ps命令
用途
显示系统进程信息
用法
ps [options]
常用选项
选项有三种风格，这里是指Unix风格
(Unix,BSD,GNU LONG OPTIONS)
简单刷选类
-A, -e
显示所有进程
-N, --deselect
显示不符合刷选条件的进程
-a
显示和当前终端关联的进程
-d
显示除了进程是session leader以外的所有进程
列表刷选类
选项可以重复使用多次，多个可以使用空格或者英文逗号连接，不如 "1 2" 3,4
-C cmdlist
根据命令名列表过滤
-G grplist
根据真实组id或者组名过滤
-U userlist
根据真实的用户id或者用户名过滤
-g grplist
Select by session OR by effective group name.
Selection by session is specified by many standards, but selection by effective group is the logical behavior that several other operating systems use.
-p pidlist
根据进程id过滤
-q pidlist
根据进程id快速过滤
-s sesslist
根据会话id过滤
-t ttylist
根据tty过滤
-u userlist
Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
This selects the processes whose effective user name or ID is in userlist.
--ppid pidlist
根据父进程id过滤
输出格式控制类
-F
extra full format.
-O format
is like -o, but preloaded with some default columns. Identical to -o pid,format,state,tname,time,command or -o pid,format,tname,time,cmd, see -o below.
-M
Add a column of security data. Identical to Z. (for SE Linux)
-f
does full-format listing. This option can be combined with many other UNIX-style options to add additional columns. It also causes the command arguments to be printed. When used with -L,the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added. See the c option, the format keyword args, and the format keyword comm.
-o format, --format format
user-defined format.
--context
Display security context format.
输出修饰类
-H
按层次结构显示进程列表
--cols n, --columns n, --width n
设置屏幕宽度
--lines n, --rows n
设置屏幕高度
--cumulative
include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
--forest
ASCII art process tree
--headers
每页都输出头字段
--no-headers
不输出头字段
进程状态说明
Here are the different values that the s, stat and state output specifiers (header "STAT" or "S") will display to describe the state of a process.
D Uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
R Running or runnable (on run queue)
S Interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)
T Stopped, either by a job control signal or because it is being traced.
W paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)
X dead (should never be seen)
Z Defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by its parent.
标准输出字段说明
懒得翻译了
STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output format (e.g. with option -o)
or to sort the selected processes with the GNU-style --sort option.
For example: ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user
This version of ps tries to recognize most of the keywords used in other implementations of ps.
The following user-defined format specifiers may contain spaces: args, cmd, comm, command, fname,
ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart, start.
Some keywords may not be available for sorting.
CODE HEADER DESCRIPTION
%cpu %CPU cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format. Currently, it is the CPU time used
divided by the time the process has been running (cputime/realtime ratio), expressed as
a percentage. It will not add up to 100% unless you are lucky. (alias pcpu).
%mem %MEM ratio of the process’s resident set size to the physical memory on the machine,
expressed as a percentage. (alias pmem).
args COMMAND command with all its arguments as a string. Modifications to the arguments may be
shown. The output in this column may contain spaces. A process marked <defunct> is
partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its parent. Sometimes the process args
will be unavailable; when this happens, ps will instead print the executable name in
brackets. (alias cmd, command). See also the comm format keyword, the -f option, and
the c option.
When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display. If ps can not
determine display width, as when output is redirected (piped) into a file or another
command, the output width is undefined. (it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the
TERM variable, and so on) The COLUMNS environment variable or --cols option may be used
to exactly determine the width in this case. The w or -w option may be also be used to
adjust width.
blocked BLOCKED mask of the blocked signals, see signal(7). According to the width of the field,
a 32-bit or 64-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias sig_block, sigmask).
bsdstart START time the command started. If the process was started less than 24 hours ago, the output
format is " HH:MM", else it is "mmm dd" (where mmm is the three letters of the month).
