本篇对于Python操作MySQL主要使用两种方式：
- 原生模块 pymsql
- ORM框架 SQLAchemy
一、pymysql
pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块，其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同。
下载安装
pip3 install pymysql
使用操作
1、执行SQL
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 import pymysql 4 5 # 创建连接 6 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') 7 # 创建游标 8 cursor = conn.cursor() 9 10 # 执行SQL，并返回收影响行数 11 effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'") 12 13 # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数 14 #effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,)) 15 16 # 执行SQL，并返回受影响行数 17 #effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) 18 19 20 # 提交，不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据 21 conn.commit() 22 23 # 关闭游标 24 cursor.close() 25 # 关闭连接 26 conn.close()
2、获取新创建数据自增ID
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 import pymysql 4 5 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') 6 cursor = conn.cursor() 7 cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) 8 conn.commit() 9 cursor.close() 10 conn.close() 11 12 # 获取最新自增ID 13 new_id = cursor.lastrowid
3、获取查询数据
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 import pymysql 4 5 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') 6 cursor = conn.cursor() 7 cursor.execute("select * from hosts") 8 9 # 获取第一行数据 10 row_1 = cursor.fetchone() 11 12 # 获取前n行数据 13 # row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3) 14 # 获取所有数据 15 # row_3 = cursor.fetchall() 16 17 conn.commit() 18 cursor.close() 19 conn.close()
注：在fetch数据时按照顺序进行，可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置，如：
- cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative') # 相对当前位置移动
- cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动
4、fetch数据类型
关于默认获取的数据是元祖类型，如果想要或者字典类型的数据，即：
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 import pymysql 4 5 conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1') 6 7 # 游标设置为字典类型 8 cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) 9 r = cursor.execute("call p1()") 10 11 result = cursor.fetchone() 12 13 conn.commit() 14 cursor.close() 15 conn.close()
1 作业： 2 参考表结构： 3 用户类型 4 5 用户信息 6 7 权限 8 9 用户类型&权限 10 功能： 11 12 # 登陆、注册、找回密码 13 # 用户管理 14 # 用户类型 15 # 权限管理 16 # 分配权限 17 18 特别的：程序仅一个可执行文件
注意： (python代码操作数据库)
1 import pymysql 2 3 user = input("username:") 4 pwd = input("password:") 5 6 conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user='root',password='',database="db666") 7 cursor = conn.cursor() 8 sql = "select * from userinfo where username='%s' and password='%s'" %(user,pwd) #这段代码提到了注入问题，直接拼接会被他人任意登入，风险很大，所以不能这样写！ 9 # select * from userinfo where username='uu' or 1=1 -- ' and password='%s' #这里就是利用了注入问题登入了数据库 10 cursor.execute(sql) 11 result = cursor.fetchone() 12 cursor.close() 13 conn.close() 14 15 if result: 16 print('登录成功') 17 else: 18 print('登录失败')
1 import pymysql 2 3 user = input("username:") 4 pwd = input("password:") 5 6 conn = pymysql.connect(host="localhost",user='root',password='',database="db666") 7 cursor = conn.cursor() 8 sql = "select * from userinfo where username=%s and password=%s" 9 cursor.execute(sql,user,pwd) 10 # cursor.execute(sql,[user,pwd]) 11 # cursor.execute(sql,{'u':user,'p':pwd}) 12 result = cursor.fetchone() 13 cursor.close() 14 conn.close() 15 if result: 16 print('登录成功') 17 else: 18 print('登录失败')
二、SQLAchemy
SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
安装：
pip3 install SQLAlchemy
SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：
1 MySQL-Python 2 mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> 3 4 pymysql 5 mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>] 6 7 MySQL-Connector 8 mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname> 9 10 cx_Oracle 11 oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...] 12 13 更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
一、内部处理
使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from sqlalchemy import create_engine 4 5 6 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) 7 8 # 执行SQL 9 # cur = engine.execute( 10 # "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)" 11 # ) 12 13 # 新插入行自增ID 14 # cur.lastrowid 15 16 # 执行SQL 17 # cur = engine.execute( 18 # "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),] 19 # ) 20 21 22 # 执行SQL 23 # cur = engine.execute( 24 # "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)", 25 # host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3 26 # ) 27 28 # 执行SQL 29 # cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts') 30 # 获取第一行数据 31 # cur.fetchone() 32 # 获取第n行数据 33 # cur.fetchmany(3) 34 # 获取所有数据 35 # cur.fetchall()
二、ORM功能使用
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。
1、创建表
