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  • Linux 多线程

    I. 同步机制

    线程间的同步机制主要包括三个:

    • 互斥锁
      以排他的方式,防止共享资源被并发访问;
      互斥锁为二元变量, 状态为0-开锁1-上锁;
      开锁必须由上锁的线程执行,不受其它线程干扰.
    • 条件变量
      满足某个特定条件时,可通过条件变量通知其它线程do-something;
      必须与互斥锁*联合使用,单独无法执行.
    • 读写锁
      针对多读者,少写者的情况设定

      • 允许多读,但此时不可写
      • 唯一写,此时不可读.

    函数的头文件为:

        #include <phtread.h>     

    1. 互斥锁

    操作流程:

    • I. 创建互斥锁
    • II. 申请锁:若可用,立刻占用;否则,阻塞等待
    • III. do-something
    • IV. 释放锁
    • V. 销毁锁

    以下是互斥锁的基本操作函数:

    功能函数参数返回值说明
    初始化锁 int pthread_mutex_init(
    pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
    const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr)
    1. mutex: 欲建立的互斥锁
    2.attr:属性,一般为NULL
    成功:0
    失败:非零值
     
    阻塞申请锁 int pthread_mutex_lock(
    pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
    mutex:互斥锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
    若未申请到,
    阻塞等待
    非阻塞申请 int pthread_mutex_trylock(
    pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
    mutex:互斥锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
    若未申请到,
    返回错误
    释放锁 int pthread_mutex_unlock(
    pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
    mutex:互斥锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
     
    销毁锁 int pthread_mutex_destroy(
    pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
    mutex:互斥锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
     

    2. 条件变量

    注意,条件变量必须与互斥锁共同使用;

    以下是条件变量的基本操作函数:

    功能函数参数返回值说明
    初始化锁 int pthread_cond_init(
    pthread_cond_t *cond,
    const pthread_condattr_t *attr)
    1. cond: 欲建立的条件变量
    2.attr:属性,一般为NULL
    成功:0
    失败:非零值
     
    等待条件变量 int pthread_cond_wait(
    pthread_cond_t *cond,
    pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
    1.cond:条件变量
    2.mutex:互斥锁
    成功:0
    失败:非零值
    阻塞等待
    隐含释放申请到的互斥锁
    限时等待条件变量 int pthread_cond_timewait(
    pthread_cond_t *cond,
    pthread_mutex_t *mutex,
    const struct timespec *time)
    3.time:等待过期的绝对时间
    从1970-1-1:0:0:0起
    成功:0
    失败:非零值
    struct timespec{long ts_sec;
    long ts_nsec}
    单一通知 int pthread_cond_signal(
    pthread_cond_t *cond)
    cond:条件变量 成功:0
    失败:非零值
    唤醒等待cond的第一个线程
    隐含获取需要的互斥锁
    广播通知 int pthread_cond_broadcast(
    pthread_cond_t *cond)
    cond:条件变量 成功:0
    失败:非零值
    唤醒所有等待cond的线程
    隐含获取需要的互斥锁
    销毁条件变量 int pthread_cond_destroy(
    pthread_cond_t *cond)
    cond:条件变量 成功:0
    失败:非零值
     

    3. 读写锁

    读写基本原则:

    • 若当前线程读数据,则允许其他线程读数据,但不允许写
    • 若当前线程写数据,则不允许其他线程读、写数据

    以下是基本的操作:

    功能函数参数返回值说明
    初始化锁 int pthread_rwlock_init(
    pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock,
    const pthread_rwlockattr_t *attr)
    1. rwlock: 欲建立的读写锁
    2.attr:属性,一般为NULL
    成功:0
    失败:非零值
     
    阻塞申请读锁 int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(
    pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
    rwlock:读写锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
    若未申请到,
    阻塞等待
    非阻塞申请 int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(
    pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
    rwlock:读写锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
    若未申请到,
    返回错误
    阻塞申请写锁 int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(
    pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
    rwlock:读写锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
    若未申请到,
    阻塞等待
    非阻塞申请写锁 int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(
    pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
    rwlock:读写锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
    若未申请到,
    返回错误
    释放锁 int pthread_mutex_unlock(
    pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
    rwlock:读写锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
     
