EF里查看/修改实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值以及重写SaveChanges方法记录实体状态 - 心态要好
本文目录
- 查看实体当前、原始和数据库值:DbEntityEntry
- 查看实体的某个属性值:GetValue<TValue>方法
- 拷贝DbPropertyValues到实体:ToObject方法
- 修改DbPropertyValues当前值:索引器
- 克隆实体:Clone方法
- 设置实体的值:SetValues方法
- 克隆实体:SetValues
- 获取和设置实体的单个属性:Property方法
- 查询实体的属性是否被修改:IsModified方法
- 修改导航属性
- 重新加载实体:Reload方法
- 读取相关联的实体和状态:DbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries方法
- EF里如何解决更新时的冲突
- 重写上下文的SaveChanges方法记录结果集里实体的各种增/删/改
- 本源源码和系列文章导航
文章开始前建议大家为了更好的记忆最好自己实现文中的所有方法。如果非要直接运行我的demo,必要的时候需要恢复下数据库数据,否则找不到记录。
之前的章节已经演示了context.Entry方法可以拿到实体的状态(EntityState),我们看一个方法:
/// <summary>
/// 单个实体的状态
/// </summary>
private static void PrintState()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
select d).Single();
DbEntityEntry<DbContexts.Model.Destination> entry = context.Entry(canyon);
Console.WriteLine("Before Edit:{0}", entry.State); //Unchaged
canyon.TravelWarnings = "Take a lot of Water!";
DbEntityEntry<DbContexts.Model.Destination> entrys = context.Entry(canyon);
Console.WriteLine("After Edit:{0}", entrys.State); //Modified
}
}
context.Entry方法有两个重载,分别返回泛型DbEntityEntry<TEntity>和非泛型的 DbEntityEntry,它们都可以监测到实体的状态,并且通过DbEntityEntry还可以操作实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值。他们分别是:
- 当前值(Current Value):当前设置实体属性的值;
- 原始值(Original Value):刚被数据库上下文跟踪到时的值;
- 数据库值(Database Value):存在数据库里的值
来看一个例子:
/// <summary>
/// 打印实体当前、原始和数据库值
/// </summary>
private static void PrintLodgingInfo()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
select d).Single();
hotel.Name = "Super Grand Hotel";
context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(@"UPDATE Lodgings SET Name = 'Not-So-Grand Hotel' WHERE Name = 'Grand Hotel'");
PrintChangeTrackingInfo(context, hotel);
}
}
private static void PrintChangeTrackingInfo(DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext context, DbContexts.Model.Lodging entity)
{
var entry = context.Entry(entity);
Console.WriteLine(entry.Entity.Name);
Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", entry.State);
Console.WriteLine("
Current Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues);
Console.WriteLine("
Original Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues);
Console.WriteLine("
Database Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.GetDatabaseValues());
}
private static void PrintPropertyValues(DbPropertyValues values)
{
foreach (var propertyName in values.PropertyNames)
{
Console.WriteLine(" - {0}: {1}", propertyName, values[propertyName]);
}
}
方法分析:先从数据库取出一个实体,然后修改其Name属性,这个时候当前值(Current)和原始值(Original)都有了,分别是: 修改后的值(还没提交,在内存中)和从库里取出来时实体的值。再使用Database.ExecuteSqlCommand执行了一段修改此对象在数据库 中的值,这个时候数据库值(Database)也有了变化,这个实体的三个值都不相同了。还没看到打印结果,在执行 entry.GetDatabaseValues()方法时报了一个EntitySqlException错:
找不到类型DbContexts.DataAccess.Lodging,项目的Lodging实体明明在 DbContexts.Model.Lodging命名空间下,反复检查代码没发现任何问题,报这个错真是很疑惑。最后通过搜索引擎才知道这是EF4.1 版本的一个bug,解决办法:修改实体和上下文到一个命名空间,或者使用EF4.3 release。看看本书作者 Julie Lerman 在msdn论坛上关于此bug的 回复
换成4.3版本的EF问题就立马解决了(源码的libs目录下提供了EF4.3)。看下打印的结果:
结果分析:当前值为方法里修改的值、原始值是从数据库取出未做任何操作的值、数据库值是此时数据库里的值。当然新添加的实体不会有原始值和数据库值、删除的实体也不会有当前值,我们利用EntityState完善下方法:
private static void PrintChangeTrackingInfo(DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext context, DbContexts.Model.Lodging entity)
{
var entry = context.Entry(entity);
Console.WriteLine(entry.Entity.Name);
Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", entry.State);
if (entry.State != EntityState.Deleted) //标记删除的实体不会有当前值
{
Console.WriteLine("
Current Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues);
}
if (entry.State != EntityState.Added) //新添加的时候不会有原始值和数据库值
{
Console.WriteLine("
Original Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues);
Console.WriteLine("
Database Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.GetDatabaseValues());