See also lstart, start, start_time, and stime.
bsdtime TIME accumulated cpu time, user + system. The display format is usually "MMM:SS", but can be
shifted to the right if the process used more than 999 minutes of cpu time.
c C processor utilization. Currently, this is the integer value of the percent usage over
the lifetime of the process. (see %cpu).
caught CAUGHT mask of the caught signals, see signal(7). According to the width of the field, a 32 or
64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias sig_catch, sigcatch).
cgroup CGROUP display control groups to which the process belongs.
class CLS scheduling class of the process. (alias policy, cls). Field’s possible values are:
- not reported
TS SCHED_OTHER
FF SCHED_FIFO
RR SCHED_RR
B SCHED_BATCH
ISO SCHED_ISO
IDL SCHED_IDLE
? unknown value
cls CLS scheduling class of the process. (alias policy, class). Field’s possible values are:
- not reported
TS SCHED_OTHER
FF SCHED_FIFO
RR SCHED_RR
B SCHED_BATCH
ISO SCHED_ISO
IDL SCHED_IDLE
? unknown value
cmd CMD see args. (alias args, command).
comm COMMAND command name (only the executable name). Modifications to the command name will not be
shown. A process marked <defunct> is partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its
parent. The output in this column may contain spaces. (alias ucmd, ucomm). See also the
args format keyword, the -f option, and the c option.
When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the display. If ps can not
determine display width, as when output is redirected (piped) into a file or another
command, the output width is undefined. (it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the
TERM variable, and so on) The COLUMNS environment variable or --cols option may be used
to exactly determine the width in this case. The w or -w option may be also be used to
adjust width.
command COMMAND see args. (alias args, cmd).
cp CP per-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage. (see %cpu).
cputime TIME cumulative CPU time, "[dd-]hh:mm:ss" format. (alias time).
egid EGID effective group ID number of the process as a decimal integer. (alias gid).
egroup EGROUP effective group ID of the process. This will be the textual group ID, if it can be
obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
(alias group).
eip EIP instruction pointer.
esp ESP stack pointer.
etime ELAPSED elapsed time since the process was started, in the form [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss.
euid EUID effective user ID. (alias uid).
euser EUSER effective user name. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and the
field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. The n option can be used to
force the decimal representation. (alias uname, user).
f F flags associated with the process, see the PROCESS FLAGS section. (alias flag, flags).
fgid FGID filesystem access group ID. (alias fsgid).
fgroup FGROUP filesystem access group ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and
the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. (alias fsgroup).
flag F see f. (alias f, flags).
flags F see f. (alias f, flag).
fname COMMAND first 8 bytes of the base name of the process’s executable file. The output in this
column may contain spaces.
fuid FUID filesystem access user ID. (alias fsuid).
fuser FUSER filesystem access user ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and
the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
gid GID see egid. (alias egid).
group GROUP see egroup. (alias egroup).
ignored IGNORED mask of the ignored signals, see signal(7). According to the width of the field,
a 32-bit or 64-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias sig_ignore,
sigignore).
label LABEL security label, most commonly used for SE Linux context data. This is for the Mandatory
Access Control ("MAC") found on high-security systems.
lstart STARTED time the command started. See also bsdstart, start, start_time, and stime.
lwp LWP lwp (light weight process, or thread) ID of the lwp being reported. (alias spid, tid).
ni NI nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to -20 (not nice to others), see nice(1).
(alias nice).
nice NI see ni. (alias ni).
nlwp NLWP number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias thcount).
nwchan WCHAN address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping (use wchan if you want the
kernel function name). Running tasks will display a dash (’-’) in this column.
pcpu %CPU see %cpu. (alias %cpu).
pending PENDING mask of the pending signals. See signal(7). Signals pending on the process are distinct
from signals pending on individual threads. Use the m option or the -m option to see
both. According to the width of the field, a 32-bit or 64-bit mask in hexadecimal
format is displayed. (alias sig).
pgid PGID process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the process group leader.
(alias pgrp).
pgrp PGRP see pgid. (alias pgid).
pid PID process ID number of the process.
pmem %MEM see %mem. (alias %mem).
policy POL scheduling class of the process. (alias class, cls). Possible values are:
- not reported
TS SCHED_OTHER
FF SCHED_FIFO
RR SCHED_RR
B SCHED_BATCH
ISO SCHED_ISO
IDL SCHED_IDLE
? unknown value
ppid PPID parent process ID.
psr PSR processor that process is currently assigned to.
rgid RGID real group ID.
rgroup RGROUP real group name. This will be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained and the field
width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
rip RIP 64-bit instruction pointer.
rsp RSP 64-bit stack pointer.
rss RSS resident set size, the non-swapped physical memory that a task has used (in kiloBytes).
