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  • 原创:logistic regression实战(一):SGD Without lasso

      logistic regression是分类算法中非常重要的算法,也是非常基础的算法。logistic regression从整体上考虑样本预测的精度,用判别学习模型的条件似然进行参数估计,假设样本遵循iid,参数估计时保证每个样本的预测值接近真实值的概率最大化。这样的结果,只能是牺牲一部分的精度来换取另一部分的精度。而svm从局部出发,假设有一个分类平面,找出所有距离分类平面的最近的点(support vector,数量很少),让这些点到平面的距离最大化,那么这个分类平面就是最佳分类平面。从这个角度来看待两个算法,可以得出logistic regression的精度肯定要低于后者。今天主要写logistic regression的Python代码。logistic regression的推导过程比较简单:

      第一个公式是条件似然函数估计,意思是指定未知常量theta(;表示频率学派),对于每个输入feature vector x(i),产生y(i)的概率都最大,取对数是为了求导方便。第二个公式是sigmoid函数的导数,在这里推导出具体的导函数(推导过程非常简单,复合函数求导法则),第三个公式是求出的梯度(实际为偏导数组成的向量,梯度与方向导数同方向时取得最大值,相反时取得最小值)。公式3的线性意义为:对于容量为m的样本(矩阵mxn),权重为nx1的列向量,每一行的样本数据与权重向量相乘求得预测值,m行样本的预测值组成mx1的列向量(其数值为exp(-inX)),其实就是mxn的样本矩阵左乘权重向量nx1,因为的矩阵的本质是线性变换,相当于每一行样本数据投影到权重向量。得到预测值的列向量后,与真实值向量(需要转置)做差值得到新的列向量。最后样本矩阵倒置,然后左乘这个向量得到nx1的权重向量(梯度)。这个过程是计算批量梯度。当似然函数取得最大时,就是损失函数最小,所以二者是相反的关系,最后结果也就是梯度上升法。

      对于逻辑回归的损失函数,也可以从另外一个角度来理解。上面的公式我们看到损失函数和最大似然函数是相反的关系,一般情况下,logistic regression的loss function 可以采用交叉熵的形式,然后取mean。

      SGD(stochastic gradient descent)在计算的过程中,每次迭代不用计算所用样本,而是随机选取一个样本进行梯度上升(下降),在工程实践中可以满足精度要求,而且时间复杂度比批量要低。对于SGD而言,学习速率alpha的选取,随着循环次数增加,刚开始的时候,梯度下降应该比较快,到后期的时候,可能会出现在某一个值徘徊的情况,而且下降速率会越来越慢。所以选取一个比较合理的study rate,应该是先选取到的样本study rate相对较高,后面的相对较小,这样比较合理。

      在训练出模型后,预测时应该使用"五折交叉验证理论"寻找出最优模型出来(调节参数的过程),这个过程一般用RMSE(均方根误差)来衡量,并且可以定义一个基准均方根误差。在用最优模型预测时取得的RMSE与基准RMSE对比,分析数据结果。

      本文主要探讨logistic regression的SGD算法,并且不考虑正则化。事实上,在高维度的情况下,泛化能力或者正则化技术非常关键。在90年代有学者提出lasso后,至今有很多方法实践了lasso,比如LARS,CD……。下一篇博客将探讨lasso技术,并且动手实践CD算法。接下来,上传最近写的SGD Python代码,首先是引入模块:logisticRegression.py,这里面定义了两个class:LogisticRegressionWithSGD,LRModel,还有全局函数RMSE,loadDataSet和sigmoid函数。后面是测试代码,主要是参数调优。

    logisticRegression.py:

    
    