}
}
为了测试,我们重写下PrintLodgingInfo方法:
/// <summary>
/// 测试打印添加和删除时实体当前、原始和数据库值
/// </summary>
private static void PrintLodgingInfoAddAndDelete()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
select d).Single();
PrintChangeTrackingInfo(context, hotel); //默认
var davesDump = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Dave's Dump"
select d).Single();
context.Lodgings.Remove(davesDump);
PrintChangeTrackingInfo(context, davesDump); //测试删除实体
var newMotel = new DbContexts.Model.Lodging { Name = "New Motel" };
context.Lodgings.Add(newMotel);
PrintChangeTrackingInfo(context, newMotel); //测试新添加实体
}
}
当然上面打印实体类型的方法并不通用,我们修改第二个参数为object类型:
/// <summary>
/// 通用的打印实体方法
/// </summary>
private static void PrintChangeTrackingInfo(DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext context, object entity)
{
var entry = context.Entry(entity);
Console.WriteLine("Type:{0}", entry.Entity.GetType()); //打印实体类型
Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", entry.State);
if (entry.State != EntityState.Deleted) //标记删除的实体不会有当前值
{
Console.WriteLine("
Current Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues);
}
if (entry.State != EntityState.Added) //新添加的时候不会有原始值和数据库值
{
Console.WriteLine("
Original Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues);
Console.WriteLine("
Database Values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.GetDatabaseValues());
}
}
看看打印结果:
之前打印实体的各种属性都是通过遍历的形式(PrintPropertyValues方法)打印出来,如果仅取某个字段当然没必要这么麻烦,可以使用GetValue<TValue>:
/// <summary>
/// 打印实体单个属性
/// </summary>
private static void PrintOriginalName()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
select d).Single();
hotel.Name = "Super Grand Hotel";
string originalName = context.Entry(hotel).OriginalValues.GetValue<string>("Name");
Console.WriteLine("Current Name: {0}", hotel.Name); //Super Grand Hotel
Console.WriteLine("Original Name: {0}", originalName); //Grand Hotel
}
}
拷贝DbPropertyValues到实体:ToObject方法
/// <summary>
/// 拷贝DbPropertyValues到实体:ToObject方法
/// </summary>
private static void TestPrintDestination()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var reef = (from d in context.Destinations
where d.Name == "Great Barrier Reef"
select d).Single();
reef.TravelWarnings = "Watch out for sharks!";
Console.WriteLine("Current Values");
PrintDestination(reef);
Console.WriteLine("
Database Values");
DbPropertyValues dbValues = context.Entry(reef).GetDatabaseValues();
PrintDestination((DbContexts.Model.Destination)dbValues.ToObject()); //ToObject方法创建Destination实例
}
}
private static void PrintDestination(DbContexts.Model.Destination destination)
{
Console.WriteLine("-- {0}, {1} --", destination.Name, destination.Country);
Console.WriteLine(destination.Description);
if (destination.TravelWarnings != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("WARNINGS!: {0}", destination.TravelWarnings);
}
}
方法分析:从Destination表里取出Name为Great Barrier Reef的实体并修改其TravelWarnings字段,然后调用PrintDestination方法打印当前实体的各属性,再查出此实体在数据库里 的值,并且通过ToObject方法把数据库取出来的这个对象也转换成了实体对象。这么转有什么好处呢?这个通过ToObject转换的 Destination实例不会被数据库上下文追踪,所以对其做的任何改变都不会提交数据库。看看打印结果:
修改DbPropertyValues当前值:
调用上下文的Entry方法,传入要操作的实体对象,再打点就可以拿到实体的当前值(CurrentValues)、原始值 (OriginalValues)、数据库值(GetDatabaseValues()),返回类型是DbPropertyValues,直接遍历就可以 输出实体的所有属性。当然DbPropertyValues并不是只读的。写个方法修改试试:
/// <summary>
/// 修改DbPropertyValues当前值
/// </summary>
private static void ChangeCurrentValue()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
select d).Single();
context.Entry(hotel).CurrentValues["Name"] = "Hotel Pretentious";
Console.WriteLine("Property Value: {0}", hotel.Name);
Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", context.Entry(hotel).State); //Modified
}
}
类似于索引器的方式赋值即可,赋值后实体的状态已经是Modified了,显然已经被上下文追踪到了,这个时候调用上下文的SaveChanges方法将会提交到数据库。那么如果只是想打印和修改实体状态以供查看,并不像被提交到数据库怎么办呢?