    销毁锁 int pthread_rwlock_destroy(
    pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock)
    rwlock:读写锁 成功:0
    失败:非零值
     

    4. 线程信号量

    线程信号量类似进程的信号量,主要是使得多个线程访问共享资源时,顺序互斥访问。
    与互斥锁的区别在于:

    • 互斥锁:只有一个bool类型的值,只允许2个线程进行排队;
    • 信号量:允许多个线程共同等待一个共享资源

    函数如下:

         #include <semaphore.h>
    功能函数参数返回值说明
    创建信号量 int sem_init(sem_t *sem,
    int pshared, unsigned int value)
    1. sem:信号量地址;
    2. pshared:是(!=0)否(0)为共享信号量
    3. value:信号量初值
    0: 成功
    -1: 失败
     
    P操作(阻塞) int sem_wait(sem_t *sem) sem:信号量地址 0: 成功
    -1: 失败
     
    P操作(非阻塞) int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem) sem:信号量地址 0: 成功
    -1: 失败
     
    P操作(时间) int sem_timedwait(sem_t *sem,
    const struct timespec *abs_timeout)
    1. sem:信号量地址
    2. abs_timeout:超时时间
    0: 成功
    -1: 失败
    struct timespec 见下面
    V操作 int sem_post(sem_t *sem) sem:信号量地址 0: 成功
    -1: 失败
     
    获取信号量值 int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int *sval) 1. sem:信号量地址
    2. sval: 将信号量值放到该地址
    0: 成功
    -1: 失败
     
    删除信号量 int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem) sem:信号量地址 0: 成功
    -1: 失败
     
    struct timespec {
                   time_t tv_sec;      /* Seconds */
                   long   tv_nsec;     /* Nanoseconds [0 .. 999999999] */
               };

    II. 异步机制 - 信号

    线程的异步机制只有信号,类似于线程的信号。

    线程信号具备以下特点

      1. 任何线程都可以向其它线程(同一进程下)发送信号;
      1. 每个线程都具备自己独立的信号屏蔽集,不影响其它线程;
      1. 线程创建时,不继承原线程的信号屏蔽集;
      1. 同进程下,所有线程共享对某信号的处理方式,即一个设置,所有有效;
      1. 多个线程的程序,向某一个线程发送终止信号,则整个进程终止

    信号的基本操作如下:

    功能函数参数返回值说明
    安装信号 sighandler_t signal(
    int signum,
    sighandler_t handler)
    1.signum:信号值
    2.handler:信号操作
    详情参见:
    http://www.cnblogs.com/Jimmy1988/p/7575103.html
    发送信号 int pthread_kill(
    pthread_t threadid,
    int signo
    1.threadid: 目标线程id
    2.signo:信号值
    成功:0
    失败:非零值
    若signo=0,
    检测该线程是否存在,
    不发送信号
    设置屏蔽集 pthread_sigmask(int how,
    const sigset_t *set,
    sigset_t *oldset)
    1.how:如何更改信号掩码
    2.newmask:新的信号屏蔽集
    3.原信号屏蔽集
    成功:0
    失败:非零值
    how值:
     1.SIG_BLOCK:添加新掩码
     2.SIG_UNBLOCK:删除新掩码
     3.SIG_SETMASK:设置新掩码完全替换旧值

    也可以参考这篇博客:https://www.cnblogs.com/coding-my-life/p/4782529.html

    III、示例代码

    1.同步机制:

    1). 互斥锁:

    两个线程:

    • 读线程:从stdin中读取数据,并存储
    • 写线程:从存储buffer中读取数据并显示
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <pthread.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    
    #define SIZE 128
    
    pthread_mutex_t mutex;
    int EXIT = 0;
    char word[SIZE];
    
    void * child(void *arg)
    {
        while(1)
        {
            while(strlen(word) == 0)
                usleep(100);
    
            pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
            printf("The input words: %s
    ", word);
            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
            if(strcmp("end
    ", word) == 0)
            {
                printf("The process end
    ");
                EXIT = 1;
                break;
            }
            
            memset(word, '', SIZE);
        }
        
        return ;
    }
    
    int main()
    {
        //1. create the lock
        pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
        
        //2.create a new thread
        pthread_t tid;
        pthread_create(&tid, NULL, (void *)*child, NULL);
        
        //3. Input words
        while(EXIT == 0)
        {
            if(strlen(word)!=0)
                usleep(100);
            //add the lock
            else
            {
                pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
                printf("Input words:  ");
                fgets(word, SIZE, stdin);
                pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);            
            }
        }
    
        pthread_join(tid, NULL);
        printf("The child has joined
    ");
        pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
    
        return 0;
    }
    

    2). 条件变量:

    生产者和消费者问题:

    • 生产者:
      向仓库生产数据(大小可任意设定),当满时,阻塞等待仓库有空闲(由消费者消费完后通知)
    • 消费者:
      从仓库读数据,若仓库为空,则阻塞等待,当生产者再次生产产品后通知
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <pthread.h>
    
    #define SIZE 2
    int Data[SIZE];
    
    typedef struct
    {
        pthread_mutex_t lock;
        pthread_cond_t  notFull;
        pthread_cond_t  notEmpty;
        int read_point;
        int write_point;
    }sCOND;
    
    sCOND *pCondLock;
    
    void init(void)
    {
        //memset(pCondLock, 0, sizeof(sCOND));
    
        //1.Create a mutex lock
        pthread_mutex_init(&pCondLock->lock, NULL);
    
        //2.Create two condition variable  
        pthread_cond_init(&pCondLock->notFull, NULL);
        pthread_cond_init(&pCondLock->notEmpty, NULL);
    
        //set the read and write point 0
        pCondLock->read_point = 0;
        pCondLock->write_point = 0;
    }
    
    
    int put(int data) 
    {
        //obtain the mutex lock
        pthread_mutex_lock(&pCondLock->lock);
        
        //check the global variable Data full or not
        while((pCondLock->write_point+1)%SIZE == pCondLock->read_point)
        {
            printf("The buf is full, waitting for not_full signal
    ");
            pthread_cond_wait(&pCondLock->notFull, &pCondLock->lock);
        }       
    
        //write the data to buffer
        Data[pCondLock->write_point] = data;
        pCondLock->write_point++;
        if(pCondLock->write_point == SIZE)
            pCondLock->write_point = 0;
        
        //unlock the mutex lock 
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&pCondLock->lock);
    
        //wake up the not_empty signal
        pthread_cond_signal(&pCondLock->notEmpty);
            
    
        return 0;
    }
    
    
    int get(int *data) 
    {
        //obtain the mutex lock
        pthread_mutex_lock(&pCondLock->lock);
        
        //check the global variable Data empty or not
        while(pCondLock->write_point == pCondLock->read_point)
        {
            printf("The buf is empty, waitting for not_empty signal
    ");
            pthread_cond_wait(&pCondLock->notEmpty, &pCondLock->lock);
        }       
    
        //read the data from buffer
        *data = Data[pCondLock->read_point];
        pCondLock->read_point++;
        if(pCondLock->read_point == SIZE)
            pCondLock->read_point = 0;
        
        //wake up the not_empty signal
        pthread_cond_signal(&pCondLock->notFull);
            
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&pCondLock->lock);
    
        return *data;
    }
    
    void *produce(void)
    {
        int times=0;
        //1. first 5 times, every second write a data to buffer
        for(times=0; times < 5; times++)
        {
            sleep(1);
            put(times+1);
            printf("Input date=%d
    ", times+1);
        }
    