      1 '''
      2 Created on 2017/03/15
      3 Logistic Regression without lasso
      4 @author: XueQiang Tong
      5 '''
      6 '''
      7 this algorithm include SGD,batch gradient descent except lasso regularization,So the generalization
      8 ability is relatively weak, follow-up and then write a CD algorithm for lasso.
      9 '''
     10 from numpy import *
     11 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
     12 import numpy as np;
     13 
     14 # load dataset into ndarray(numpy)
     15 def loadDataSet(filepath, seperator="	"):
     16     with open(filepath) as fr:
     17         lines = fr.readlines();
     18         num_samples = len(lines);
     19         dimension = len(lines[0].strip().split(seperator));
     20         dataMat = np.zeros((num_samples, dimension));
     21         labelMat = [];
     22 
     23     index = 0;
     24     for line in lines:
     25         sample = line.strip().split();
     26         feature = list(map(np.float32, sample[:-1]));
     27         dataMat[index, 1:] = feature;
     28         dataMat[index, 0] = 1.0;
     29         labelMat.append(float(sample[-1]));
     30         index += 1;
     31 
     32     return dataMat, array(labelMat);
     33 
     34 #sigmoid function
     35 def sigmoid(inX):
     36     return 1.0/(1+exp(-inX))
     37 
     38 # compute rmse
     39 def RMSE(true,predict):
     40     true_predict = zip(true,predict);
     41     sub = [];
     42     for r,p in true_predict:
     43         sub.append(math.pow((r-p),2));
     44     return math.sqrt(mean(sub));
     45 
     46 def maxstep(dataMat):
     47     return 2 / abs(np.linalg.det(np.dot(dataMat.transpose(),dataMat)));
     48 
     49 class LRModel:
     50     def __init__(self,weights = np.empty(10),alpha = 0.01,iter = 150):
     51         self.weights = weights;
     52         self.alpha = alpha;
     53         self.iter = iter;
     54 
     55     #predict
     56     def predict(self,inX):
     57         prob = sigmoid(dot(inX,self.weights))
     58         if prob > 0.5: return 1.0
     59         else: return 0.0
     60 
     61     def getWeights(self):
     62         return self.weights;
     63 
     64     def __getattr__(self, item):
     65         if item == 'weights':
     66             return self.weights;
     67 
     68 class LogisticRegressionWithSGD:
     69     # batch gradient descent
     70     @classmethod
     71     def batchGradDescent(cls,data,maxCycles = 500,alpha = 0.001):
     72         dataMatrix = mat(data[0])             # convert to NumPy matrix
     73         labelMat = mat(data[1]).transpose() # convert to NumPy matrix
     74         m,n = shape(dataMatrix)
     75         weights = ones((n,1))
     76         for k in range(maxCycles):
     77             h = sigmoid(dataMatrix*weights)    # compute predict_value
     78             error = (labelMat - h)              # compute deviation
     79             weights = weights + alpha * dataMatrix.transpose()* error # update weight
     80 
     81         model = LRModel(weights = weights,alpha = alpha,iter = maxCycles);
     82         return model;
     83 
     84     '''
     85     # draw samples of the scatter plot to view the distribution of sample points
     86     @classmethod
     87     def viewScatterPlot(cls,weights,dataMat,labelMat):
     88         dataArr = array(dataMat)
     89         n = shape(dataArr)[0]
     90         xcord1 = []; ycord1 = []
     91         xcord2 = []; ycord2 = []
     92         for i in range(n):
     93             if int(labelMat[i])== 1:
     94                 xcord1.append(dataArr[i,1]); ycord1.append(dataArr[i,2])
     95             else:
     96                 xcord2.append(dataArr[i,1]); ycord2.append(dataArr[i,2])
     97         fig = plt.figure()
     98         ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
     99         ax.scatter(xcord1, ycord1, s=30, c='red', marker='s',label='1')
    100         ax.scatter(xcord2, ycord2, s=30, c='green',label='0')
    101         plt.legend();
    102         x = arange(-3.0, 3.0, 0.1)
    103         y = (-weights[0]-weights[1]*x)/weights[2]
    104         ax.plot(mat(x), mat(y))
    105         plt.xlabel('X1'); plt.ylabel('X2');
    106         plt.show()
    107     '''
    108     @classmethod
    109     def train_nonrandom(cls,data,alpha = 0.01):
    110         dataMatrix = data[0];
    111         classLabels = data[1];
    112         m,n = shape(dataMatrix);
    113         weights = ones(n)   #initialize to all ones
    114         for i in range(m):
    115             h = sigmoid(sum(dataMatrix[i]*weights));
    116             error = classLabels[i] - h;
    117             weights = weights + alpha * error * dataMatrix[i];
    118 
    119         model = LRModel(weights = weights,alpha = alpha);
    120         return model;
    121 
    122     @classmethod
    123     def train_random(cls,data, numIter=150):
    124         dataMatrix = data[0];
    125         classLabels = data[1];
    126         m,n = shape(dataMatrix);
    127         weights = ones(n);   #initialize to all ones
    128         indices = np.arange(len(dataMatrix))
    129         for iter in range(numIter):
    130             np.random.shuffle(indices)
    131             for index in indices:
    132                 alpha = 4 / (1.0 + iter + index) + 0.0001    #apha decreases with iteration, does not
    133                 h = sigmoid(sum(dataMatrix[index]*weights));
    134                 error = classLabels[index] - h;
    135                 weights = weights + alpha * error * array(dataMatrix[index]);
    136 
    137         model = LRModel(weights = weights,iter = numIter);
    138         return model;
    139 
    140     def colicTest(self):
    141         data = loadDataSet('G:\testSet.txt');
    142         trainWeights = self.stoGradDescent_random(data);
    143         dataMat = data[0];
    144         labels = data[1];
    145         errnums = 0;
    146         for index in range(dataMat.shape[0]):
    147             preVal = self.predict(dataMat[index,:],trainWeights);
    148             if(preVal != labels[index]):
    149                 errnums += 1;
    150         print('error rate:%.2f' % (errnums/dataMat.shape[0]));
    151         return errnums;
    152 
    153     def multiTest(self):
    154         numTests = 10; errorSum=0.0
    155         for k in range(numTests):
    156             errorSum += self.colicTest()
    157         print("after %d iterations the average error rate is: %.2f" % (numTests, errorSum/numTests))
    View Code
    
