Akka（34）： Http：Unmarshalling，from Json

  Unmarshalling是Akka-http内把网上可传输格式的数据转变成程序高级结构话数据的过程，比如把Json数据转换成某个自定义类型的实例。按具体流程来说就是先把Json转换成可传输格式数据如：MessageEntity,HttpRequest,HttpReponse等，然后再转换成程序高级结构数据如classXX实例。Unmarshalling对一个A类实例到B类实例的转换是通过Unmarshaller[A,B]来实现的：

trait Unmarshaller[-A, B] extends akka.http.javadsl.unmarshalling.Unmarshaller[A, B] {...}
object Unmarshaller
  extends GenericUnmarshallers
  with PredefinedFromEntityUnmarshallers
  with PredefinedFromStringUnmarshallers {

  // format: OFF

  //#unmarshaller-creation
  /**
   * Creates an `Unmarshaller` from the given function.
   */
  def apply[A, B](f: ExecutionContext ⇒ A ⇒ Future[B]): Unmarshaller[A, B] =
    withMaterializer(ec => _ => f(ec))
...}

从Unmarshaller的构建函数apply可以估计它的作用应该与函数A=>Future[B]很相似。A代表网上可传输类型如MessageEntity、HttpRequest，B代表某种程序高级数据类型。因为A到B的转换是non-blocking的，所以可以立即返回Future类型结果。Akka-http按被转换对象类型分类命名了下面这些类型别名：

type FromEntityUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[HttpEntity, T]
type FromMessageUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[HttpMessage, T]
type FromResponseUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[HttpResponse, T]
type FromRequestUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[HttpRequest, T]
type FromByteStringUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[ByteString, T]
type FromStringUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[String, T]
type FromStrictFormFieldUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[StrictForm.Field, T]

Akka-http对以下类型提供了自动的Unmarshalling转换： 

PredefinedFromStringUnmarshallers
Byte
Short
Int
Long
Float
Double
Boolean
PredefinedFromEntityUnmarshallers
Array[Byte]
ByteString
Array[Char]
String
akka.http.scaladsl.model.FormData
GenericUnmarshallers
Unmarshaller[T, T] (identity unmarshaller)
Unmarshaller[Option[A], B], if an Unmarshaller[A, B] is available
Unmarshaller[A, Option[B]], if an Unmarshaller[A, B] is available

也就是说Akka-http提供了这些U类型的Unmarshaller[U,B]隐式实例。Akka-http也提供了工具类型Unmarshal：

object Unmarshal {
  def apply[T](value: T): Unmarshal[T] = new Unmarshal(value)
}

class Unmarshal[A](val value: A) {
  /**
   * Unmarshals the value to the given Type using the in-scope Unmarshaller.
   *
   * Uses the default materializer [[ExecutionContext]] if no implicit execution context is provided.
   * If you expect the marshalling to be heavy, it is suggested to provide a specialized context for those operations.
   */
  def to[B](implicit um: Unmarshaller[A, B], ec: ExecutionContext = null, mat: Materializer): Future[B] = {
    val context: ExecutionContext = if (ec == null) mat.executionContext else ec

    um(value)(context, mat)
  }
}

我们可以通过Unmarshal.to[B]把Unmarshal[A]转换成Future[B]。注意：这一步只包括了从网上可传输类型到程序类型转换这一过程，不包括具体实现时的Json转换。下面是一些Unmarshal的用例：

import akka.actor._
import akka.stream._
import akka.http.scaladsl.unmarshalling.Unmarshal
import akka.http.scaladsl.model._
import akka.http.scaladsl.server.Directives._

object Unmarshalling {
  implicit val httpSys = ActorSystem("httpSystem")
  implicit val httpMat = ActorMaterializer()
  implicit val httpEC = httpSys.dispatcher

  val futInt = Unmarshal(43).to[Int]
  val futBoolean = Unmarshal("0").to[Boolean]
  val futString = Unmarshal(HttpEntity("Hello")).to[String]
  val futHello = Unmarshal(HttpRequest(method = HttpMethods.GET, entity = HttpEntity("hello")))

}

以上都是已知类型之间转换，可能没什么实际用途，不像marshalling：中间层Marshalling有实际转换的需要。Unmarshalling可以直接进行Json到自定义类型之间的转换，如：

 val route = (path("User") & post) { entity(as[User]){ user =>
    complete(Future(s"inserting user: $user"))
  }} ~
    (path("Item"/IntNumber) & put) { id => entity(as[Item]){ item =>
      complete(Future(s"update item $id: $item"))
    }}

以上是通过Directive as[???]实现的：

 /**
   * Returns the in-scope [[FromRequestUnmarshaller]] for the given type.
   *
   * @group marshalling
   */
  def as[T](implicit um: FromRequestUnmarshaller[T]) = um

