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  • Swift3.0P1 语法指南——控制流

    原档:https://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/ios/documentation/Swift/Conceptual/Swift_Programming_Language/ControlFlow.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40014097-CH9-ID120

    1、For循环

    (1)for in

    使用for-in来遍历一个集合里的元素。

    1 for index in 1...5 {
    2     print("(index) times 5 is (index * 5)")
    3 }
    4 // 1 times 5 is 5
    5 // 2 times 5 is 10
    6 // 3 times 5 is 15
    7 // 4 times 5 is 20
    8 // 5 times 5 is 25

    上面的例子中,index是一个每次循环遍历开始时被自动赋值的常量。这种情况下,index在使用前不需要声明,只需要将它包含在循环的声明中,就可以对其进行隐式声明,而无需使用let关键字声明。

    如果不需要知道区间内每一项的值,你可以使用下划线(_)替代变量名来忽略对值的访问:

    1 let base = 3
    2 let power = 10
    3 var answer = 1
    4 for _ in 1...power {
    5     answer *= base
    6 }
    7 print("(base) to the power of (power) is (answer)")
    8 // prints "3 to the power of 10 is 59049"

    使用for-in遍历一个数组所有元素:

    1 let names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]
    2 for name in names {
    3     print("Hello, (name)!")
    4 }
    5 // Hello, Anna!
    6 // Hello, Alex!
    7 // Hello, Brian!
    8 // Hello, Jack!

    遍历字典:

    1 let numberOfLegs = ["spider": 8, "ant": 6, "cat": 4]
    2 for (animalName, legCount) in numberOfLegs {
    3     print("(animalName)s have (legCount) legs")
    4 }
    5 // ants have 6 legs
    6 // cats have 4 legs
    7 // spiders have 8 legs

    字典元素的遍历顺序和插入顺序可能不同,字典的内容在内部是无序的,所以遍历元素时不能保证顺序。

    (2)for(V2.1)

    除了for-in循环,Swift 提供使用条件判断和递增方法的标准 C 样式for循环:

    1 for var index = 0; index < 3; ++index {
    2     print("index is (index)")
    3 }
    4 // index is 0
    5 // index is 1
    6 // index is 2

    在初始化表达式中声明的常量和变量(比如var index = 0)只在for循环的生命周期里有效。如果想在循环结束后访问index的值,你必须要在循环生命周期开始前声明index

    1 var index: Int
    2 for index = 0; index < 3; ++index {
    3     print("index is (index)")
    4 }
    5 // index is 0
    6 // index is 1
    7 // index is 2
    8 print("The loop statements were executed (index) times")
    9 // prints "The loop statements were executed 3 times"

    2、While循环

    (1)while

     1 var square = 0
     2 var diceRoll = 0
     3 while square < finalSquare {
     4     // 掷骰子
     5     if ++diceRoll == 7 { diceRoll = 1 }
     6     // 根据点数移动
     7     square += diceRoll
     8     if square < board.count {
     9         // 如果玩家还在棋盘上,顺着梯子爬上去或者顺着蛇滑下去
    10         square += board[square]
    11     }
    12 }
    13 print("Game over!")

    (2)repeat-while

    相当于其他语言中的do-while

    1 repeat {
    2     // move up or down for a snake or ladder
    3     square += board[square]
    4     // roll the dice
    5     if ++diceRoll == 7 { diceRoll = 1 }
    6     // move by the rolled amount
    7     square += diceRoll
    8 } while square < finalSquare
    9 print("Game over!")

    3、if

    1 temperatureInFahrenheit = 90
    2 if temperatureInFahrenheit <= 32 {
    3     print("It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.")
    4 } else if temperatureInFahrenheit >= 86 {
    5     print("It's really warm. Don't forget to wear sunscreen.")
    6 } else {
    7     print("It's not that cold. Wear a t-shirt.")
    8 }
    9 // prints "It's really warm. Don't forget to wear sunscreen."

    4、Switch

     1 let someCharacter: Character = "e"
     2 switch someCharacter {
     3 case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u":
     4     print("(someCharacter) is a vowel")
     5 case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m",
     6 "n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z":
     7     print("(someCharacter) is a consonant")
     8 default:
     9     print("(someCharacter) is not a vowel or a consonant")
    10 }
    11 // prints "e is a vowel"

    与 C 语言和 Objective-C 中的switch语句不同,在 Swift 中,当匹配的 case 分支中的代码执行完毕后,程序会终止switch语句,而不会继续执行下一个 case 分支。这也就是说,不需要在 case 分支中显式地使用break语句。这使得switch语句更安全、更易用,也避免了因忘记写break语句而产生的错误。

    每一个 case 分支都必须包含至少一条语句。像下面这样书写代码是无效的,因为第一个 case 分支是空的:

    1 let anotherCharacter: Character = "a"
    2 switch anotherCharacter {
    3 case "a":
    4 case "A":
    5     print("The letter A")
    6 default:
    7     print("Not the letter A")
    8 }
    9 // this will report a compile-time error

    一个 case 也可以包含多个模式,用逗号把它们分开(如果太长了也可以分行写):

    1 switch some value to consider {
    2 case value 1,
    3 value 2:
    4     statements
    5 }

    (1)区间匹配

     1 let approximateCount = 62
     2 let countedThings = "moons orbiting Saturn"
     3 var naturalCount: String
     4 switch approximateCount {
     5 case 0:
     6     naturalCount = "no"
     7 case 1..<5:
     8     naturalCount = "a few"
     9 case 5..<12:
    10     naturalCount = "several"
    11 case 12..<100:
    12     naturalCount = "dozens of"
    13 case 100..<1000:
    14     naturalCount = "hundreds of"
    15 default:
    16     naturalCount = "many"
    17 }
    18 print("There are (naturalCount) (countedThings).")
    19 // prints "There are dozens of moons orbiting Saturn."

    (2)元组

     1 let somePoint = (1, 1)
     2 switch somePoint {
     3 case (0, 0):
     4     print("(0, 0) is at the origin")
     5 case (_, 0):
     6     print("((somePoint.0), 0) is on the x-axis")
     7 case (0, _):
     8     print("(0, (somePoint.1)) is on the y-axis")
     9 case (-2...2, -2...2):
    10     print("((somePoint.0), (somePoint.1)) is inside the box")
    11 default:
    12     print("((somePoint.0), (somePoint.1)) is outside of the box")
    13 }
    14 // prints "(1, 1) is inside the box"

    (3)值绑定

    允许将匹配的值绑定到一个临时的常量或变量,这些常量或变量在该 case 分支里就可以被引用了。

     1 let anotherPoint = (2, 0)
     2 switch anotherPoint {
     3 case (let x, 0):
     4     print("on the x-axis with an x value of (x)")
     5 case (0, let y):
     6     print("on the y-axis with a y value of (y)")
     7 case let (x, y):
     8     print("somewhere else at ((x), (y))")
     9 }
    10 // prints "on the x-axis with an x value of 2"

    (4)Where

    Switch的case分支允许用where子句来作额外的判断:

     1 let yetAnotherPoint = (1, -1)
     2 switch yetAnotherPoint {
     3 case let (x, y) where x == y:
     4     print("((x), (y)) is on the line x == y")
     5 case let (x, y) where x == -y:
     6     print("((x), (y)) is on the line x == -y")
     7 case let (x, y):
     8     print("((x), (y)) is just some arbitrary point")
     9 }
    10 // prints "(1, -1) is on the line x == -y"

    (5)复合case语句

     1             let someCharacter: Character = "e"
     2             switch someCharacter {
     3                 case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u":
     4                     print("(someCharacter) is a vowel")
     5                 case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m",
     6                     "n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z":
     7                     print("(someCharacter) is a consonant")
     8                 default:
     9                     print("(someCharacter) is not a vowel or a consonant")
    10             }
    11             // Prints "e is a vowel"

     在复合case语句中也可以使用值绑定:

    1             let stillAnotherPoint = (9, 0)
    2             switch stillAnotherPoint {
    3                 case (let distance, 0), (0, let distance):
    4                     print("On an axis, (distance) from the origin")
    5                 default:
    6                     print("Not on an axis")
    7             }
    8             // Prints "On an axis, 9 from the origin"

    5、控制转移语句

    (1)continue

    continue语句告诉一个循环体立刻停止本次循环迭代,重新开始下次循环迭代。

     1 let puzzleInput = "great minds think alike"
     2 var puzzleOutput = ""
     3 for character in puzzleInput.characters {
     4     switch character {
     5     case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u", " ":
     6         continue
     7     default:
     8         puzzleOutput.append(character)
     9     }
    10 }
    11 print(puzzleOutput)
    12     // 输出 "grtmndsthnklk"

    (2)break

    当在一个循环体中使用break时,会立刻中断该循环体的执行,然后跳转到表示循环体结束的大括号(})后的第一行代码。

    当在一个switch代码块中使用break时,会立即中断该switch代码块的执行,并且跳转到表示switch代码块结束的大括号(})后的第一行代码。

     1 let numberSymbol: Character = ""  // Simplified Chinese for the number 3
     2 var possibleIntegerValue: Int?
     3 switch numberSymbol {
     4 case "1", "١", "", "":
     5     possibleIntegerValue = 1
     6 case "2", "٢", "", "":
     7     possibleIntegerValue = 2
     8 case "3", "٣", "", "":
     9     possibleIntegerValue = 3
    10 case "4", "٤", "", "":
    11     possibleIntegerValue = 4
    12 default:
    13     break
    14 }
    15 if let integerValue = possibleIntegerValue {
    16     print("The integer value of (numberSymbol) is (integerValue).")
    17 } else {
    18     print("An integer value could not be found for (numberSymbol).")
    19 }
    20 // prints "The integer value of 三 is 3."