(alias rssize, rsz).
rssize RSS see rss. (alias rss, rsz).
rsz RSZ see rss. (alias rss, rssize).
rtprio RTPRIO realtime priority.
ruid RUID real user ID.
ruser RUSER real user ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and the field
width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
s S minimal state display (one character). See section PROCESS STATE CODES for the
different values. See also stat if you want additional information displayed.
(alias state).
sched SCH scheduling policy of the process. The policies SCHED_OTHER (SCHED_NORMAL), SCHED_FIFO,
SCHED_RR, SCHED_BATCH, SCHED_ISO, and SCHED_IDLE are respectively displayed as
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
sess SESS session ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the session leader.
(alias session, sid).
sgi_p P processor that the process is currently executing on. Displays "*" if the process is
not currently running or runnable.
sgid SGID saved group ID. (alias svgid).
sgroup SGROUP saved group name. This will be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained and the
field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
sid SID see sess. (alias sess, session).
sig PENDING see pending. (alias pending, sig_pend).
sigcatch CAUGHT see caught. (alias caught, sig_catch).
sigignore IGNORED see ignored. (alias ignored, sig_ignore).
sigmask BLOCKED see blocked. (alias blocked, sig_block).
size SZ approximate amount of swap space that would be required if the process were to dirty
all writable pages and then be swapped out. This number is very rough!
spid SPID see lwp. (alias lwp, tid).
stackp STACKP address of the bottom (start) of stack for the process.
start STARTED time the command started. If the process was started less than 24 hours ago, the output
format is "HH:MM:SS", else it is " mmm dd" (where mmm is a three-letter month name).
See also lstart, bsdstart, start_time, and stime.
start_time START starting time or date of the process. Only the year will be displayed if the process
was not started the same year ps was invoked, or "mmmdd" if it was not started the same
day, or "HH:MM" otherwise. See also bsdstart, start, lstart, and stime.
stat STAT multi-character process state. See section PROCESS STATE CODES for the different values
meaning. See also s and state if you just want the first character displayed.
state S see s. (alias s).
suid SUID saved user ID. (alias svuid).
suser SUSER saved user name. This will be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and the field
width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise. (alias svuser).
svgid SVGID see sgid. (alias sgid).
svuid SVUID see suid. (alias suid).
sz SZ size in physical pages of the core image of the process. This includes text, data, and
stack space. Device mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change. See vsz
and rss.
thcgr THCGR display control groups to which the thread belongs.
thcount THCNT see nlwp. (alias nlwp). number of kernel threads owned by the process.
tid TID see lwp. (alias lwp).
time TIME cumulative CPU time, "[dd-]hh:mm:ss" format. (alias cputime).
tname TTY controlling tty (terminal). (alias tt, tty).
tpgid TPGID ID of the foreground process group on the tty (terminal) that the process is connected
to, or -1 if the process is not connected to a tty.
tt TT controlling tty (terminal). (alias tname, tty).
tty TT controlling tty (terminal). (alias tname, tt).
ucmd CMD see comm. (alias comm, ucomm).
ucomm COMMAND see comm. (alias comm, ucmd).
uid UID see euid. (alias euid).
uname USER see euser. (alias euser, user).
user USER see euser. (alias euser, uname).
vsize VSZ see vsz. (alias vsz).
vsz VSZ virtual memory size of the process in KiB (1024-byte units). Device mappings are
currently excluded; this is subject to change. (alias vsize).
wchan WCHAN name of the kernel function in which the process is sleeping, a "-" if the process is
running, or a "*" if the process is multi-threaded and ps is not displaying threads.