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base 4 from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index 5 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship 6 from sqlalchemy import create_engine 7 8 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) 9 10 Base = declarative_base() 11 12 # 创建单表 13 class Users(Base): 14 __tablename__ = 'users' 15 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) 16 name = Column(String(32)) 17 extra = Column(String(16)) 18 19 __table_args__ = ( 20 UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), 21 Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'), 22 ) 23 24 25 # 一对多 26 class Favor(Base): 27 __tablename__ = 'favor' 28 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) 29 caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True) 30 31 32 class Person(Base): 33 __tablename__ = 'person' 34 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) 35 name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True) 36 favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) 37 38 39 # 多对多 40 class Group(Base): 41 __tablename__ = 'group' 42 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) 43 name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) 44 port = Column(Integer, default=22) 45 46 47 class Server(Base): 48 __tablename__ = 'server' 49 50 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) 51 hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) 52 53 54 class ServerToGroup(Base): 55 __tablename__ = 'servertogroup' 56 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) 57 server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id')) 58 group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id')) 59 60 61 def init_db(): 62 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) 63 64 65 def drop_db(): 66 Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
注：设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])
2、操作表
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base 4 from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index 5 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship 6 from sqlalchemy import create_engine 7 8 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) 9 10 Base = declarative_base() 11 12 # 创建单表 13 class Users(Base): 14 __tablename__ = 'users' 15 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) 16 name = Column(String(32)) 17 extra = Column(String(16)) 18 19 __table_args__ = ( 20 UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), 21 Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'), 22 ) 23 24 def __repr__(self): 25 return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name) 26 27 # 一对多 28 class Favor(Base): 29 __tablename__ = 'favor' 30 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) 31 caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True) 32 33 def __repr__(self): 34 return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption) 35 36 class Person(Base): 37 __tablename__ = 'person' 38 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) 39 name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True) 40 favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) 41 # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便 42 favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers') 43 44 # 多对多 45 class ServerToGroup(Base): 46 __tablename__ = 'servertogroup' 47 nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) 48 server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id')) 49 group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id')) 50 group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g') 51 server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g') 52 53 class Group(Base): 54 __tablename__ = 'group' 55 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) 56 name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) 57 port = Column(Integer, default=22) 58 # group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list') 59 60 61 class Server(Base): 62 __tablename__ = 'server' 63 64 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) 65 hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) 66 67 68 69 70 def init_db(): 71 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) 72 73 74 def drop_db(): 75 Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) 76 77 78 Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) 79 session = Session() 80 81 表结构 + 数据库连接
增
1 obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb') 2 session.add(obj) 3 session.add_all([ 4 Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'), 5 Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'), 6 ]) 7 session.commit()
删
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
改
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
查
ret = session.query(Users).all() ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
其他
