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  • 【十分钟教会你汇编】MIPS编程入门(妈妈说标题要高大上,才会有人看>_<!)

      无意中找到一篇十分好用,而且篇幅也不是很大的入门教程,通篇阅后,再把“栗子”敲一遍,基本可以有一个比较理性的认识,从而方便更好地进一步深入学习。

    废话不多说,上干货(英语好的直接跳过本人的渣翻译了哈——!纯本人手打原创,有错请指教,要转载请声明出处,谢~~):

    MIPS Architecture and Assembly Language Overview

    MIPS架构及其汇编初步

    (开始之前稍微再提下,整体分为4个结构:)

      1: 寄存器种类;

      2: 算术及寻址指令

      3: 程序结构

      4: 系统调用 

    Data Types and Literals

    数据类型

    • 所有MIPS指令都是32位长的
    • 各单位:1字节=8位,半字长=2个字节,1字长=4个字节
    • 一个字符空间=1个字节
    • 一个整型=一个字长=4个字节
    • 单个字符用单引号,例如:'b'
    • 字符串用双引号,例如:"A string"

    Registers

    寄存器

        • MIPS下一共有32个通用寄存器
        • 在汇编中,寄存器标志由$符开头
        • 寄存器表示可以有两种方式
        • 直接使用该寄存器对应的编号,例如:从$0到$31
        • 使用对应的寄存器名称,例如:$t1, $sp(详细含义,下文有表格
        对于乘法和除法分别有对应的两个寄存器$lo, $hi
        • 对于以上二者,不存在直接寻址;必须要通过mfhi("move from hi")以及mflo("move from lo")分别来进行访问对应的内容
        • 栈的走向是从高地址到低地址
    MIPS下各个寄存器编号及描述:

    Register
    Number

    寄存器编号

    Alternative 
    Name

    寄存器名

    Description

    寄存器用途

    0
    zero

    the value 0

    永远返回零

    1
    $at

    (assembler temporary) reserved by the assembler

    汇编保留寄存器(不可做其他用途)

    2-3
    $v0 - $v1

    (values) from expression evaluation and function results

    Value简写)存储表达式或者是函数的返回值

    4-7
    $a0 - $a3

    (arguments) First four parameters for subroutine.
    Not preserved across procedure calls

    Argument简写)存储子程序的前4个参数,在子程序调用过程中释放

    8-15
    $t0 - $t7

    (temporaries) Caller saved if needed. Subroutines can use w/out saving.
    Not preserved across procedure calls

    Temp简写)临时变量,同上调用时不保存

    16-23
    $s0 - $s7

    (saved values) - Callee saved. 
    A subroutine using one of these must save original and restore it before exiting.
    Preserved across procedure calls

    Saved or Static简写?)静态变量?调用时保存

    24-25
    $t8 - $t9

    (temporaries) Caller saved if needed. Subroutines can use w/out saving.
    These are in addition to $t0 - $t7 above.
    Not preserved across procedure calls.

    Temp简写)算是前面$0~$7的一个继续,属性同$t0~$t7

    26-27
    $k0 - $k1

    reserved for use by the interrupt/trap handler

    (breaK off简写?)中断函数返回值,不可做其他用途

    28
    $gp

    global pointer. 
    Points to the middle of the 64K block of memory in the static data segment.

    Global Pointer简写)指向64k(2^16)大小的静态数据块的中间地址(字面上好像就是这个意思,块的中间)

    29
    $sp

    stack pointer 
    Points to last location on the stack.

    (Stack Pointer简写)栈指针,指向的是栈顶

    30
    $s8/$fp

    saved value / frame pointer
    Preserved across procedure calls

    (Saved/Frame Pointer简写)帧指针

    31
    $ra

    return address

    返回地址,目测也是不可做其他用途

    Program Structure

    程序结构

    • 本质其实就只是数据声明+普通文本+程序编码(文件后缀为.s,或者.asm也行)
    • 数据声明在代码段之后(其实在其之前也没啥问题,也更符合高级程序设计的习惯)

    Data Declarations

    数据声明

    • 数据段以 .data为开始标志
    • 声明变量后,即在主存中分配空间。

    Code

    代码

    • 代码段以 .text为开始标志
    • 其实就是各项指令操作
    • 程序入口为main:标志(这个都一样啦)
    • 程序结束标志(详见下文)

    Comments

    注释

    • 同C系语言
        • MIPS程序的基本模板如下:
          # Comment giving name of program and description of function
          # 说明下程序的目的和作用(其实和高级语言都差不多了) # Template.s #Bare-bones outline of MIPS assembly language program
          .data # variable declarations follow this line
               # 数据变量声明 # ... .text # instructions follow this line # 代码段部分 main: # indicates start of code (first instruction to execute)
          # 主程序 # ... # End of program, leave a blank line afterwards to make SPIM happy
          # 必须多给你一行,你才欢?