        //2. last 5 times, every 3 seconds write a data to buffer 
        for(times = 5; times < 10; times++)
        {
            sleep(3);
            put(times+1);
            printf("Input date=%d
    ", times+1);
        }
    }
    
    void *consume(void)
    {
        int times=0;
        int data=0;
        //10 times, every 2 seconds read the buffer
        for(times = 0; times < 10; times++)
        {
            sleep(2);
            data = get(&data);
            printf("The data is %d
    ", data);
        }
    }
    
    int main()
    {
        pthread_t tid1, tid2;
        
        pCondLock = malloc(sizeof(sCOND));
        memset(pCondLock, '', sizeof(sCOND));
        //1.init the struct of sCondLock 
        init();
    
        //2. start two threads
        pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, (void*)*produce, NULL);
        pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, (void*)*consume, NULL);
        
        pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
        pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
    
        free(pCondLock);
    
        return 0;
    }
    

    3). 读写锁:

    四个线程:两读两写;

    多进程可同时读,但此时不可写;
    只有一个线程可写,其它线程等待该线程写完后执行响应的读/写操作

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <pthread.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    
    #define BUF_SIZE 128
    
    char buf[BUF_SIZE];
    
    pthread_rwlock_t rwlock;
    
    int time_to_exit = 0;
    
    void *read_first(void *arg);
    void *read_second(void *arg);
    void *write_first(void *arg);
    void *write_second(void *arg);
    
    int main()
    {
        pthread_t tid_rd1, tid_rd2;
        pthread_t tid_wr1, tid_wr2;
    
        //1.create a read-write-lock
        int ret = pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock, NULL);
        if(ret != 0)
        {
            perror("pthread_rwlock_init");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        //2. Create the read and write threads
        ret = pthread_create(&tid_rd1, NULL, (void *)*read_first, NULL);
        if(ret != 0)
        {
            perror("pthread_create");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        ret = pthread_create(&tid_rd2, NULL, (void *)*read_second, NULL);
        if(ret != 0)
        {
            perror("pthread_create");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        ret = pthread_create(&tid_wr1, NULL, (void *)*write_first, NULL);
        if(ret != 0)
        {
            perror("pthread_create");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        ret = pthread_create(&tid_wr2, NULL, (void *)*write_second, NULL);
        if(ret != 0)
        {
            perror("pthread_create");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
    
        //3. wait for the threads finish
        pthread_join(tid_rd1, NULL);
        pthread_join(tid_rd2, NULL);
        pthread_join(tid_wr1, NULL);
        pthread_join(tid_wr2, NULL);
    
        //4. delete the read-write-lock
        pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock);
    
        return 0;
    }
    
    /***************************************************/
    // Write threads
    void *write_first(void *arg)
    {
        while(!time_to_exit)
        {
            sleep(5);
            
            //1. get the read-lock    
            pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
            printf("
    This is thread write_first!
    ");
    
            printf("Pls input the string: ");
            fgets(buf, BUF_SIZE, stdin);
    
            pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
        }
    
        printf("Exit the write_first!
    ");
        pthread_exit(0);
    }
    
    void *write_second(void *arg)
    {
        while(!time_to_exit)
        {
            sleep(10);
            
            //1. get the read-lock    
            pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);
            printf("
    This is thread write_second!
    ");
    
            printf("Pls input the string: ");
            fgets(buf, BUF_SIZE, stdin);
    
            pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
        }
    
        printf("Exit the write_second!
    ");
        pthread_exit(0);
    }
    
    
    //-----2. read the threads
    void *read_first(void *arg)
    {
        while(1)
        {
            sleep(5);
            pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
            printf("
    This is thread read_first
    ");
    
            //if write an string of "end"
            if(!strncmp("end", buf, 3))
            {
                printf("Exit the read_first!
    ");
                break;
            }
            
            //if nothing in the BUFFER
            while(strlen(buf) == 0)
            {
                pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
                sleep(2);
                pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
            }
            
