10,但不删除用户家目录和mail spool
    [root@CentOS ~]# ll -d /home/user10/
    drwx------ 3 506 510 4096 09-01 21:14 /home/user10/
    [root@CentOS ~]# ll /var/spool/mail/user10
    -rw-rw---- 1 506 mail 0 09-01 21:14 /var/spool/mail/user10

    [root@CentOS ~]# userdel -r user2 //删除用户user2,同时删除用户家目录和mail spool

    ==用户密码==
    [root@CentOS ~]# passwd alice
    [zhuzhu@CentOS ~]$ passwd


    usermod modifies existing users
    ==组成员管理==
    注意:只针对已存在的用户
    [root@CentOS ~]# usermod -G hr niuniu2 //覆盖原有的附加组
    [root@CentOS ~]# usermod -G fd,it niuniu2
    [root@CentOS ~]# usermod -aG hr niuniu2 //增加新的附加组

    ==其它选项管理==
    [root@CentOS ~]# usermod -s /sbin/nologin niuniu2


    四、扩展知识
    useradd创建用户时,参照的文件...
    [root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/login.defs
    MAIL_DIR /var/spool/mail
    PASS_MAX_DAYS 30
    PASS_MIN_DAYS 0
    PASS_MIN_LEN 5
    PASS_WARN_AGE 7
    CREATE_HOME yes
    ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512

    [root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/default/useradd
    SHELL=/sbin/nologin

    # chage -m 0 -M 90 -W 7 -I 14 username
    chage -d 0 username will force a password update on next login.
    chage -l username will list a username's current settings.
    chage -E YYYY-MM-DD will expire an account on a specific day.


    手动创建用户示例:
    [root@CentOS~]# useradd maomao100
    [root@CentOS~]# echo 123456 |passwd --stdin maomao100
    [root@CentOS~]# chage -d 0 maomao100 //强制用户在下一次登录时修改密码

    将多个用户加入到指定的组:
    [root@CentOS~]# gpasswd -a jack wheel //usermod -aG hr zhuzhu
    [root@CentOS~]# gpasswd -M zhuzhu,maomao100 hr
    [root@CentOS~]# gpasswd -d zhuzhu hr

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/thelovelybugfly/p/11720738.html
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