    (3)Fallthrough

    Swift 中的switch不会从上一个 case 分支落入到下一个 case 分支中。相反,只要第一个匹配到的 case 分支完成了它需要执行的语句,整个switch代码块完成了它的执行。相比之下,C 语言要求你显示的插入break语句到每个switch分支的末尾来阻止自动落入到下一个 case 分支中。

    如果需要 C 风格的贯穿的特性,可以在每个需要该特性的 case 分支中使用fallthrough关键字:

     1 let integerToDescribe = 5
     2 var description = "The number (integerToDescribe) is"
     3 switch integerToDescribe {
     4 case 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19:
     5     description += " a prime number, and also"
     6     fallthrough
     7 default:
     8     description += " an integer."
     9 }
    10 print(description)
    11 // prints "The number 5 is a prime number, and also an integer."

    注意: fallthrough关键字不会检查它下一个将会落入执行的 case 中的匹配条件。fallthrough简单地使代码执行继续连接到下一个 case 中的执行代码,这和 C 语言标准中的switch语句特性是一样的。

    (4)带Label的语句

    在 Swift 中,可以在循环体和switch代码块中嵌套循环体和switch代码块来创造复杂的控制流结构。然而,循环体和switch代码块两者都可以使用break语句来提前结束整个方法体。因此,显示地指明break语句想要终止的是哪个循环体或者switch代码块,会很有用。类似地,如果你有许多嵌套的循环体,显示指明continue语句想要影响哪一个循环体也会非常有用。

    为了实现这个目的,你可以使用标签来标记一个循环体或者switch代码块,当使用break或者continue时,带上这个标签,可以控制该标签代表对象的中断或者执行。

     1 gameLoop: while square != finalSquare {
     2     if ++diceRoll == 7 { diceRoll = 1 }
     3     switch square + diceRoll {
     4     case finalSquare:
     5         // 到达最后一个方块,游戏结束
     6         break gameLoop
     7     case let newSquare where newSquare > finalSquare:
     8         // 超出最后一个方块,再掷一次骰子
     9         continue gameLoop
    10     default:
    11         // 本次移动有效
    12         square += diceRoll
    13         square += board[square]
    14     }
    15 }
    16 print("Game over!")

    (5)提前退出

    if语句一样,guard语句的执行取决于一个表达式的布尔值。可以用guard语句来要求条件必须为真时执行guard语句后的代码。不同于if语句,一个guard语句总是有一个else分句,如果条件不为真则执行else分局中的代码。

     1 func greet(person: [String: String]) {
     2     guard let name = person["name"] else {
     3         return
     4     }
     5     
     6     print("Hello (name)!")
     7     
     8     guard let location = person["location"] else {
     9         print("I hope the weather is nice near you.")
    10         return
    11     }
    12     
    13     print("I hope the weather is nice in (location).")
    14 }
    15  
    16 greet(["name": "John"])
    17 // prints "Hello John!"
    18 // prints "I hope the weather is nice near you."
    19 greet(["name": "Jane", "location": "Cupertino"])
    20 // prints "Hello Jane!"
    21 // prints "I hope the weather is nice in Cupertino."

    如果条件不被满足,在else分支上的代码就会被执行。这个分支必须转移控制以退出guard语句出现的代码段。它可以用控制转移语句如return,breakcontinue做这件事,或者调用一个不返回的方法或函数,例如fatalError()

    与可以实现同样功能的if语句相比,使用guard语句会提升我们代码的可靠性。 可以使你的代码连贯地被执行而不需要将它包在else块中,它可以使你处理违反要求的代码接近要求。

    (6)检查API的可用性

    1 if #available(iOS 9, OSX 10.10, *) {
    2     // Use iOS 9 APIs on iOS, and use OS X v10.10 APIs on OS X
    3 } else {
    4     // Fall back to earlier iOS and OS X APIs
    5 }

    以上可用性条件指定在iOS平台下,if段的代码仅仅在iOS9及更高系统中可运行;在OS X平台下,仅在OS X v10.10及更高系统可运行。最后一个参数,*,是必须的并且指定在任何其他平台上,if段的代码在最小可用部署目标指定项目中执行。

    在它普遍的形式中,可用性条件获取了平台名字和版本的清单。平台名字可以是iOSOSXwatchOS。除了特定的主板本号像iOS8,我们可以指定较小的版本号像iOS8.3以及 OS X v10.10.3。

    1 if #available(platform name version, ..., *) {
    2     statements to execute if the APIs are available
    3 } else {
    4     fallback statements to execute if the APIs are unavailable
    5 }
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/tt2015-sz/p/4864438.html
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