最好的办法就是克隆,先克隆实体然后操作克隆之后的实体:
/// <summary>
/// 克隆实体:Clone
/// </summary>
private static void CloneCurrentValues()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
select d).Single();
var values = context.Entry(hotel).CurrentValues.Clone(); //Clone方法
values["Name"] = "Simple Hotel";
Console.WriteLine("Property Value: {0}", hotel.Name);
Console.WriteLine("State: {0}", context.Entry(hotel).State); //Unchanged
}
}
设置实体的值:SetValues方法
当然实体的当前值、原始值和数据库值都是可以相互复制的:
/// <summary>
/// 设置实体的值:SetValues方法
/// </summary>
private static void UndoEdits()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
select d).Single();
canyon.Name = "Bigger & Better Canyon";
var entry = context.Entry(canyon);
entry.CurrentValues.SetValues(entry.OriginalValues);
entry.State = EntityState.Unchanged; //标记未修改
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", canyon.Name); //Grand Canyon
}
}
上面的方法演示了拷贝原始值到当前值,最终保存的是当前值。很方便,不需要挨个赋值。
我们看看如何使用SetValues方法实现之前说的克隆实体:
/// <summary>
/// 克隆实体:SetValues
/// </summary>
private static void CreateDavesCampsite()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var davesDump = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Dave's Dump"
select d).Single();
var clone = new DbContexts.Model.Lodging();
context.Lodgings.Add(clone);
context.Entry(clone).CurrentValues.SetValues(davesDump); //克隆davesDump的值到新对象clone里
clone.Name = "Dave's Camp"; //修改Name属性
context.SaveChanges(); //最后提交修改
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", clone.Name); //Dave's Camp
Console.WriteLine("Miles: {0}", clone.MilesFromNearestAirport); //32.65
Console.WriteLine("Contact Id: {0}", clone.PrimaryContactId); //1
}
}
exec sp_executesql N'insert [dbo].[Lodgings]([Name], [Owner], [MilesFromNearestAirport], [destination_id], [PrimaryContactId], [SecondaryContactId], [Entertainment], [Activities], [MaxPersonsPerRoom], [PrivateRoomsAvailable], [Discriminator])
values (@0, null, @1, @2, @3, null, null, null, null, null, @4)
select [LodgingId]
from [dbo].[Lodgings]
where @@ROWCOUNT > 0 and [LodgingId] = scope_identity()',N'@0 nvarchar(200),@1 decimal(18,2),@2 int,@3 int,@4 nvarchar(128)',@0=N'Dave''s Camp',@1=32.65,@2=1,@3=1,@4=N'Lodging'
很明显实体已经被克隆了。
获取和设置实体的单个属性:Property方法
/// <summary>
/// 获取和设置实体的单个属性:Property方法
/// </summary>
private static void WorkingWithPropertyMethod()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var davesDump = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Dave's Dump"
select d).Single();
var entry = context.Entry(davesDump);
entry.Property(d => d.Name).CurrentValue = "Dave's Bargain Bungalows"; //设置Name属性
Console.WriteLine("Current Value: {0}", entry.Property(d => d.Name).CurrentValue); //Dave's Bargain Bungalows
Console.WriteLine("Original Value: {0}", entry.Property(d => d.Name).OriginalValue); //Dave's Dump
Console.WriteLine("Modified?: {0}", entry.Property(d => d.Name).IsModified); //True
}
}
同样可以查询出实体的哪些属性被修改了:IsModified方法
/// <summary>
/// 查询实体被修改字段:IsModified方法
/// </summary>
private static void FindModifiedProperties()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
select d).Single();
canyon.Name = "Super-Size Canyon";
canyon.TravelWarnings = "Bigger than your brain can handle!!!";
var entry = context.Entry(canyon);
var propertyNames = entry.CurrentValues.PropertyNames; //获取所有的Name列
IEnumerable<string> modifiedProperties = from name in propertyNames
where entry.Property(name).IsModified