      

    Data Declarations

    数据声明

    format for declarations:

    声明的格式:

    name:	                storage_type	value(s)	
    变量名:(冒号别少了) 数据类型 变量值
      • create storage for variable of specified type with given name and specified value
      • value(s) usually gives initial value(s); for storage type .space, gives number of spaces to be allocated
      • 通常给变量赋一个初始值;对于.space,需要指明需要多少大小空间(bytes)

    Note: labels always followed by colon ( : )

    example
    	
    var1:		.word	3	# create a single integer variable with initial value 3
                       # 声明一个 word 类型的变量 var1, 同时给其赋值为 3 array1: .byte 'a','b' # create a 2-element character array with elements initialized # to a and b
                       # 声明一个存储2个字符的数组 array1,并赋值 'a', 'b' array2: .space 40 # allocate 40 consecutive bytes, with storage uninitialized # could be used as a 40-element character array, or a # 10-element integer array; a comment should indicate which!
                       # 为变量 array2 分配 40字节(bytes)未使用的连续空间,当然,对于这个变量
                       # 到底要存放什么类型的值, 最好事先声明注释下!

    Load / Store Instructions

    加载/保存(也许这里写成读取/写入 可能更易理解一点) 指令集

    • 如果要访问内存,不好意思,你只能用 load 或者 store 指令
    • 其他的只能都一律是寄存器操作

    load:

    	lw	register_destination, RAM_source

    #copy word (4 bytes) at source RAM location to destination register.

    从内存中 复制 RAM_source 的内容到 对应的寄存器中

    (lw中的'w'意为'word',即该数据大小为4个字节)

    	lb	register_destination, RAM_source

    #copy byte at source RAM location to low-order byte of destination register,
    # and sign-e.g.tend to higher-order bytes

    同上, lb 意为 load byte

    store word:

    	sw	register_source, RAM_destination

    #store word in source register into RAM destination

    #将指定寄存器中的数据 写入 到指定的内存中

    	sb	register_source, RAM_destination

    #store byte (low-order) in source register into RAM destination

    load immediate:

    	li	register_destination, value

    #load immediate value into destination register

    顾名思义,这里的 li 意为 load immediate

    example:
    	.data
    var1:	.word	23		# declare storage for var1; initial value is 23
                       # 先声明一个 word 型的变量 var1 = 3;
    	.text
    __start:
    	lw	$t0, var1	# load contents of RAM location into register $t0:  $t0 = var1
                       # 令寄存器 $t0 = var1 = 3; li $t1, 5 # $t1 = 5 ("load immediate")
                       # 令寄存器 $t1 = 5; sw $t1, var1 # store contents of register $t1 into RAM: var1 = $t1
                       # 将var1的值修改为$t1中的值: var1 = $t1 = 5; done

    Indirect and Based Addressing

    立即与间接寻址

    load address:

    直接给地址

    	la	$t0, var1
    • copy RAM address of var1 (presumably a label defined in the program) into register $t0

    indirect addressing:

    地址是寄存器的内容(可以理解为指针)

    	lw	$t2, ($t0)
    • load word at RAM address contained in $t0 into $t2
    	sw	$t2, ($t0)
    • store word in register $t2 into RAM at address contained in $t0

    based or indexed addressing:

    +偏移量

    	lw	$t2, 4($t0)
    • load word at RAM address ($t0+4) into register $t2
    • "4" gives offset from address in register $t0
    	sw	$t2, -12($t0)
    • store word in register $t2 into RAM at address ($t0 - 12)
    • negative offsets are fine

    Note: based addressing is especially useful for:

    不必多说,要用到偏移量的寻址,基本上使用最多的场景无非两种:数组,栈。

    • arrays; access elements as offset from base address
    • stacks; easy to access elements at offset from stack pointer or frame pointer
    example:
    栗子: .data array1: .space 12 # declare 12 bytes of storage to hold array of 3 integers
                            # 定义一个 12字节 长度的数组 array1, 容纳 3个整型 .text __start: la $t0, array1 # load base address of array into register $t0
                            # 让 $t0 = 数组首地址 li $t1, 5 # $t1 = 5 ("load immediate") sw $t1, ($t0) # first array element set to 5; indirect addressing
                            # 对于 数组第一个元素赋值 array[0] = $1 = 5 li $t1, 13 # $t1 = 13 sw $t1, 4($t0) # second array element set to 13
                            # 对于 数组第二个元素赋值 array[1] = $1 = 13
                            # (该数组中每个元素地址相距长度就是自身数据类型长度,即4字节, 所以对于array+4就是array[1]) li $t1, -7 # $t1 = -7 sw $t1, 8($t0) # third array element set to -7
                            # 同上, array+8 = (address[array[0])+4)+ 4 = address(array[1]) + 4 = address(array[2]) done