1 # 条件 2 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() 3 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all() 4 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all() 5 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() 6 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() 7 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all() 8 from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ 9 ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all() 10 ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all() 11 ret = session.query(Users).filter( 12 or_( 13 Users.id < 2, 14 and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3), 15 Users.extra != "" 16 )).all() 17 18 19 # 通配符 20 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all() 21 ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() 22 23 # 限制 24 ret = session.query(Users)[1:2] 25 26 # 排序 27 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all() 28 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() 29 30 # 分组 31 from sqlalchemy.sql import func 32 33 ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all() 34 ret = session.query( 35 func.max(Users.id), 36 func.sum(Users.id), 37 func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all() 38 39 ret = session.query( 40 func.max(Users.id), 41 func.sum(Users.id), 42 func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() 43 44 # 连表 45 46 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all() 47 48 ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() 49 50 ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() 51 52 53 # 组合 54 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) 55 q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) 56 ret = q1.union(q2).all() 57 58 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) 59 q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) 60 ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
更多功能参见文档，猛击这里下载PDF
｡◕‿◕｡笔记详细整理：ORM框架创建表和操作表
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 ########################### 对象关系映射（英语：(Object Relational Mapping，简称ORM ################################# 5 6 from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base 7 from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index,CHAR,VARCHAR 8 from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship 9 from sqlalchemy import create_engine 10 11 Base = declarative_base() 12 13 engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/s4day63?charset=utf8", max_overflow=5) 14 15 # 创建单表 (如下创建了两个类，也就是两个表；类下面的内容就是表里的列) 16 class UserType(Base): 17 __tablename__ = 'usertype' #这一行是表名 18 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) #Colunm 列 19 title = Column(VARCHAR(32), nullable=True, index=True) 20 21 class Users(Base): 22 __tablename__ = 'users' #这一行是表名 23 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) 24 name = Column(VARCHAR(32), nullable=True, index=True) 25 email = Column(VARCHAR(16), unique=True) 26 user_type_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("usertype.id")) 27 28 29 # 联合唯一索引 30 # __table_args__ = ( 31 # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), 32 # Index('ix_n_ex','name', 'email',), 33 # ) 34 35 36 def create_db(): 37 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) #创建表 38 39 def drop_db(): 40 Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) #删除表 41 42 # create_db() #调用创建表函数 43 # drop_db() #调用删除表函数 44 45 46 Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) 47 session = Session() 48 49 50 # 类 -> 代指的就是表 51 # 对象 -> 代指的就是行 52 53 54 # ###### 增 ###### 55 # obj1 = UserType(title='普通用户') #向UserType表中插入1条数据 56 # session.add(obj1) 57 # 58 # objs =[ #向UserType表中插入多条数据 59 # UserType(title='超级用户'), 60 # UserType(title='白金用户'), 61 # UserType(title='黑金用户'), 62 # ] 63 # session.add_all(objs) 64 65 # obj2 = Users(name='青铜') #向Users表中插入1条数据 66 # session.add(obj2) 67 # 68 # objs2 = [ #向Users表中插入多条数据 69 # Users(name='白银'), 70 # Users(name='黄金'), 71 # Users(name='铂金'), 72 # Users(name='钻石'), 73 # Users(name='大师'), 74 # Users(name='王者'), 75 # ] 76 # session.add_all(objs2) 77 78 79 # ###### 查 ###### 80 # print(session.query(UserType)) #查看表UserType，这里打印出来的是SQL语句 81 # user_type_list = session.query(UserType).all() #查看表UserType所有内容 82 # for row in user_type_list: #遍历表UserType所有内容 83 # print(row.id,row.title) #打印遍历结果中的id和title 84 85 86 # #过滤查询，相当于where，设定查询条件,filter(过滤),这里意思是查询UserType里面的id和title,并且过滤条件为id>2的 87 # user_type_list = session.query(UserType.id,UserType.title).filter(UserType.id > 2) 88 # for row in user_type_list: 89 # print(row.id,row.title) 90 91 92 # ###### 删除 ###### 93 # session.query(UserType.id,UserType.title).filter(UserType.id > 2).delete() 94 95 96 # ###### 修改 ###### 97 #**********批量修改----这里批量修改title为黑金 98 # session.query(UserType.id,UserType.title).filter(UserType.id > 0).update({"title" : "黑金"}) 99 100 #**********批量字符串类型修改----这里是批量在原title基础上+'aaa',加上的内容是字符串类型,修改对象也应是字符串类型 101 # session.query(UserType.id,UserType.title).filter(UserType.id > 0).update({UserType.title: UserType.title + "aaa"}, synchronize_session=False) 102 103 #**********批量数字类型修改----这里是批量在原num基础上+'111',加上的内容是数字类型，修改对象也应是数字类型 104 # session.query(UserType.id,UserType.title).filter(UserType.id > 0).update({"num": Users.num + 111}, synchronize_session="evaluate") 105 106 107 session.commit() #执行完提交 108 session.close() #关闭这次会话