select name;
foreach (var propertyName in modifiedProperties)
{
Console.WriteLine(propertyName); //Name、TravelWarnings
}
}
}
前面的章节已经讲解了如何查询一对一、一对多等关系的导航属性了,还不了解的点 这里 。现在讲讲如何修改导航属性:
/// <summary>
/// 修改导航属性(Reference):CurrentValue方法
/// </summary>
private static void WorkingWithReferenceMethod()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var davesDump = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Dave's Dump"
select d).Single();
var entry = context.Entry(davesDump);
entry.Reference(l => l.Destination).Load(); //显示加载
var canyon = davesDump.Destination;
Console.WriteLine("Current Value After Load: {0}", entry.Reference(d => d.Destination).CurrentValue.Name);
var reef = (from d in context.Destinations
where d.Name == "Great Barrier Reef"
select d).Single();
entry.Reference(d => d.Destination).CurrentValue = reef; //修改
Console.WriteLine("Current Value After Change: {0}", davesDump.Destination.Name);
}
}
打印结果:
Current Value After Load: Grand Canyon
Current Value After Change: Great Barrier Reef
注:上面的方法并没有调用上下文的SaveChanges方法,故程序跑完数据也不会保存到数据库,本文所有方法仅作演示都未提交数据库。
有Reference找单个属性的,那么自然也有Collection找集合属性的:
/// <summary>
/// 修改导航属性(Collection):CurrentValue方法
/// </summary>
private static void WorkingWithCollectionMethod()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var res = (from r in context.Reservations
where r.Trip.Description == "Trip from the database"
select r).Single();
var entry = context.Entry(res);
entry.Collection(r => r.Payments).Load();
Console.WriteLine("Payments Before Add: {0}", entry.Collection(r => r.Payments).CurrentValue.Count);
var payment = new DbContexts.Model.Payment { Amount = 245 };
context.Payments.Add(payment);
entry.Collection(r => r.Payments).CurrentValue.Add(payment); //修改
Console.WriteLine("Payments After Add: {0}", entry.Collection(r => r.Payments).CurrentValue.Count);
}
}
打印结果:
Payments Before Add: 1
Payments After Add: 2
我们从数据库取出实体加载到内存中,可能并不立马就展示给用户看。在进行一系列的排序、筛选等操作再展示出来。但是怎么确定展示的时候这些实体没有被修改过呢?我们可以使用Reload方法重新加载:
/// <summary>
/// 取当前最新的数据库值:Reload方法
/// </summary>
private static void ReloadLodging()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var hotel = (from d in context.Lodgings
where d.Name == "Grand Hotel"
select d).Single(); //取出实体
context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(@"UPDATE dbo.Lodgings SET Name = 'Le Grand Hotel' WHERE Name = 'Grand Hotel'"); //立马修改实体值(这个时候数据库中的值已改变,但是取出来放在内存中的值并没改变)
Console.WriteLine("Name Before Reload: {0}", hotel.Name);
Console.WriteLine("State Before Reload: {0}", context.Entry(hotel).State);
context.Entry(hotel).Reload();
Console.WriteLine("Name After Reload: {0}", hotel.Name);
Console.WriteLine("State After Reload: {0}", context.Entry(hotel).State);
}
}
打印结果:
Name Before Reload: Grand Hotel
State Before Reload: Unchanged
Name After Reload: Le Grand Hotel
State After Reload: Unchanged
可以看出Reload方法已经帮我们重新取出了数据库中的最新值。来看看Reload方法生成的sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[Discriminator] AS [Discriminator],
[Extent1].[LodgingId] AS [LodgingId],
[Extent1].[Name] AS [Name],
[Extent1].[Owner] AS [Owner],
[Extent1].[MilesFromNearestAirport] AS [MilesFromNearestAirport],
[Extent1].[destination_id] AS [destination_id],
[Extent1].[PrimaryContactId] AS [PrimaryContactId],
[Extent1].[SecondaryContactId] AS [SecondaryContactId],
[Extent1].[Entertainment] AS [Entertainment],
[Extent1].[Activities] AS [Activities],
