1. 信号量(semaphore)主要用于保护临界资源。
进程可以根据它判断是否能访问某些共享资源。
信号量除了用于访问控制外,还可用于进程同步,也就是进程间通信。
2. 信号量分类:
a. 二值信号量: 信号量的值只能取0或1,类似于互斥锁mutex,但两者又不同:
mutex 与 二值信号量的区别:
信号量强调共享资源,只要共享资源可用,其他进程同样可以修改信号量的值;
互斥锁更强调进程,占用资源的进程使用完资源后,必须由进程本身来接锁。
b. 计数信号量:信号量的值可以取任意非负值。
system V信号量通过定义如下概念给信号量增加了另外一级复杂度。
计数信号量集:一个或多个信号量(构成一个集合),其中每个都是计数信号量。每个集合的信号量数存在一个限制,一般在25个数量级。
3.semget函数(信号量的创建)
semget函数创建一个信号量集或访问一个已存在的信号量集。
#include <sys/sem.h> int senget(key_t key,int nsems,int oflag);
nsems参数指定集合中的信号量数。如果我们不创建一个新的信号量集,而只是访问一个已存在的集合,那就可以把该参数指定为0。一旦创建完一个信号量集,我们就不能改变其中的信号量数。
oflag值是SEM_R和SEM_A常值得组合。他们还可以与IPC _CREAT或IPC_CREAT | IPC_EXCL按位或。
当实际操作为创建一个新的信号量集时,相应的semid_ds结构的以下成员将被初始化。
(1)sem_perm结构的uid和cuid成员被置为调用进程的有效用户ID,gid和cgid成员被置为调用进程的有效组ID。
(2)oflag参数中的读写权限位存入sem_perm.mode。
(3)sem_otime被置为0,sem_ctime则被置为当前时间。
(4)sem_nsems被置为nsems参数的值。
(5)与该集合中每个信号量关联的各个sem结构并不初始化。这些结构时在以SET_VAL或SETALL命令调用semctl时初始化的。
4.semop函数(操作信号量)
使用semget打开一个信号量集后,对其中一个或多个信号量的操作就使用semop函数来执行。
#include <sys/sem.h> int semop(int semid,struct sembuf *opsptr,size_t nops);其中opsptr指向一个如下结构的数组:
struct sembuf{ unsigned short sem_num; /* semaphore number */ short sem_op; /* semaphore operation */ short sem_flg; /* operation flags */ };
假定有一个信号量变量sv,
P(sv):用于等待,如果sv大于0,就给它减去1,如果它的值等于0,就挂起该进程的执行
V(sv):用于发送信号,如果有其他进程因等待sv而挂起,就让它恢复运行,如果没有进程因等待sv而被挂起,就给它加1
semaphore sv=1;
loop forever{
P(sv);
critical code section;
V(sv);
noncritical code section;
}
信号量函数定义如下所示:
#include<sys/sem.h>
int semctl(int sem_id, int sem_num, int command, ...);//用来直接控制信号量信息
int semget(key_t key, int num_sems, int sem_flags);//创建一个新信号量或取得一个已有信号量的键
int semop(int sem_id, struct sembuf *sem_ops, size_t num_sem_ops);//用于改变信号量的值
/* After the #includes, the function prototypes and the global variable, we come to the main function. There the semaphore is created with a call to semget, which returns the semaphore ID. If the program is the first to be called (i.e. it's called with a parameter and argc > 1), a call is made to set_semvalue to initialize the semaphore and op_char is set to X. */ #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <sys/sem.h> #include "semun.h" static int set_semvalue(void); static void del_semvalue(void); static int semaphore_p(void); static int semaphore_v(void); static int sem_id; int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; int pause_time; char op_char = 'O'; srand((unsigned int)getpid()); sem_id = semget((key_t)1234, 1, 0666 | IPC_CREAT); if (argc > 1) { if (!set_semvalue()) { fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize semaphore "); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } op_char = 'X'; sleep(2); } /* Then we have a loop which enters and leaves the critical section ten times. There, we first make a call to semaphore_p which sets the semaphore to wait, as this program is about to enter the critical section. */ for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (!semaphore_p()) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); printf("%c", op_char);fflush(stdout); pause_time = rand() % 3; sleep(pause_time); printf("%c", op_char);fflush(stdout); /* After the critical section, we call semaphore_v, setting the semaphore available, before going through the for loop again after a random wait. After the loop, the call to del_semvalue is made to clean up the code. */ if (!semaphore_v()) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); pause_time = rand() % 2; sleep(pause_time); } printf(" %d - finished ", getpid()); if (argc > 1) { sleep(10); del_semvalue(); } exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } /* The function set_semvalue initializes the semaphore using the SETVAL command in a semctl call. We need to do this before we can use the semaphore. */ static int set_semvalue(void) { union semun sem_union; sem_union.val = 1; if (semctl(sem_id, 0, SETVAL, sem_union) == -1) return(0); return(1); } /* The del_semvalue function has almost the same form, except the call to semctl uses the command IPC_RMID to remove the semaphore's ID. */ static void del_semvalue(void) { union semun sem_union; if (semctl(sem_id, 0, IPC_RMID, sem_union) == -1) fprintf(stderr, "Failed to delete semaphore "); } /* semaphore_p changes the semaphore by -1 (waiting). */ static int semaphore_p(void) { struct sembuf sem_b; sem_b.sem_num = 0; sem_b.sem_op = -1; /* P() */ sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO; if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_p failed "); return(0); } return(1); } /* semaphore_v is similar except for setting the sem_op part of the sembuf structure to 1, so that the semaphore becomes available. */ static int semaphore_v(void) { struct sembuf sem_b; sem_b.sem_num = 0; sem_b.sem_op = 1; /* V() */ sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO; if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_v failed "); return(0); } return(1); }