1、Celery的简介以及基本使用
Celery 是一个 基于python开发的分布式异步消息任务队列,通过它可以轻松的实现任务的异步处理, 如果你的业务场景中需要用到异步任务,就可以考虑使用celery, 举几个实例场景中可用 的例子:
- 你想对100台机器执行一条批量命令,可能会花很长时间 ,但你不想让你的程序等着结果返回,而是给你返回 一个任务ID,你过一段时间只需要拿着这个任务id就可以拿到任务执行结果, 在任务执行ing进行时,你可以继续做其它的事情。
- 你想做一个定时任务,比如每天检测一下你们所有客户的资料,如果发现今天 是客户的生日,就给他发个短信祝福
Celery 在执行任务时需要通过一个消息中间件来接收和发送任务消息,以及存储任务结果, 一般使用rabbitMQ or Redis,后面会讲
1.1 Celery有以下优点:
- 简单:一单熟悉了celery的工作流程后,配置和使用还是比较简单的
- 高可用:当任务执行失败或执行过程中发生连接中断,celery 会自动尝试重新执行任务
- 快速:一个单进程的celery每分钟可处理上百万个任务
- 灵活: 几乎celery的各个组件都可以被扩展及自定制
Celery基本工作流程图
Celery安装使用
Celery的默认broker是RabbitMQ, 仅需配置一行就可以
broker_url = 'amqp://guest:guest@localhost:5672//'
rabbitMQ 没装的话请装一下,安装看这里 http://docs.celeryproject.org/en/latest/getting-started/brokers/rabbitmq.html#id3
使用Redis做broker也可以
安装celery模块
pip3 install celery
创建一个celery application 用来定义你的任务列表
创建一个任务文件就叫tasks.py吧
from celery import Celery app = Celery('tasks', broker='redis://localhost', # broker='redis://:123123@106.13.104.194:6379', backend='redis://localhost') @app.task def add(x,y): print("running...",x,y) return x+y
启动Celery Worker来开始监听并执行任务
celery -A tasks worker --loglevel=info
启动Celery报错问题的处理:
File "/usr/local/python3/lib/python3.7/site-packages/celery/backends/redis.py", line 22 from . import async, base ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax 搜索了一下错误原因,原来是async名称更换了,如下 [Rename `async` to `asynchronous` (async is a reserved keyword in Python 3.7) #4879](https://github.com/celery/celery/pull/4879) 开发人员已经处理了这个issue,合并了master,快速的解决方案是通过github安装celery,命令如下: pip3 install --upgrade https://github.com/celery/celery/tarball/master 再次运次,那个应该可以看到如下正常输出:
调用任务
再打开一个终端, 进行命令行模式,调用任务
from tasks import add add.delay(4, 4)
看你的worker终端会显示收到 一个任务,此时你想看任务结果的话,需要在调用 任务时 赋值个变量
result = add.delay(4, 4)
result.get(timeout=1) result.ready() result.get(propagate=False)
2、在项目中如何使用celery
可以把celery配置成一个应用
目录格式如下
proj/__init__.py /celery.py /tasks.py
proj/celery.py内容
from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals from celery import Celery app = Celery('proj', broker='redis://:123123@106.13.104.194:6379', backend='redis://:123123@106.13.104.194:6379', include=['proj.tasks']) # Optional configuration, see the application user guide. app.conf.update( result_expires=3600, ) if __name__ == '__main__': app.start()
关于redis连接配置
Configuration is easy, just configure the location of your Redis database: app.conf.broker_url = 'redis://localhost:6379/0' Where the URL is in the format of:【如果中间件有认证操作】 redis://:password@hostname:port/db_number all fields after the scheme are optional, and will default to localhost on port 6379, using database 0. 如果想获取每个任务的执行结果,还需要配置一下把任务结果存在哪 If you also want to store the state and return values of tasks in Redis, you should configure these settings: app.conf.result_backend = 'redis://localhost:6379/0'
proj/tasks.py中的内容
from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals from .celery import app @app.task def add(x, y): return x + y @app.task def mul(x, y): return x * y @app.task def xsum(numbers): return sum(numbers)
启动worker
celery -A proj worker -l info
运行celery任务
后台启动worker
celery multi start w1 -A proj -l info
三、Celery 定时任务
celery支持定时任务,设定好任务的执行时间,celery就会定时自动帮你执行, 这个定时任务模块叫celery beat
写一个脚本 叫periodic_task.py
from celery import Celery from celery.schedules import crontab app = Celery() @app.on_after_configure.connect def setup_periodic_tasks(sender, **kwargs): # Calls test('hello') every 10 seconds. sender.add_periodic_task(10.0, test.s('hello'), name='add every 10') # Calls test('world') every 30 seconds sender.add_periodic_task(30.0, test.s('world'), expires=10) # Executes every Monday morning at 7:30 a.m. sender.add_periodic_task( crontab(hour=7, minute=30, day_of_week=1), test.s('Happy Mondays!'), ) @app.task def test(arg): print(arg)
add_periodic_task 会添加一条定时任务
上面是通过调用函数添加定时任务,也可以像写配置文件 一样的形式添加, 下面是每30s执行的任务
app.conf.beat_schedule = { 'add-every-30-seconds': { 'task': 'tasks.add', 'schedule': 30.0, 'args': (16, 16) }, } app.conf.timezone = 'UTC'
任务添加好了,需要让celery单独启动一个进程来定时发起这些任务, 注意, 这里是发起任务,不是执行,这个进程只会不断的去检查你的任务计划, 每发现有任务需要执行了,就发起一个任务调用消息,交给celery worker去执行
启动任务调度器 celery beat
celery -A periodic_task beat
输出like below
celery beat v4.0.2 (latentcall) is starting. __ - ... __ - _ LocalTime -> 2017-02-08 18:39:31 Configuration -> . broker -> redis://localhost:6379// . loader -> celery.loaders.app.AppLoader . scheduler -> celery.beat.PersistentScheduler . db -> celerybeat-schedule . logfile -> [stderr]@%WARNING . maxinterval -> 5.00 minutes (300s)
此时还差一步,就是还需要启动一个worker,负责执行celery beat发起的任务
启动celery worker来执行任务
celery -A periodic_task worker
好啦,此时观察worker的输出,是不是每隔一小会,就会执行一次定时任务呢!
