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  • MySQL性能优化篇

     一、优化思路

    1. 开启慢查询日志,找出问题SQL
    2. 查看SQL的执行计划
    3. 优化SQL
    4. 使用show profile[s] 查看问题SQL的性能使用情况
    5. 调整操作系统参数
    6. 升级服务器硬件

    二、慢查询日志

    mysql> show variables like 'slow%';
    +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | Variable_name       | Value                                            |
    +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    | slow_launch_time    | 2                                                |
    | slow_query_log      | OFF                                              |
    | slow_query_log_file | C:Program FilesMySQLdataB-PF1H2APD-slow.log |
    +---------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
    3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) 

      1. 临时开启慢查询

    #打开慢查询
    set global slow_query_log = ON;
    #设置阈值时间
    set global long_query_time = 1;

      2. 修改配置文件

    [mysqlId]
    slow_query_log=ON
    long_query_time=1

      3. 分析慢查询日志的工具

        MySQL自带的mysqldumpslow。请参考:https://blog.csdn.net/sunyuhua_keyboard/article/details/81204020

    三、查看执行计划

      explain + sql语句。前排提示:explain预估row会忽视limit,分析带limit的SQL语句,请使用 SHOW SESSION STATUS LIKE "Handler%"; 

    mysql> explain select * from t where a = 1;
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | t     | NULL       | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
    1 row in set, 1 warning (0.07 sec)

      3.1. id:编号

        用于区分多个查询。

        1. 有查询id相同:包含关联查询,执行顺序由上到下

        2. 有查询id不同:包含子查询,id号自增,id越大,优先级越高越先执行

      3.2. select_type:查询类型

        1. simple:简单select查询。有关联查询时,外层查询为simple

        2. primary:包含子查询或者合并查询时,最外层查询为primary

        3. union:包含合并查询,内部查询为union

        4. union result:包含合并查询,并且使用的是union,需要对结果进行去重,排序,最后返回查询结果,这个查询为union result

        5. dependent union:union/union all之后的select为dependent union,并且该查询依赖外部查询。

    mysql> explain select a from t as t3 where a in(select a from t as t1 union select a from t as t2);
    +----+--------------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------+
    | id | select_type        | table      | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra           |
    +----+--------------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------+
    |  1 | PRIMARY            | t3         | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |   100.00 | Using where     |
    |  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t1         | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |    10.00 | Using where     |
    |  3 | DEPENDENT UNION    | t2         | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |    10.00 | Using where     |
    | NULL | UNION RESULT       | <union2,3> | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |  NULL |     NULL | Using temporary |
    +----+--------------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------+
    4 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

        上述查询似乎没有显式依赖,实际是MySQL会将in优化成exists

    mysql> explain select a from t t3 where exists(select 1 from t t1 where t1.a = t3.a union select 1 from t t2 where t2.a = t3.a);
    +----+--------------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------+
    | id | select_type        | table      | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra           |
    +----+--------------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------+
    |  1 | PRIMARY            | t3         | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |   100.00 | Using where     |
    |  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t1         | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |    10.00 | Using where     |
    |  3 | DEPENDENT UNION    | t2         | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |    10.00 | Using where     |
    | NULL | UNION RESULT       | <union2,3> | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |  NULL |     NULL | Using temporary |
    +----+--------------------+------------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-----------------+
    4 rows in set, 3 warnings (0.00 sec)

        6. subquery:在select或where中包含子查询,且结果不依赖于外部查询

    mysql> explain select * from t where a = (select a from t where a = 1);
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra       |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+
    |  1 | PRIMARY     | t     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |    10.00 | Using where |
    |  2 | SUBQUERY    | t     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |    10.00 | Using where |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

        7. dependent subquery:子查询中的第一个select,取决于外部的查询。如下子查询的筛选需要先查出主查询。这种查询类型说明SQL性能差但是在MySQL5.7.26版本下测试好像被优化了

    mysql> explain select * from t where a in (select a from test where test.b = t.b);
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref         | rows | filtered | Extra                        |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | test  | NULL       | ALL  | idx_a         | NULL | NULL    | NULL        | 1024 |   100.00 | Using where; Start temporary |
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | t     | NULL       | ref  | b             | b    | 5       | test.test.b |    1 |    10.00 | Using where; End temporary   |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-------------+------+----------+------------------------------+
    2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

        换一个查询试试,很奇怪哦

    mysql> explain select(select a from test where test.b = t.b) from t;
    +----+--------------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type        | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra       |
    +----+--------------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+
    |  1 | PRIMARY            | t     | NULL       | index | NULL          | b    | 5       | NULL | 49410 |   100.00 | Using index |
    |  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | test  | NULL       | ALL   | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |  1024 |    10.00 | Using where |
    +----+--------------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

        8. derived:from语句中出现的子查询。已被优化为 select * from t;

    mysql> explain select * from (select * from t)t;
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------+
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | t     | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 49410 |   100.00 | NULL  |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------+
    1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