            //output the string in BUFFER
            printf("The string is: %s
    ", buf);
    
            pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
        }
    
        pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
    
        //make the exit true
        time_to_exit = 1;
    
        pthread_exit(0);
    }
    
    void *read_second(void *arg)
    {
        while(1)
        {
            sleep(4);
    
            pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
            printf("
    This is thread read_second
    ");
    
            //if write an string of "end"
            if(!strncmp("end", buf, 3))
            {
                printf("Exit the read_second!
    ");
                break;
            }
            
            //if nothing in the BUFFER
            while(strlen(buf) == 0)
            {
                pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
                sleep(2);
                pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);
            }
            
            //output the string in BUFFER
            printf("The string is: %s
    ", buf);
    
            pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
        }
    
        pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);
    
        //make the exit true
        time_to_exit = 1;
    
        pthread_exit(0);
    }
    

    2. 异步机制 - 信号:

    本程序包括两个线程:

    • 线程1安装SIGUSR1,阻塞除SIGUSR2外的所有信号;
    • 线程2安装SIGUSR2,不阻塞任何信号

    操作流程:

    • 1- 线程1、2安装信号;
    • 2- 主线程发送SIGUSR1和SIGUSR2至线程1和线程2;
    • 3- 线程1接收到除SIGUSR2之外的信号,阻塞不执行;当收到SIGUSR2后,执行对应操作;
    • 4- 线程2接收到SIGUSR1和SIGUSR2后,分别执行对应操作
    • 5- 主线程发送SIGKILL信号,结束整个进程
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <pthread.h>
    #include <signal.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    
    void *th_first(void *arg);
    
    void *th_second(void *arg);
    
    pthread_t tid1, tid2;
    
    void handler(int signo)
    {
        printf("In handler: tid_%s, signo=%d
    ", ((pthread_self() == tid1)?"first":"second"), signo);
    }
    
    int main()
    {
        int ret = 0;
        //1. create first thread
        ret = pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, (void *)*th_first, NULL);
        if(0 !=ret)
        {
            perror("pthread_create");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        //2. create second thread
        ret = pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, (void *)*th_second, NULL);
        if(0 !=ret)
        {
            perror("pthread_create");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        sleep(2);
        //3. send the signal of SIG_USER1 and SIG_USER2 to thread_first
        ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGUSR1);
        if(0 !=ret)
        {
            perror("pthread_kill");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGUSR2);
        if(0 !=ret)
        {
            perror("pthread_kill");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        //4. send the signal of SIG_USER1 and SIG_USER2 to thread_second_
        sleep(1);
        ret = pthread_kill(tid2, SIGUSR1);
        if(0 !=ret)
        {
            perror("pthread_kill");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        ret = pthread_kill(tid2, SIGUSR2);
        if(0 !=ret)
        {
            perror("pthread_kill");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        sleep(1);
        //5. send SIGKILL to all threads
        ret = pthread_kill(tid1, SIGKILL);
        if(0 !=ret)
        {
            perror("pthread_kill");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    
        pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
        pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
    
        return 0;
    }
    
    
    void *th_first(void *arg)
    {
        //1. Add SIGUSR1 signal
        signal(SIGUSR1, handler);
        
        //2. Set the sinagl set
        sigset_t set;
        sigfillset(&set);                           //init set to be full, include all signal
        sigdelset(&set, SIGUSR2);                   //delete the SIGUSR2 from the set variable
        pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, &set, NULL);   //set the current mask set to be defined set variable
        
        //3. Circular wait the signal
        int i;
        for(i=0; i<5; i++)
        {
            printf("
    This is th_first, tid=%#x
     ", pthread_self());
            pause();
        }
    }
    
    void *th_second(void *arg)
    {
        usleep(100);
        //1. Add the signal of SIGUSR2
        signal(SIGUSR2, handler);
    
        //2. Circular wait the signal
        int i;
        for(i=0; i<5; i++)
        {
            printf("
    This is th_second, tid=%#x
    ", pthread_self());
            pause();
        }
    }
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wanghuaijun/p/9532604.html
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