    Arithmetic Instructions

    算术指令集

    • 最多3个操作数
    • 再说一遍,在这里,操作数只能是寄存器,绝对不允许出现地址
    • 所有指令统一是32位 = 4 * 8 bit = 4bytes = 1 word

      add $t0,$t1,$t2 # $t0 = $t1 + $t2; add as signed (2's complement) integers

    		sub	$t2,$t3,$t4	#  $t2 = $t3 Ð $t4
    		addi	$t2,$t3, 5	#  $t2 = $t3 + 5;   "add immediate" (no sub immediate)
    		addu	$t1,$t6,$t7	#  $t1 = $t6 + $t7;   add as unsigned integers
    		subu	$t1,$t6,$t7	#  $t1 = $t6 + $t7;   subtract as unsigned integers
    
    		mult	$t3,$t4		#  multiply 32-bit quantities in $t3 and $t4, and store 64-bit
    					#  result in special registers Lo and Hi:  (Hi,Lo) = $t3 * $t4
                             运算结果存储在hi,lo(hi高位数据, lo地位数据) div $t5,$t6 # Lo = $t5 / $t6 (integer quotient) # Hi = $t5 mod $t6 (remainder)
                             商数存放在 lo, 余数存放在 hi mfhi $t0 # move quantity in special register Hi to $t0: $t0 = Hi
                             不能直接获取 hi 或 lo中的值, 需要mfhi, mflo指令传值给寄存器 mflo $t1 # move quantity in special register Lo to $t1: $t1 = Lo # used to get at result of product or quotient
    move $t2,$t3 # $t2 = $t3

    Control Structures

    控制流

    Branches

    分支(if else系列)

    • comparison for conditional branches is built into instruction
    		b	target		#  unconditional branch to program label target
    		beq	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 = $t1
    		blt	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 < $t1
    		ble	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 <= $t1
    		bgt	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 > $t1
    		bge	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 >= $t1
    		bne	$t0,$t1,target	#  branch to target if  $t0 <> $t1
    

    Jumps

    跳转(while, for, goto系列)

    		j	target	     #  unconditional jump to program label target
                            看到就跳, 不用考虑任何条件
    jr $t3 # jump to address contained in $t3 ("jump register")
                              类似相对寻址,跳到该寄存器给出的地址处

    Subroutine Calls

    子程序调用

    subroutine call: "jump and link" instruction

    	jal	sub_label	#  "jump and link"
    • copy program counter (return address) to register $ra (return address register)
    • 将当前的程序计数器保存到 $ra 中
    • jump to program statement at sub_label

    subroutine return: "jump register" instruction

    	jr	$ra	#  "jump register"
    • jump to return address in $ra (stored by jal instruction)
    • 通过上面保存在  $ra 中的计数器返回调用前

    Note: return address stored in register $ra; if subroutine will call other subroutines, or is recursive, return address should be copied from $ra onto stack to preserve it, since jal always places return address in this register and hence will overwrite previous value

    如果说调用的子程序中有调用了其他子程序,如此往复, 则返回地址的标记就用 栈(stack) 来存储, 毕竟 $ra 只有一个, (哥哥我分身乏术啊~~)。


    System Calls and I/O (SPIM Simulator)

      系统调用 与 输入/输出(主要针对SPIM模拟器)

     (本人使用的是Mars 4.4,也通用--!)

    • 通过系统调用实现终端的输入输出,以及声明程序结束
    • 学会使用 syscall
    • 参数所使用的寄存器:$v0, $a0,  $a1
    • 返回值使用: $v0