这需要把FromRequestUmarshaller[T]放在可视域内，FromRequestUmarshaller[T]实际是Unmarshaller[T,B]的别名： 

type FromRequestUnmarshaller[T] = Unmarshaller[HttpRequest, T]

在上篇讨论我们介绍了Akka-http的Marshalling是type-class模式的。其中关键可以参考上篇讨论。现在我们需要这些Unmarshaller的隐式实例：

trait Formats extends SprayJsonSupport with DefaultJsonProtocol
object Converters extends Formats {
  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  case class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  implicit val itemFormat = jsonFormat3(Item.apply)
  implicit val userFormat = jsonFormat2(User.apply)
}

object Unmarshalling {
  import Converters._
...

如果使用Json4s的实现方式，我们需要如下提供这些隐式实例：

trait JsonCodec extends Json4sSupport {
  import org.json4s.DefaultFormats
  import org.json4s.ext.JodaTimeSerializers
  implicit val serilizer = jackson.Serialization
  implicit val formats = DefaultFormats ++ JodaTimeSerializers.all
}
object JsConverters extends JsonCodec

Json4s的具体用例如下：

  import scala.collection.mutable._
  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  object AnyPic {
    val area = 10
    val title = "a picture"
    val data = ArrayBuffer[Byte](1,2,3)
  }

  val route = (path("User") & post) { entity(as[User]){ user =>
    complete(Future(s"inserting user: $user"))
  }} ~
    (path("Item"/IntNumber) & put) { id => entity(as[Item]){ item =>
      complete(Future(s"update item $id: $item"))
    }} ~
    (path("Picture") & put) { entity(as[AnyPic.type]){ pic =>
      complete(Future(s"insert picture: $pic"))
    }}

从功能上和表达灵活性来讲，Json4s的实现方式要占优。

下面就是本次讨论的示范源代码：

Unmarshalling

import akka.actor._
import akka.stream._
import akka.http.scaladsl.unmarshalling.Unmarshal
import akka.http.scaladsl.model._
import akka.http.scaladsl.server.Directives._
import scala.concurrent._
import akka.http.scaladsl.marshallers.sprayjson._
import spray.json._

trait Formats extends SprayJsonSupport with DefaultJsonProtocol
object Converters extends Formats {
  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  case class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  implicit val itemFormat = jsonFormat3(Item.apply)
  implicit val userFormat = jsonFormat2(User.apply)
}

object Unmarshalling {
  import Converters._
  implicit val httpSys = ActorSystem("httpSystem")
  implicit val httpMat = ActorMaterializer()
  implicit val httpEC = httpSys.dispatcher

  val futInt = Unmarshal(43).to[Int]
  val futBoolean = Unmarshal("0").to[Boolean]
  val futString = Unmarshal(HttpEntity("Hello")).to[String]
  val futHello = Unmarshal(HttpRequest(method = HttpMethods.GET, entity = HttpEntity("hello")))

  val route = (path("User") & post) { entity(as[User]){ user =>
    complete(Future(s"inserting user: $user"))
  }} ~
    (path("Item"/IntNumber) & put) { id => entity(as[Item]){ item =>
      complete(Future(s"update item $id: $item"))
    }}

}

Json4sUnmarshalling

import akka.actor._
import akka.stream._
import akka.http.scaladsl.server.Directives._
import de.heikoseeberger.akkahttpjson4s.Json4sSupport
import org.json4s.jackson
import scala.concurrent._
trait JsonCodec extends Json4sSupport {
  import org.json4s.DefaultFormats
  import org.json4s.ext.JodaTimeSerializers
  implicit val serilizer = jackson.Serialization
  implicit val formats = DefaultFormats ++ JodaTimeSerializers.all
}
object JsConverters extends JsonCodec


object Json4sUnmarshalling {
  import JsConverters._
  implicit val httpSys = ActorSystem("httpSystem")
  implicit val httpMat = ActorMaterializer()
  implicit val httpEC = httpSys.dispatcher

  import scala.collection.mutable._
  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
  class Item(id: Int, name: String, price: Double)
  object AnyPic {
    val area = 10
    val title = "a picture"
    val data = ArrayBuffer[Byte](1,2,3)
  }

  val route = (path("User") & post) { entity(as[User]){ user =>
    complete(Future(s"inserting user: $user"))
  }} ~
    (path("Item"/IntNumber) & put) { id => entity(as[Item]){ item =>
      complete(Future(s"update item $id: $item"))
    }} ~
    (path("Picture") & put) { entity(as[AnyPic.type]){ pic =>
      complete(Future(s"insert picture: $pic"))
    }}
}