更复杂的定时配置
上面的定时任务比较简单,只是每多少s执行一个任务,但如果你想要每周一三五的早上8点给你发邮件怎么办呢?哈,其实也简单,用crontab功能,跟linux自带的crontab功能是一样的,可以个性化定制任务执行时间
from celery.schedules import crontab app.conf.beat_schedule = { # Executes every Monday morning at 7:30 a.m. 'add-every-monday-morning': { 'task': 'tasks.add', 'schedule': crontab(hour=7, minute=30, day_of_week=1), 'args': (16, 16), }, }
上面的这条意思是每周1的早上7.30执行tasks.add任务
四、最佳实践之与django结合
django+celery项目结构
django 可以轻松跟celery结合实现异步任务,只需简单配置即可
- project_name - app01 - __init__.py - admin.py - views.py - modes.py - tasks.py #celery用来执行任务的文件,task里的任务由views函数里去触发 - urls.py - views.py - project_name - __init__.py #初始化celery - celery.py #celery 定义实例 - settings.py #用来配置redis或rabbitmq地址 - urls.py - views.py - wsgi.py - templates - static - manager.py - db.sqlite3
celery.py
from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals import os from celery import Celery # set the default Django settings module for the 'celery' program. os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'project_name.settings') #这里要写项目名称 app = Celery('project_name') app.config_from_object('django.conf:settings', namespace='CELERY') #这里配置settings里与celery相关配置的前缀 # Load task modules from all registered Django app configs. app.autodiscover_tasks() @app.task(bind=True) def debug_task(self): print('Request: {0!r}'.format(self.request))
project_name/__init__.py
from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals # This will make sure the app is always imported when # Django starts so that shared_task will use this app. from .celery import app as celery_app __all__ = ['celery_app']
tasks.py
#!/usr/bin/env python #-*-coding:utf-8-*- from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals from celery import shared_task import subprocess @shared_task def add(x, y): return x + y @shared_task def mul(x, y): return x * y @shared_task def cmd_run(cmd): result = subprocess.Popen(cmd,shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE) return result.stdout.read().decode("utf-8")
app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,redirect,HttpResponse from django_celery import tasks #引入task from celery.result import AsyncResult def test_celery(request): #这里用来触发tasks里的任务 res = tasks.cmd_run.delay( "ipconfig", ) #print (res.get) #如果在此处直接get会变成同步 return HttpResponse(res.task_id) #获取taskid #获取任务执行状态返回给前端 def task_res(request): result = AsyncResult(id=task_id) return HttpResponse(result.status)
app01/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url,include from django.contrib import admin from django_celery import views urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^test_celery/$',views.test_celery) ]
django&celery 定时任务
pip3 install django-celery-beat ##settings.py 里注册 django-celery-beat INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django_celery_beat', ] python manage.py migrate D:django-projectwechat>python manage.py migrate Operations to perform: Apply all migrations: auth, sessions, django_celery_beat, contenttypes, admin Running migrations: Rendering model states... DONE Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK Applying auth.0001_initial... OK Applying admin.0001_initial... OK Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK Applying django_celery_beat.0001_initial... OK Applying django_celery_beat.0002_auto_20161118_0346... OK Applying django_celery_beat.0003_auto_20161209_0049... OK Applying django_celery_beat.0004_auto_20170221_0000... OK Applying django_celery_beat.0005_add_solarschedule_events_choices... OK Applying django_celery_beat.0006_auto_20180210_1226... OK Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
To install and use this extension:
-
Use pip to install the package:
$ pip install django-celery-beat
-
Add the
django_celery_beat
module toINSTALLED_APPS
in your Django project’settings.py
:INSTALLED_APPS = ( ..., 'django_celery_beat', ) Note that there is no dash in the module name, only underscores.
-
Apply Django database migrations so that the necessary tables are created:
$ python manage.py migrate
-
Start the celery beat service using the
django
scheduler:$ celery -A proj beat -l info -S django
-
Visit the Django-Admin interface to set up some periodic tasks.
在admin页面里,有3张表
配置完长这样
此时启动你的celery beat 和worker,会发现每隔2分钟,beat会发起一个任务消息让worker执行scp_task任务
注意,经测试,每添加或修改一个任务,celery beat都需要重启一次,要不然新的配置不会被celery beat进程读到
参考:https://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/articles/6351797.html