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  • python 缓存

    Memcached

    Memcached 是一个高性能的分布式内存对象缓存系统,用于动态Web应用以减轻数据库负载。它通过在内存中缓存数据和对象来减少读取数据库的次数,从而提高动态、数据库驱动网站的速度。Memcached基于一个存储键/值对的hashmap。其守护进程(daemon )是用C写的,但是客户端可以用任何语言来编写,并通过memcached协议与守护进程通信。

    Python操作Memcached

    安装API

    python操作Memcached使用Python-memcached模块

    下载安装:https://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-memcached

    连接操作

    import memcache
     
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True)
    mc.set("foo", "bar")
    ret = mc.get('foo')
    print ret

    支持集群

    python-memcached模块原生支持集群操作,其原理是在内存维护一个主机列表,且集群中主机的权重值和主机在列表中重复出现的次数成正比

         主机    权重
        1.1.1.1   1
        1.1.1.2   2
        1.1.1.3   1
     
    那么在内存中主机列表为:
        host_list = ["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", ]

    如果用户根据如果要在内存中创建一个键值对(如:k1 = "v1"),那么要执行一下步骤:

    • 根据算法将 k1 转换成一个数字
    • 将数字和主机列表长度求余数,得到一个值 N( 0 <= N < 列表长度 )
    • 在主机列表中根据 第2步得到的值为索引获取主机,例如:host_list[N]
    • 连接 将第3步中获取的主机,将 k1 = "v1" 放置在该服务器的内存中

    add
    添加一条键值对,如果已经存在的 key,重复执行add操作异常

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import memcache
     
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True)
    mc.add('k1', 'v1')
    # mc.add('k1', 'v2') # 报错,对已经存在的key重复添加,失败!!!

    replace
    replace 修改某个key的值,如果key不存在,则异常

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import memcache
     
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True)
    # 如果memcache中存在kkkk,则替换成功,否则一场
    mc.replace('kkkk','999')

    set set_multi

    set            设置一个键值对,如果key不存在,则创建,如果key存在,则修改
    set_multi   设置多个键值对,如果key不存在,则创建,如果key存在,则修改

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import memcache
     
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True)
     
    mc.set('key0', 'wupeiqi')
     
    mc.set_multi({'key1': 'val1', 'key2': 'val2'})

    delete delete_multi

    delete             在Memcached中删除指定的一个键值对
    delete_multi    在Memcached中删除指定的多个键值对

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import memcache
     
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True)
     
    mc.delete('key0')
    mc.delete_multi(['key1', 'key2'])

    get get_multi

    get            获取一个键值对
    get_multi   获取多一个键值对

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import memcache
     
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True)
     
    val = mc.get('key0')
    item_dict = mc.get_multi(["key1", "key2", "key3"])

    append prepend

    append    修改指定key的值,在该值 后面 追加内容
    prepend   修改指定key的值,在该值 前面 插入内容

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import memcache
     
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True)
    # k1 = "v1"
     
    mc.append('k1', 'after')
    # k1 = "v1after"
     
    mc.prepend('k1', 'before')
    # k1 = "beforev1after"

    decr incr  

    incr  自增,将Memcached中的某一个值增加 N ( N默认为1 )
    decr 自减,将Memcached中的某一个值减少 N ( N默认为1 )

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import memcache
     
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True)
    mc.set('k1', '777')
     
    mc.incr('k1')
    # k1 = 778
     
    mc.incr('k1', 10)
    # k1 = 788
     
    mc.decr('k1')
    # k1 = 787
     
    mc.decr('k1', 10)
    # k1 = 777

    gets  cas

    如商城商品剩余个数,假设改值保存在memcache中,product_count = 900
    A用户刷新页面从memcache中读取到product_count = 900
    B用户刷新页面从memcache中读取到product_count = 900

    如果A、B用户均购买商品

    A用户修改商品剩余个数 product_count=899
    B用户修改商品剩余个数 product_count=899

    如此一来缓存内的数据便不在正确,两个用户购买商品后,商品剩余还是 899
    如果使用python的set和get来操作以上过程,那么程序就会如上述所示情况!

    如果想要避免此情况的发生,只要使用 gets 和 cas 即可,如:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import memcache
    mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True, cache_cas=True)
     
    v = mc.gets('product_count')
    # ...
    # 如果有人在gets之后和cas之前修改了product_count,那么,下面的设置将会执行失败,剖出异常,从而避免非正常数据的产生
    mc.cas('product_count', "899")

     

     

    RabbitMQ

    RabbitMQ是一个在AMQP基础上完整的,可复用的企业消息系统。他遵循Mozilla Public License开源协议。

    MQ全称为Message Queue, 消息队列(MQ)是一种应用程序对应用程序的通信方法。应用程序通过读写出入队列的消息(针对应用程序的数据)来通信,而无需专用连接来链接它们。消 息传递指的是程序之间通过在消息中发送数据进行通信,而不是通过直接调用彼此来通信,直接调用通常是用于诸如远程过程调用的技术。排队指的是应用程序通过 队列来通信。队列的使用除去了接收和发送应用程序同时执行的要求。

    安装API

    pip install pika

    对于RabbitMQ来说,生产和消费不再针对内存里的一个Queue对象,而是某台服务器上的RabbitMQ Server实现的消息队列。

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import pika
     
    # ######################### 生产者 #########################
     
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
     
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
     
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                          routing_key='hello',
                          body='Hello World!')
    print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")
    connection.close()
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import pika
     