[Extent1].[MaxPersonsPerRoom] AS [MaxPersonsPerRoom],
[Extent1].[PrivateRoomsAvailable] AS [PrivateRoomsAvailable]
FROM [dbo].[Lodgings] AS [Extent1]
WHERE ([Extent1].[Discriminator] IN ('Resort','Hostel','Lodging')) AND ([Extent1].[LodgingId] = 1)
当然Reload方法也会保存内存中修改的数据,这个并不会冲突。在方法里的linq查询后面加上:hotel.Name = "A New Name"; 打印结果就是这样的了:
Name Before Reload: A New Name
State Before Reload: Modified
Name After Reload: Le Grand Hotel
State After Reload: Unchanged
注意,代码里修改的Name已经显示了,并且标记实体状态为Modified了,Modified会在调用上下文的SaveChanges方法的时候提交到数据库。这个过程是这样的:
加载实体到内存中 - 在内存中对实体的某个属性进行修改 - 使用ExecuteSqlCommand方法执行sql修改数据库里该实体的值 - 调用Reload取出数据库里本实体的最新值 - 调用SaveChanges方法的话,在内存中对实体的修改也会被提交到数据库
之前我们操作了单个实体,现在看看如何读取关联实体和状态。使用DbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries方法:
/// <summary>
/// 读取相关联的实体和状态:DbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries方法
/// </summary>
private static void PrintChangeTrackerEntries()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var res = (from r in context.Reservations
where r.Trip.Description == "Trip from the database"
select r).Single();
context.Entry(res).Collection(r => r.Payments).Load();
res.Payments.Add(new DbContexts.Model.Payment { Amount = 245 });
var entries = context.ChangeTracker.Entries();
foreach (var entry in entries)
{
Console.WriteLine("Entity Type: {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());
Console.WriteLine(" - State: {0}", entry.State);
}
}
}
添加了一个从表实体,并读取所有关联实体和其状态,打印结果:
Entity Type: DbContexts.Model.Payment
- State: Added
Entity Type: DbContexts.Model.Reservation
- State: Unchanged
Entity Type: DbContexts.Model.Payment
- State: Unchanged
EF里如何解决更新数据时的冲突
正常根据实体的主键修改实体的时候,EF是不会判断数据修改之前有没有被别的人修改过,但是如果做了并发控制,EF在更新某条记录的时候才会抛 错。这个系列文章的demo里有两个实体做了并发控制:Person类的SocialSecurityNumber字段被标记了 ConcurrencyCheck;Trip类的RowVersion字段被标记了Timestamp。我们来写一个触发 DbUpdateConcurrencyException异常的方法并处理这个异常:
/// <summary>
/// 修改实体
/// </summary>
private static void ConcurrencyDemo()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var trip = (from t in context.Trip.Include(t => t.Destination)
where t.Description == "Trip from the database"
select t).Single();
trip.Description = "Getaway in Vermont";
context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(@"UPDATE dbo.Trips SET CostUSD = 400 WHERE Description = 'Trip from the database'");
SaveWithConcurrencyResolution(context);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 尝试保存
/// </summary>
private static void SaveWithConcurrencyResolution(DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext context)
{
try
{
context.SaveChanges();
}
catch (DbUpdateConcurrencyException ex)
{
ResolveConcurrencyConflicts(ex);
SaveWithConcurrencyResolution(context);
}
}
方法分析:取出实体 - 修改实体Description属性(此时实体状态为Modified)- 使用 ExecuteSqlCommand 执行sql修改了CostUSD和Description字段(修改后时间戳已经不同了,PS:使用 ExecuteSqlCommand 执行sql不需要调用SaveChanges方法)- 调用上下文的SaveChanges方法保存之前被标记为Modified的实体,这个时候就会报一个 DbUpdateConcurrencyException的异常,因为时间戳列已经找不到了,这个更新的where条件根本找不到记录了。有时间戳的列 更新都是双条件,时间戳详细用法点 这里 了解。
我们尝试写个方法解决这个冲突:
/// <summary>
/// 解决冲突
/// </summary>
private static void ResolveConcurrencyConflicts(DbUpdateConcurrencyException ex)
{
foreach (var entry in ex.Entries)
{
Console.WriteLine("Concurrency conflict found for {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());
Console.WriteLine("
You are trying to save the following values:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues); //用户修改的值