实践
1 显示所有进程列表，输出user,pid,start_time,state等信息
[root@vm ~]# ps -e --headers -o user,pid,ppid,state,%cpu,%mem,args,bsdstart,bsdtime,comm
USER PID PPID S %CPU %MEM COMMAND START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0 S 0.0 0.0 /sbin/init Mar 29 0:03 init
root 2 0 S 0.0 0.0 [kthreadd] Mar 29 0:00 kthreadd
root 3 2 S 0.0 0.0 [migration/0] Mar 29 0:05 migration/0
root 4 2 S 0.0 0.0 [ksoftirqd/0] Mar 29 0:05 ksoftirqd/0
root 5 2 S 0.0 0.0 [stopper/0] Mar 29 0:00 stopper/0
root 6 2 S 0.0 0.0 [watchdog/0] Mar 29 0:00 watchdog/0
root 7 2 S 0.0 0.0 [migration/1] Mar 29 0:04 migration/1
root 8 2 S 0.0 0.0 [stopper/1] Mar 29 0:00 stopper/1
root 9 2 S 0.0 0.0 [ksoftirqd/1] Mar 29 0:05 ksoftirqd/1
root 10 2 S 0.0 0.0 [watchdog/1] Mar 29 0:00 watchdog/1
root 11 2 S 0.0 0.0 [events/0] Mar 29 1:41 events/0
root 12 2 S 0.0 0.0 [events/1] Mar 29 0:20 events/1
root 13 2 S 0.0 0.0 [events/0] Mar 29 0:00 events/0
root 14 2 S 0.0 0.0 [events/1] Mar 29 0:00 events/1
root 15 2 S 0.0 0.0 [events_long/0] Mar 29 0:00 events_long/0
root 16 2 S 0.0 0.0 [events_long/1] Mar 29 0:00 events_long/1
root 17 2 S 0.0 0.0 [events_power_ef] Mar 29 0:00 events_power_ef
root 18 2 S 0.0 0.0 [events_power_ef] Mar 29 0:00 events_power_ef
root 19 2 S 0.0 0.0 [cgroup] Mar 29 0:00 cgroup
root 20 2 S 0.0 0.0 [khelper] Mar 29 0:00 khelper
root 21 2 S 0.0 0.0 [netns] Mar 29 0:00 netns
root 22 2 S 0.0 0.0 [async/mgr] Mar 29 0:00 async/mgr
root 23 2 S 0.0 0.0 [pm] Mar 29 0:00 pm
root 24 2 S 0.0 0.0 [sync_supers] Mar 29 0:01 sync_supers
root 25 2 S 0.0 0.0 [bdi-default] Mar 29 0:00 bdi-default
root 26 2 S 0.0 0.0 [kintegrityd/0] Mar 29 0:00 kintegrityd/0
root 27 2 S 0.0 0.0 [kintegrityd/1] Mar 29 0:00 kintegrityd/1
root 28 2 S 0.0 0.0 [kblockd/0] Mar 29 0:21 kblockd/0
root 29 2 S 0.0 0.0 [kblockd/1] Mar 29 0:07 kblockd/1
root 30 2 S 0.0 0.0 [kacpid] Mar 29 0:00 kacpid
root 31 2 S 0.0 0.0 [kacpi_notify] Mar 29 0:00 kacpi_notify
root 32 2 S 0.0 0.0 [kacpi_hotplug] Mar 29 0:00 kacpi_hotplug
root 33 2 S 0.0 0.0 [ata_aux] Mar 29 0:00 ata_aux
root 34 2 S 0.0 0.0 [ata_sff/0] Mar 29 0:00 ata_sff/0
root 35 2 S 0.0 0.0 [ata_sff/1] Mar 29 0:00 ata_sff/1
root 36 2 S 0.0 0.0 [ksuspend_usbd] Mar 29 0:00 ksuspend_usbd
root 37 2 S 0.0 0.0 [khubd] Mar 29 0:00 khubd
2 输出指定命令的进程信息，比如nginx
[root@vm ~]# ps -C nginx --headers -o user,pid,ppid,state,%cpu,%mem,args,bsdstart,bsdtime,comm
USER PID PPID S %CPU %MEM COMMAND START TIME COMMAND
root 863 782 S 0.0 0.0 nginx: master process /opt/ Mar 29 0:00 nginx
496 892 863 S 0.0 0.0 nginx: worker process Mar 29 0:02 nginx
496 893 863 S 0.0 0.0 nginx: worker process Mar 29 0:03 nginx
496 894 863 S 0.0 0.0 nginx: cache manager proces Mar 29 0:01 nginx
参考资料
【1】man ps
【2】What are “session leaders” in ps?
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/18166/what-are-session-leaders-in-ps