GIT使用—创建并使用远程版本库

远程版本库

（1）创建一个裸版本库

[root@localhost tmp]# git init fluff2
Initialized empty Git repository in /tmp/fluff2/.git/
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
fluff2
[root@localhost tmp]# git init --bare fluff
Initialized empty Git repository in /tmp/fluff/
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
fluff  fluff2

（2）远程版本库

Git使用远程版本库和远程追踪分支来引用另一个版本库，并有助于与该版本库建立连接。

常见命令：

• git fetch 从远程版本库抓取对象及其相关的元数据
• git pull 跟fetch类似，但合并修改到相应本地分支
• git push 转移对象及其相关的元数据到远程版本库
• git ls-remote 显示一个给定的远程版本库的引用列表

分支类别：

• 远程追踪分支与远程版本库相关联，专门用来追踪远程版本库中每个分支的变化。
• 本地追踪分支与远程追踪分支相配对。它是一种集成分支，用于收集本地开发和远程追踪分支中的变更。
• 任何本地的非追踪分支通常称为特性或开发分支。
• 为了完成命名空间，远程分支是一个设在非本地的远程版本库的分支。

示例：
创建权威版本库public_html.git
用一个初始版本库填充Depot

[root@localhost tmp]# cd Depot/
[root@localhost Depot]# git clone --bare /root/public_html public_html.git
Initialized empty Git repository in /tmp/Depot/public_html.git/
[root@localhost Depot]# ls
public_html.git

[root@localhost Depot]# cd /root/public_html/
[root@localhost public_html]# ls   #有工作目录
foo.html  index.html  yes.html
[root@localhost public_html]# ls -aF
./  ../  foo.html  .git/  index.html  yes.html
[root@localhost public_html]# ls -aF .git
./   BISECT_ANCESTORS_OK  BISECT_NAMES  branches/       config       HEAD    index  logs/     ORIG_HEAD
../  BISECT_LOG           BISECT_START  COMMIT_EDITMSG  description  hooks/  info/  objects/  refs/
[root@localhost public_html]# cd /tmp/Depot/
[root@localhost Depot]# ls -aF public_html.git/   #没有工作目录
./  ../  branches/  config  description  HEAD  hooks/  info/  objects/  packed-refs  refs/

[root@localhost Depot]# cd public_html.git/
[root@localhost public_html.git]# cat config 
[core]
	repositoryformatversion = 0
	filemode = true
	bare = true

因为在克隆过程中使用了--bare选项，所以Git没有引入一般默认的origin远程版本库。

制作自己的origin远程版本库

[root@localhost public_html.git]# cd /root/public_html/
[root@localhost public_html]# cat .git/config 
[core]
	repositoryformatversion = 0
	filemode = true
	bare = false
	logallrefupdates = true
[root@localhost public_html]# git remote add origin /tmp/Depot/public_html
[root@localhost public_html]# cat .git/config
[core]
	repositoryformatversion = 0
	filemode = true
	bare = false
	logallrefupdates = true
[remote "origin"]
	url = /tmp/Depot/public_html
	fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*

在远程版本库中建立新的远程追踪分支，代表来自远程版本库的分支，以完成建立origin远程版本库进程

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch -a
* master
  newtest
  testing
[root@localhost public_html]# git remote update
Fetching origin
From /tmp/Depot/public_html
 * [new branch]      master     -> origin/master
 * [new branch]      newtest    -> origin/newtest
 * [new branch]      testing    -> origin/testing
[root@localhost public_html]# git branch -a
* master
  newtest
  testing
  remotes/origin/master  #远程追踪分支：掌握和跟踪远程版本苦苦master分支中的提交
  remotes/origin/newtest
  remotes/origin/testing

在版本库中进行开发

[root@localhost public_html]# git show-branch -a
* [master] add test.txt
 ! [newtest] newtest yes
  ! [testing] newtest yes
   ! [origin/master] add test.txt
    ! [origin/newtest] newtest yes
     ! [origin/testing] newtest yes
------
 ++ ++ [newtest] newtest yes
 ++ ++ [newtest^] removed test.txt
*+++++ [master] add test.txt
[root@localhost public_html]# vim fuzzy.txt
[root@localhost public_html]# cat fuzzy.txt 
Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear
Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair
Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn't very fuzzy,
Was he?
[root@localhost public_html]# git add fuzzy.txt 
[root@localhost public_html]# git commit -m "add fuzzy"
[master 5571b42] add fuzzy
 1 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 fuzzy.txt
[root@localhost public_html]# git show-branch -a
* [master] add fuzzy
 ! [newtest] newtest yes
  ! [testing] newtest yes
   ! [origin/master] add test.txt
    ! [origin/newtest] newtest yes
     ! [origin/testing] newtest yes
------
*      [master] add fuzzy
 ++ ++ [newtest] newtest yes
 ++ ++ [newtest^] removed test.txt
*+++++ [origin/master] add test.txt