Console.WriteLine("
The values before you started editing were:");
PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues); //从库里取出来时的值
var databaseValues = entry.GetDatabaseValues(); //即时数据库的值
Console.WriteLine("
Another user has saved the following values:");
PrintPropertyValues(databaseValues);
Console.WriteLine("[S]ave your values, [D]iscard you changes or [M]erge?");
var action = Console.ReadKey().KeyChar.ToString().ToUpper(); //读取用户输入的字母
switch (action)
{
case "S":
entry.OriginalValues.SetValues(databaseValues); //拷贝数据库值到当前值(恢复时间戳)
break;
case "D":
entry.Reload(); //重新加载
break;
case "M":
var mergedValues = MergeValues(entry.OriginalValues, entry.CurrentValues, databaseValues);//合并
entry.OriginalValues.SetValues(databaseValues); //拷贝数据库值到当前值(恢复时间戳)
entry.CurrentValues.SetValues(mergedValues); //拷贝合并后的值到当前值,最终保存的是当前值
break;
default:
throw new ArgumentException("Invalid option");
}
}
}
捕获到异常后告知用户要修改实体的原始值(用户修改前从数据库取出来的值)、现在的值(用户修改的值)、数据库里的值(此时数据库里的值,这个 值已被修改,不是用户修改前取出来的值了),打印出来的结果显示已经有人修改了这条记录了。最后是问用户是否保存修改。分别是保存、放弃、合并修改。
用户输入"S"表示“保存”,case语句块里执行的操作是拷贝数据库值到原始值,这里该有疑惑了,调用SaveChanges方法保存的也是currentValues当前值,跟 databaseValues 数据库值还有 OriginalValues原始值没有任何关系啊。其实这里这么操作的原因是恢复一下时间戳的值,之前说过timestamp的列更新条件是两个,任何一个不对都更新不了。看看sql:
exec sp_executesql N'update [dbo].[Trips]
set [Description] = @0, [CostUSD] = @1
where (([Identifier] = @2) and ([RowVersion] = @3))
select [RowVersion]
from [dbo].[Trips]
where @@ROWCOUNT > 0 and [Identifier] = @2',N'@0 nvarchar(max) ,@1 decimal(18,2),@2 uniqueidentifier,@3 binary(8)',@0=N'Getaway in Vermont',@1=1000.00,@2='CF2E6BD3-7393-440C-941A-
9124C61CE04A',@3=0x00000000000007D2
结果只保存了自己的修改:
用户输入“D”表示“放弃”,case语句块里执行的是Reload方法,这个方法之前已经介绍过了,是重新加载数据库里的最新值(Latest Value)。恢复下数据库数据再执行下方法,看看sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[Identifier] AS [Identifier],
[Extent1].[StartDate] AS [StartDate],
[Extent1].[EndDate] AS [EndDate],
[Extent1].[Description] AS [Description],
[Extent1].[CostUSD] AS [CostUSD],
[Extent1].[RowVersion] AS [RowVersion],
[Extent1].[DestinationId] AS [DestinationId]
FROM [dbo].[Trips] AS [Extent1]
WHERE [Extent1].[Identifier] = cast('cf2e6bd3-7393-440c-941a-9124c61ce04a' as uniqueidentifier)
取了下数据库里该实体最新的值(使用 ExecuteSqlCommand 更新后的值),没有其他任何更新语句,就是放弃本次修改的意思,但是之前ExecuteSqlCommand方法执行的修改是有效的,看看结果:
上面的“保存修改”和“放弃修改”都是最能达到一般的效果,如果让用户修改的和ExecuteSqlCommand的修改同时生效呢,我们选择M,意为合并。看看合并方法:
/// <summary>
/// 合并
/// </summary>
private static DbPropertyValues MergeValues(DbPropertyValues original, DbPropertyValues current, DbPropertyValues database)
{
var result = original.Clone(); //拷贝原始值并存放合并后的值
foreach (var propertyName in original.PropertyNames) //遍历原始值的所有列
{
if (original[propertyName] is DbPropertyValues) //判断当前列是否复杂类型(很少)
{
var mergedComplexValues =
MergeValues((DbPropertyValues)original[propertyName],
(DbPropertyValues)current[propertyName],
(DbPropertyValues)database[propertyName]); //是复杂类型的话就使用递归合并复杂类型的值
((DbPropertyValues)result[propertyName]).SetValues(mergedComplexValues);
}
else //是普通里的话就和当前值、数据库值、原始值各种对比。修改了就赋值
{
if (!object.Equals(current[propertyName], original[propertyName]))
result[propertyName] = current[propertyName];
else if (!object.Equals(database[propertyName], original[propertyName]))
result[propertyName] = database[propertyName];
}
}
return result;
}
看看sql:
exec sp_executesql N'update [dbo].[Trips]
set [Description] = @0, [CostUSD] = @1