    下表给出了系统调用中对应功能,代码,参数机返回值

    Service

    Code
    in $v0

    对应功能的调用码

    Arguments

    所需参数

    Results

    返回值

    print_int

    打印一个整型

    $v0 = 1

    $a0 = integer to be printed

    将要打印的整型赋值给 $a0

     

    print_float

    打印一个浮点

    $v0 = 2

    $f12 = float to be printed

    将要打印的浮点赋值给 $f12

     

    print_double

    打印双精度

    $v0 = 3

    $f12 = double to be printed

    将要打印的双精度赋值给 $f12

     
    print_string
    $v0 = 4

    $a0 = address of string in memory

    将要打印的字符串的地址赋值给 $a0

     
    read_int
    $v0 = 5
     

    integer returned in $v0

    将读取的整型赋值给 $v0

    read_float

    读取浮点

    $v0 = 6
     

    float returned in $v0

    将读取的浮点赋值给 $v0

    read_double

    读取双精度

    $v0 = 7
     

    double returned in $v0

    将读取的双精度赋值给 $v0

    read_string

    读取字符串

    $v0 = 8

    $a0 = memory address of string input buffer

    将读取的字符串地址赋值给 $a0
    $a1 = length of string buffer (n)

    将读取的字符串长度赋值给 $a1

     

    sbrk

    应该同C中的sbrk()函数

    动态分配内存

    $v0 = 9

    $a0 = amount

    需要分配的空间大小(单位目测是字节 bytes)

    address in $v0

    将分配好的空间首地址给 $v0

    exit

    退出

    $v0 =10
     你懂得  
      • 大概意思是要打印的字符串应该有一个终止符,估计类似C中的'', 在这里我们只要声明字符串为 .asciiz 类型即可。下面给个我用Mars4.4的提示:
      • .ascii 与 .asciiz唯一区别就是 后者会在字符串最后自动加上一个终止符, 仅此而已
      • The read_int, read_float and read_double services read an entire line of input up to and including the newline character.
      • 对于读取整型, 浮点型,双精度的数据操作, 系统会读取一整行,(也就是说以换行符为标志 ' ')
      • The read_string service has the same semantices as the UNIX library routine fgets.
        • It reads up to n-1 characters into a buffer and terminates the string with a null character.
        • If fewer than n-1 characters are in the current line, it reads up to and including the newline and terminates the string with a null character.
        • 这个不多说了,反正就是输入过长就截取,过短就这样,最后都要加一个终止符。
      • The sbrk service returns the address to a block of memory containing n additional bytes. This would be used for dynamic memory allocation.
      • 上边的表里已经说得很清楚了。
      • The exit service stops a program from running.
      • 你懂得。。。
    e.g. Print out integer value contained in register $t2
    栗子: 打印一个存储在寄存器 $2 里的整型
    li $v0, 1 # load appropriate system call code into register $v0;
                                 
    声明需要调用的操作代码为 1 (print_int) 并赋值给 $v0 # code for printing integer is 1 move $a0, $t2 # move integer to be printed into $a0: $a0 = $t2
                                 
    将要打印的整型赋值给 $a0 syscall # call operating system to perform operation
    e.g. Read integer value, store in RAM location with label int_value (presumably declared in data section)
    栗子: 读取一个数,并且存储到内存中的 int_value 变量中
    li $v0, 5 # load appropriate system call code into register $v0; # code for reading integer is 5
                                 
    声明需要调用的操作代码为 5 (read_int) 并赋值给 $v0  syscall # call operating system to perform operation、
                                 
    经过读取操作后, $v0 的值已经变成了 输入的 5 sw $v0, int_value # value read from keyboard returned in register $v0; # store this in desired location
                                 
    通过写入(store_word)指令 将 $v0的值(5) 存入 内存中          e.g. Print out string (useful for prompts)
    栗子: 打印一个字符串(这是完整的,其实上面栗子都可以直接替换main: 部分,都能直接运行) .data string1 .asciiz "Print this. " # declaration for string variable, # .asciiz directive makes string null terminated .text main: li $v0, 4 # load appropriate system call code into register $v0; # code for printing string is 4
                                
    打印字符串, 赋值对应的操作代码 $v0 = 4 la $a0, string1 # load address of string to be printed into $a0
                                 
    将要打印的字符串地址赋值 $a0 = address(string1) syscall # call operating system to perform print operation
    e.g. To indicate end of program, use exit system call; thus last lines of program should be:
    执行到这里, 程序结束, 立马走人, 管他后边洪水滔天~~ li $v0, 10      # system call code for exit = 10 syscall # call operating sys

    -------------------------------------------------
    我是那个分呀分呀分割线--------------------------------------------------------------------------

    OK, 十分轻松又愉快的MIPS入门之旅到此告一段落, 下面我把用到的一些软件和这篇文章的原文链接贴到下边,有需要的, 各位客官自取哈~~~

    1.Mars4.4
    2.PCSpim Simulator
    3.《MIPS Qucik Tutorial》

    你都看到这里了, 难道还怕点那么一个赞么~~~~~  


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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/thoupin/p/4018455.html
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