推送变更

[root@localhost public_html]# git push origin master
Counting objects: 4, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 362 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /tmp/Depot/public_html
   b0b257c..5571b42  master -> master

Git提取master分支的变更，将它们捆绑在一起，发送到名为origin的远程版本库中。

探测远程版本库并验证是否更新

在本地
[root@localhost public_html]# cd /tmp/Depot/public_html.git/
[root@localhost public_html.git]# git show-branch
! [master] add fuzzy
 * [newtest] newtest yes
  ! [testing] newtest yes
---
+   [master] add fuzzy
 *+ [newtest] newtest yes
 *+ [newtest^] removed test.txt
+*+ [master^] add test.txt

在不同物理机
[root@localhost public_html.git]# git ls-remote origin
然后用git rev-parse HEAD或git show ID来展示那些与当前本地分支匹配的提交ID

添加新的开发人员

[root@localhost tmp]# mkdir bobo
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
bobo  Depot  fluff  fluff2
[root@localhost tmp]# cd bobo/
[root@localhost bobo]# ls
[root@localhost bobo]# git clone /tmp/Depot/public_html.git
Initialized empty Git repository in /tmp/bobo/public_html/.git/
[root@localhost bobo]# ls
public_html
[root@localhost bobo]# cd public_html/
[root@localhost public_html]# ls   #这里因为这前建立origin时原版本库在newtest分支上
foo.html  index.html  yes.html
[root@localhost public_html]# git branch
* newtest
[root@localhost public_html]# ls -aF
./  ../  foo.html  .git/  index.html  yes.html
[root@localhost public_html]# cd .git/
[root@localhost .git]# ls
branches  config  description  HEAD  hooks  index  info  logs  objects  packed-refs  refs
[root@localhost .git]# cat config 
[core]
	repositoryformatversion = 0
	filemode = true
	bare = false
	logallrefupdates = true
[remote "origin"]
	fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
	url = /tmp/Depot/public_html.git
[branch "newtest"]   #此时有一个默认的远程版本库
	remote = origin
	merge = refs/heads/newtest
[root@localhost .git]# git remote show origin
* remote origin
  Fetch URL: /tmp/Depot/public_html.git
  Push  URL: /tmp/Depot/public_html.git
  HEAD branch (remote HEAD is ambiguous, may be one of the following):
    newtest
    testing
  Remote branches:
    master  tracked
    newtest tracked
    testing tracked
  Local branch configured for 'git pull':
    newtest merges with remote newtest
  Local ref configured for 'git push':
    newtest pushes to newtest (up to date)

[root@localhost public_html]# git branch -a
* newtest
  remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/newtest  #远程版本库认为的活动分支
  remotes/origin/master
  remotes/origin/newtest
  remotes/origin/testing

修改提交，推送到仓库中的主版本库

[root@localhost public_html]# cat yes.html 
AAAAAA
[root@localhost public_html]# vim yes.html 
[root@localhost public_html]# cat yes.html 
BBBBBBB

[root@localhost public_html]# git diff
diff --git a/yes.html b/yes.html
index b068058..6a4ca1b 100644
--- a/yes.html
+++ b/yes.html
@@ -1 +1 @@
-AAAAAA
+BBBBBBB
[root@localhost public_html]# git commit yes.html 
[newtest c24a693] change yes.html
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)

[root@localhost public_html]# git push
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 253 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
To /tmp/Depot/public_html.git
   b488b19..c24a693  newtest -> newtest

获取版本库更新
（当其他人更新了文件，这时你需要刷新克隆版本库）

[root@localhost public_html]# git pull

pull意味着先执行fetch，然后执行merge或rebase。
push和fetch都负责在版本库之间传输数据，但方向相反。

（3）图解远程版本库开发周期
最初的开发

克隆产生两个单独的版本库

交替的历史记录

获取交替记录

合并历史记录

推送合并后的历史记录