where (([Identifier] = @2) and ([RowVersion] = @3))
select [RowVersion]
from [dbo].[Trips]
where @@ROWCOUNT > 0 and [Identifier] = @2',N'@0 nvarchar(max) ,@1 decimal(18,2),@2 uniqueidentifier,@3 binary(8)',@0=N'Getaway in Vermont',@1=400.00,@2='CF2E6BD3-7393-440C-941A-9124C61CE04A',@3=0x00000000000007DC
看看结果:
用户修改和ExecuteSqlCommand都保存上了。
最后讲一个更实用的东西:重写上下文的SaveChanges方法记录结果集里实体的各种增/删/改。
先到BreakAwayContext类里添加一个属性标识使用数据库上下文的SaveChanges方法还是使用自定义的SaveChanges方法:public bool LogChangesDuringSave { get; set; }
来看一个方法:
/// <summary>
/// 记录结果集的各种:增 / 删 /改
/// </summary>
private static void TestSaveLogging()
{
using (var context = new DbContexts.DataAccess.BreakAwayContext())
{
var canyon = (from d in context.Destinations
where d.Name == "Grand Canyon"
select d).Single();//加载主表数据
context.Entry(canyon).Collection(d => d.Lodgings).Load();//显示加载出从表相关数据
canyon.TravelWarnings = "Take a hat!";//修改主表字段
context.Lodgings.Remove(canyon.Lodgings.First());//删除相关联从表的第一条数据
context.Destinations.Add(new DbContexts.Model.Destination { Name = "Seattle, WA" });//添加一条主表数据
context.LogChangesDuringSave = true; //设置标识,使用自定义的SaveChanges方法
context.SaveChanges();
}
}
增加、修改、删除操作等都有。运行这个方法前需要在BreakAwayContext类里添加记录的帮助类方法:
/// <summary>
/// 记录帮助类方法
/// </summary>
private void PrintPropertyValues(DbPropertyValues values, IEnumerable<string> propertiesToPrint, int indent = 1)
{
foreach (var propertyName in propertiesToPrint)
{
var value = values[propertyName];
if (value is DbPropertyValues)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}- Complex Property: {1}", string.Empty.PadLeft(indent), propertyName);
var complexPropertyValues = (DbPropertyValues)value;
PrintPropertyValues(complexPropertyValues, complexPropertyValues.PropertyNames, indent + 1);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("{0}- {1}: {2}", string.Empty.PadLeft(indent), propertyName, values[propertyName]);
}
}
}
private IEnumerable<string> GetKeyPropertyNames(object entity)
{
var objectContext = ((IObjectContextAdapter)this).ObjectContext;
return objectContext.ObjectStateManager.GetObjectStateEntry(entity).EntityKey.EntityKeyValues.Select(k => k.Key);
}
再在BreakAwayContext类里重写下上下文的SaveChanges方法:
/// <summary>
/// 重写SaveChanges方法
/// </summary>
public override int SaveChanges()
{
if (LogChangesDuringSave) //根据表示判断用重写的SaveChanges方法,还是普通的上下文SaveChanges方法
{
var entries = from e in this.ChangeTracker.Entries()
where e.State != EntityState.Unchanged
select e; //过滤所有修改了的实体,包括:增加 / 修改 / 删除
foreach (var entry in entries)
{
switch (entry.State)
{
case EntityState.Added:
Console.WriteLine("Adding a {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());
PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues, entry.CurrentValues.PropertyNames);
break;
case EntityState.Deleted:
Console.WriteLine("Deleting a {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());
PrintPropertyValues(entry.OriginalValues, GetKeyPropertyNames(entry.Entity));
break;
case EntityState.Modified:
Console.WriteLine("Modifying a {0}", entry.Entity.GetType());
var modifiedPropertyNames = from n in entry.CurrentValues.PropertyNames
where entry.Property(n).IsModified
select n;
PrintPropertyValues(entry.CurrentValues, GetKeyPropertyNames(entry.Entity).Concat(modifiedPropertyNames));
break;
}
}
}
return base.SaveChanges(); //返回普通的上下文SaveChanges方法
}
运行结果为:
所有添加/修改/删除都记录下来了,这个可以方便我们做更细微的控制,毕竟EF对实体操作的依据就是实体的各种状态。