      3.3 table:查询使用的表

        1. 如果使用了别名,显示别名

        2. 如果不涉及对表的操作,显示null

        3. 如果使用的是临时表,表名为<derived N>,N代表的是id,即该表是由这条查询语句N生成的

        4. 如果是union查询结果产生的临时表,表名<union M,N>,表示由查询语句M和查询语句N合并查询产生的

      3.4 type:查询的连接类型或者访问类型

        system>const>eq_ref>ref>range>index_merge>index>ALL

        1. const:使用唯一索引或者主键查询返回一行记录的等值查询

        2. eq_ref:使用唯一索引或主键进行等值关联查询,InnoDB在数据量小时,会退化成ALL

    mysql> explain select * from t t1 left join t t2 on t1.a = t2.a;
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref       | rows | filtered | Extra |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------+
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL      |   20 |   100.00 | NULL  |
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | test.t1.a |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------+
    2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

        3. ref:跟eq_ref的区别是,使用非唯一索引

    mysql> explain select * from t t1 left join t t2 on t1.b = t2.b;
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------+
    | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref       | rows | filtered | Extra |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------+
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL      |   20 |   100.00 | NULL  |
    |  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | ref  | b             | b    | 5       | test.t1.b |    1 |   100.00 | NULL  |
    +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------+------+----------+-------+
    2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

        4. range:索引范围查找,常见于>,<,is null,between,in,like等运算查询中

        5. index_merge:MySQL5.7版本的优化,在查询中可以使用多个单独索引。看到这个说明需要优化索引了

        6. index:在查询结果中使用了索引值,即索引覆盖

        7. all:全表扫描

      3.5 possible_keys:可能使用的索引

      3.6 key:实际使用的索引

      3.7 key_len:使用到的索引的长度

        组合索引不一定用到所有的索引,根据长度可以判断

        varchr(10)变长字段且允许NULL : 10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+1(NULL)+2(变长字段)

        varchr(10)变长字段且不允许NULL : 10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+2(变长字段)

        char(10)固定字段且允许NULL : 10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)+1(NULL)

        char(10)固定字段且不允许NULL : 10*(Character Set:utf8=3,gbk=2,latin1=1)

        bigint长度是8bytes,int长度是4,typeint长度是1,smallint长度2,middleint长度是3。

        注意int(10)设置的是显示宽度,假如不足10位则补零,int类型存储的范围固定是-2的31次方到2的31次方。

      3.8 ref

        如果是常数等值查询,显示const。如果是关联查询,被驱动表会显示驱动表的关联字段。

      3.9 row:结果行数,是一个估计值

      3.10 extra

        1. Using filesort:产生了无法使用索引的排序(请参考:https://www.jianshu.com/p/069428a6594e)

        2. Using temporary:使用临时表保存中间结果。常见于排序和分组

        3. Using index:覆盖索引,筛选条件从索引第一列开始

        4. Using where:没有覆盖索引,筛选条件不是索引第一列开始或第一列的范围查找

        5. Using where,Using index:覆盖索引,但筛选条件是索引,但不是索引第一列或是第一列的范围查找。即代表在索引树上进行了扫描

        6. Using index condition:索引下推。没有覆盖索引,筛选条件从索引第一列开始

        7. NULL:没有索引覆盖,筛选条件从索引第一列开始

        参考:https://www.cnblogs.com/ivy-zheng/p/11121360.html

    四、SQL语句优化

      1. 索引优化,请见索引篇

      2. LIMIT优化

        1. 对于已知只有一行结果的查询,使用limit 1,使查询尽快中止

        2. 分页查询。

    mysql> explain select * from page a inner join (select id from page limit 1000,100) b on a.id = b.id;
    +----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+
    | id | select_type | table      | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra       |
    +----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+
    |  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | NULL       | ALL    | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL |  1100 |   100.00 | NULL        |
    |  1 | PRIMARY     | a          | NULL       | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | b.id |     1 |   100.00 | NULL        |
    |  2 | DERIVED     | page       | NULL       | index  | NULL          | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL | 11747 |   100.00 | Using index |
    +----+-------------+------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+

        还有一种方法是在程序缓存上一次查询的最大id,下次分页查询时,用id做查询条件,防止id不连续的情况,一般查询条件 id + page_size + n。确保查询结果足量包含一页的大小。

      3. 小表驱动大表(in(小表查询),exists(大表查询))

      4. 关联表查询关联的字段需建立索引,并且注意字段的类型需要一致避免做类型转换

    五、服务器层优化

      1. 缓冲区优化,设置缓冲池大小,一般设置为总内存的3/4到4/5。

      2. 降低磁盘写入次数,关闭通用查询日志、慢查询日志、错误日志。

        

      

    人生就像蒲公英,看似自由,其实身不由己。
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/walker993/p/14550999.html
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