    
    
     

     测试代码,把最优模型保存在npy文件里,以后使用的时候,直接取出来,不用再训练了。

     1 from logisticRegression import *;
     2 from numpy import *;
     3 import math;
     4 
     5 def main():
     6     dataMat, labels = loadDataSet('G:\testSet.txt');
     7     num_samples = dataMat.shape[0];
     8 
     9     num_trains = int(num_samples * 0.6);
    10     num_validations = int(num_samples * 0.2);
    11     num_tests = int(num_samples * 0.2);
    12 
    13     data_trains = dataMat[:num_trains, :];
    14     data_validations = dataMat[num_trains:(num_trains + num_validations), :];
    15     data_tests = dataMat[(num_trains + num_validations):, :];
    16 
    17     label_trains = labels[:num_trains];
    18     label_validations = labels[num_trains:(num_trains + num_validations)];
    19     label_tests = labels[(num_trains + num_validations):];
    20     '''
    21     minrmse = (1 << 31) - 1;
    22     bestModel = LRModel();
    23     iterList = [10, 20, 30, 80];
    24 
    25     for iter in iterList:
    26         model = LogisticRegressionWithSGD.train_random((data_trains, label_trains), numIter=iter);
    27         preVals = zeros(num_validations);
    28         for i in range(num_validations):
    29             preVals[i] = model.predict(data_validations[i, :]);
    30 
    31         rmse = RMSE(label_validations, preVals);
    32         if rmse < minrmse:
    33             minrmse = rmse;
    34             bestModel = model;
    35 
    36     print(bestModel.iter, bestModel.weights, minrmse);
    37     save('D:\Python\models\weights.npy',bestModel.weights);'''
    38 
    39     #用最佳模型预测测试集的评分,并计算和实际评分之间的均方根误差
    40     weights = load('D:\Python\models\weights.npy');
    41 
    42     LogisticRegressionWithSGD.viewScatterPlot(weights,dataMat,labels);#显示散点图
    43     model = LRModel();
    44     model.weights = weights;
    45 
    46     preVals = zeros(num_tests);
    47     for i in range(num_tests):
    48         preVals[i] = model.predict(data_tests[i,:]);
    49 
    50 
    51     testRMSE = RMSE(label_tests,preVals); #预测产生的均方根误差
    52     #用基准偏差衡量最佳模型在测试数据上的预测精度
    53     tavMean = mean(hstack((label_trains,label_validations)));
    54     baseRMSE = math.sqrt(mean((label_tests - tavMean) ** 2)) #基准均方根误差
    55 
    56     improvement = abs(testRMSE - baseRMSE) / baseRMSE * 100;
    57 
    58     print("The best model improves the base line by %% %1.2f" % (improvement));
    59 
    60 if __name__ == '__main__':
    61     main();
    View Code
    运行结果:
    样本点的散点图:

    最佳迭代次数,权重以及RMSE: 10 [ 12.08509707   1.4723024   -1.86595103] 0.0
    The best model improves the base line by % 55.07

    另外,由于训练过程中是随机选取样本点,所以迭代次数相同的情况下,权重以及RMSE有可能不同,我们要的是RMSE最小的模型!
    算法比较简单,但是用Python的nump库实施的时候,有很多注意的细节,只有经过自己仔细的理论推导然后再代码实施后,才能算基本掌握了一个算法。写代码及优化的过程是很费时的,后续还要改进算法,深化理论研究,并且坚持理论与编程结合,切不可眼高手低!
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/txq157/p/6561055.html
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