    # ########################## 消费者 ##########################
     
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
     
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
     
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
     
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue='hello',
                          no_ack=True)
     
    print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
    channel.start_consuming()

    durable   消息不丢失

    #生产者
    #
    !/usr/bin/env python import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4')) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True) channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!', properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent )) print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'") connection.close()
    # 消费者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import pika
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    # make message persistent
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True)
    
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
        import time
        time.sleep(10)
        print 'ok'
        ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue='hello',
                          no_ack=False)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
    channel.start_consuming()

    消息获取顺序

    默认消息队列里的数据是按照顺序被消费者拿走,例如:消费者1 去队列中获取 奇数 序列的任务,消费者1去队列中获取 偶数 序列的任务。

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import pika
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    # make message persistent
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
    
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
        import time
        time.sleep(10)
        print 'ok'
        ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
    
    channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue='hello',
                          no_ack=False)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
    channel.start_consuming()

    发布订阅

    发布订阅和简单的消息队列区别在于,发布订阅会将消息发送给所有的订阅者,而消息队列中的数据被消费一次便消失。所以,RabbitMQ实现发布和订阅时,会为每一个订阅者创建一个队列,而发布者发布消息时,会将消息放置在所有相关队列中。

     exchange type = fanout

    #生产者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
                             type='fanout')
    
    message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!"
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs',
                          routing_key='',
                          body=message)
    print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)
    connection.close()
    #消费者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import pika
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
                             type='fanout')
    
    result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
    queue_name = result.method.queue
    
    channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs',
                       queue=queue_name)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] %r" % body)
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue=queue_name,
                          no_ack=True)
    
    channel.start_consuming()

    关键字发送

     exchange type = direct

    之前事例,发送消息时明确指定某个队列并向其中发送消息,RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送,即:队列绑定关键字,发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange,exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列。

    #消费者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
                             type='direct')
    
    result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
    queue_name = result.method.queue
    
    severities = sys.argv[1:]
    if not severities:
        sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]
    " % sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(1)
    
    for severity in severities:
        channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs',
                           queue=queue_name,
                           routing_key=severity)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue=queue_name,
                          no_ack=True)
    
    channel.start_consuming()
    #生产者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
                             type='direct')
    
    severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info'
    message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs',
                          routing_key=severity,
                          body=message)
    print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))
    connection.close()

    模糊匹配

     exchange type = topic

    在topic类型下,可以让队列绑定几个模糊的关键字,之后发送者将数据发送到exchange,exchange将传入”路由值“和 ”关键字“进行匹配,匹配成功,则将数据发送到指定队列。

    • # 表示可以匹配 0 个 或 多个 单词
    • *  表示只能匹配 一个 单词
    发送者路由值              队列中
    old.boy.python          old.*  -- 不匹配
    old.boy.python          old.#  -- 匹配
    #消费者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
                             type='topic')
    
    result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
    queue_name = result.method.queue
    
    binding_keys = sys.argv[1:]
    if not binding_keys:
        sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [binding_key]...
    " % sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(1)
    
    for binding_key in binding_keys:
        channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs',
                           queue=queue_name,
                           routing_key=binding_key)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue=queue_name,
                          no_ack=True)
    
    channel.start_consuming()
    #生产者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
                             type='topic')
    
    routing_key = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'anonymous.info'
    message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs',
                          routing_key=routing_key,
                          body=message)
    print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))
    connection.close()

    RabbitMQ rpc模式

    #server , 生产者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import pika
    import uuid
    import json
    
    conn = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.37.129.5'))
    channel = conn.channel()
    
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(body)
        ch.queue_delete(method.routing_key)
    
    
    def send_msg(hostname, cmd):
        """
        向队列中发送命令,并等待命令在客户端执行完成后获取结果
        :param hostname:
        :param cmd:
        :return:
        """
    
        # 创建临时队列,用于存放客户端执行命令后的返回值
        queue_name = str(uuid.uuid4())
        channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name)
    
        # 向客户端队列中发送命令:封装了命令以及执行结果存放的队列名称
        body = {'uuid': queue_name, 'content': cmd}
        channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=hostname, body=json.dumps(body))
    
        # 等待客户端想队列中发送执行结果,超时时间10s
        v = channel.consume(queue_name, inactivity_timeout=10)
        try:
            for method, properties, body in v:
                # 执行指定回调函数
                callback(channel, method, properties, body)
        except TypeError as e:
            # 如果超时,则删除临时队列,不再获取数据
            channel.queue_delete(queue_name)
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        while True:
    
            hostname = input('hostname( c1.com 或 c2.com ):')
            cmd = input('cmd:')
            if cmd == 'exit':
                break
            send_msg(hostname, cmd)
        conn.close()
    #agent 消费者
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import pika
    import json
    import subprocess
    
    conn = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.37.129.5'))
    channel = conn.channel()
    
    channel.queue_declare(queue='c2.com')
    
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        body = json.loads(str(body, encoding='utf-8'))
        result = subprocess.getoutput(body['content'])
        result = 'c2.com:%s' % result
        ch.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=body['uuid'], body=result)
    
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='c2.com', no_ack=True)
    
    channel.start_consuming()

    程序练习:

    基于主机管理的程序把ssh换成rpc的连接方式

    github:https://github.com/wangyufu/host_manage_rpc

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wangyufu/p/6679117.html
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