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  • python s12 day3

    python s12 day3

     

    深浅拷贝

    对于 数字 和 字符串 而言,赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝无意义,因为其永远指向同一个内存地址。

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    import copy
    # ######### 数字、字符串 #########
    n1 = 123
    # n1 = "i am alex age 10"
    print(id(n1))
    # ## 赋值 ##
    n2 = n1
    print(id(n2))
    # ## 浅拷贝 ##
    n2 = copy.copy(n1)
    print(id(n2))
     
    # ## 深拷贝 ##
    n3 = copy.deepcopy(n1)
    print(id(n3))

    对于字典、元祖、列表 而言,进行赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝时,其内存地址的变化是不同的。

    赋值,只是创建一个变量,该变量指向原来内存地址,如:

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    n1 = {"k1""wu""k2"123"k3": ["alex"456]}
     
    n2 = n1

    浅拷贝,在内存中只额外创建第一层数据

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    import copy
     
    n1 = {"k1""wu""k2"123"k3": ["alex"456]}
     
    n3 = copy.copy(n1)

    深拷贝,在内存中将所有的数据重新创建一份(排除最后一层,即:python内部对字符串和数字的优化)

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    import copy
     
    n1 = {"k1""wu""k2"123"k3": ["alex"456]}
     
    n4 = copy.deepcopy(n1)

    函数

    一、背景

    在学习函数之前,一直遵循:面向过程编程,即:根据业务逻辑从上到下实现功能,其往往用一长段代码来实现指定功能,开发过程中最常见的操作就是粘贴复制,也就是将之前实现的代码块复制到现需功能处,如下:

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    while True
        if cpu利用率 > 90%:
            #发送邮件提醒
            连接邮箱服务器
            发送邮件
            关闭连接
       
        if 硬盘使用空间 > 90%:
            #发送邮件提醒
            连接邮箱服务器
            发送邮件
            关闭连接
       
        if 内存占用 > 80%:
            #发送邮件提醒
            连接邮箱服务器
            发送邮件
            关闭连接

    腚眼一看上述代码,if条件语句下的内容可以被提取出来公用,如下:

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    def 发送邮件(内容)
        #发送邮件提醒
        连接邮箱服务器
        发送邮件
        关闭连接
       
    while True
       
        if cpu利用率 > 90%:
            发送邮件('CPU报警')
       
        if 硬盘使用空间 > 90%:
            发送邮件('硬盘报警')
       
        if 内存占用 > 80%:

    对于上述的两种实现方式,第二次必然比第一次的重用性和可读性要好,其实这就是函数式编程和面向过程编程的区别:

    • 函数式:将某功能代码封装到函数中,日后便无需重复编写,仅调用函数即可
    • 面向对象:对函数进行分类和封装,让开发“更快更好更强...”

    函数式编程最重要的是增强代码的重用性和可读性

    二、定义和使用

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    def 函数名(参数):
          
        ...
        函数体
        ...

    函数的定义主要有如下要点:

    • def:表示函数的关键字
    • 函数名:函数的名称,日后根据函数名调用函数
    • 函数体:函数中进行一系列的逻辑计算,如:发送邮件、计算出 [11,22,38,888,2]中的最大数等...
    • 参数:为函数体提供数据
    • 返回值:当函数执行完毕后,可以给调用者返回数据。

    以上要点中,比较重要有参数和返回值:

    1、返回值

    函数是一个功能块,该功能到底执行成功与否,需要通过返回值来告知调用者。

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    def 发送短信():
          
        发送短信的代码...
      
        if 发送成功:
            return True
        else:
            return False
      
      
    while True:
          
        # 每次执行发送短信函数,都会将返回值自动赋值给result
        # 之后,可以根据result来写日志,或重发等操作
      
        result = 发送短信()
        if result == False:
            记录日志,短信发送失败...

    2、参数

    为什么要有参数?

    复制代码
    def CPU报警邮件()
        #发送邮件提醒
        连接邮箱服务器
        发送邮件
        关闭连接
    
    def 硬盘报警邮件()
        #发送邮件提醒
        连接邮箱服务器
        发送邮件
        关闭连接
    
    def 内存报警邮件()
        #发送邮件提醒
        连接邮箱服务器
        发送邮件
        关闭连接
     
    while True:
     
        if cpu利用率 > 90%:
            CPU报警邮件()
     
        if 硬盘使用空间 > 90%:
            硬盘报警邮件()
     
        if 内存占用 > 80%:
            内存报警邮件()
    复制代码
    复制代码
    def 发送邮件(邮件内容)
    
        #发送邮件提醒
        连接邮箱服务器
        发送邮件
        关闭连接
    
     
    while True:
     
        if cpu利用率 > 90%:
            发送邮件("CPU报警了。")
     
        if 硬盘使用空间 > 90%:
            发送邮件("硬盘报警了。")
     
        if 内存占用 > 80%:
            发送邮件("内存报警了。")
    复制代码

    函数的有三中不同的参数:

    • 普通参数
    • 默认参数
    • 动态参数
    复制代码
    # ######### 定义函数 ######### 
    
    # name 叫做函数func的形式参数,简称:形参
    def func(name):
        print name
    
    # ######### 执行函数 ######### 
    #  'wupeiqi' 叫做函数func的实际参数,简称:实参
    func('wupeiqi')
    复制代码
    复制代码
    def func(name, age = 18):
        
        print "%s:%s" %(name,age)
    
    # 指定参数
    func('wupeiqi', 19)
    # 使用默认参数
    func('alex')
    
    注:默认参数需要放在参数列表最后
    复制代码
    复制代码
    def func(*args):
    
        print args
    
    
    # 执行方式一
    func(11,33,4,4454,5)
    
    # 执行方式二
    li = [11,2,2,3,3,4,54]
    func(*li)
    复制代码
    复制代码
    def func(**kwargs):
    
        print args
    
    
    # 执行方式一
    func(name='wupeiqi',age=18)
    
    # 执行方式二
    li = {'name':'wupeiqi', age:18, 'gender':'male'}
    func(**li)
    复制代码
    def func(*args, **kwargs):
    
        print args
        print kwargs

    扩展:发送邮件实例

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    import smtplib
    from email.mime.text import MIMEText
    from email.utils import formataddr
      
      
    msg = MIMEText('邮件内容''plain''utf-8')
    msg['From'= formataddr(["武沛齐",'wptawy@126.com'])
    msg['To'= formataddr(["走人",'424662508@qq.com'])
    msg['Subject'= "主题"
      
    server = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.126.com"25)
    server.login("wptawy@126.com""邮箱密码")
    server.sendmail('wptawy@126.com', ['424662508@qq.com',], msg.as_string())
    server.quit()

    内置函数

      

    注:查看详细猛击这里

    open函数,该函数用于文件处理

    操作文件时,一般需要经历如下步骤:

    • 打开文件
    • 操作文件

    一、打开文件

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    文件句柄 = open('文件路径''模式')

    打开文件时,需要指定文件路径和以何等方式打开文件,打开后,即可获取该文件句柄,日后通过此文件句柄对该文件操作。

    打开文件的模式有:

    • r,只读模式(默认)。
    • w,只写模式。【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则删除内容;】
    • a,追加模式。【可读;   不存在则创建;存在则只追加内容;】

    "+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件

    • r+,可读写文件。【可读;可写;可追加】
    • w+,写读
    • a+,同a

    "U"表示在读取时,可以将 自动转换成 (与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用)

    • rU
    • r+U

    "b"表示处理二进制文件(如:FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件,linux可忽略,windows处理二进制文件时需标注)

    • rb
    • wb
    • ab

    二、操作

    复制代码
    class file(object)
        def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            关闭文件
            """
            close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer.  Close the file.
             
            Sets data attribute .closed to True.  A closed file cannot be used for
            further I/O operations.  close() may be called more than once without
            error.  Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen())
            may return an exit status upon closing.
            """
     
        def fileno(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            文件描述符  
             """
            fileno() -> integer "file descriptor".
             
            This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read().
            """
            return 0    
     
        def flush(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            刷新文件内部缓冲区
            """ flush() -> None.  Flush the internal I/O buffer. """
            pass
     
     
        def isatty(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            判断文件是否是同意tty设备
            """ isatty() -> true or false.  True if the file is connected to a tty device. """
            return False
     
     
        def next(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            获取下一行数据,不存在,则报错
            """ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration """
            pass
     
        def read(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            读取指定字节数据
            """
            read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.
             
            If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
            Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested
            may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.
            """
            pass
     
        def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            读取到缓冲区,不要用,将被遗弃
            """ readinto() -> Undocumented.  Don't use this; it may go away. """
            pass
     
        def readline(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            仅读取一行数据
            """
            readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.
             
            Retain newline.  A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
            number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
            Return an empty string at EOF.
            """
            pass
     
        def readlines(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            读取所有数据,并根据换行保存值列表
            """
            readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.
             
            Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
            The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
            total number of bytes in the lines returned.
            """
            return []
     
        def seek(self, offset, whence=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            指定文件中指针位置
            """
            seek(offset[, whence]) -> None.  Move to new file position.
             
            Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
    (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1
            (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move
            relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow
            seeking beyond the end of a file).  If the file is opened in text mode,
            only offsets returned by tell() are legal.  Use of other offsets causes
            undefined behavior.
            Note that not all file objects are seekable.
            """
            pass
     
        def tell(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            获取当前指针位置
            """ tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). """
            pass
     
        def truncate(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            截断数据,仅保留指定之前数据
            """
            truncate([size]) -> None.  Truncate the file to at most size bytes.
             
            Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
            """
            pass
     
        def write(self, p_str): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            写内容
            """
            write(str) -> None.  Write string str to file.
             
            Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before
            the file on disk reflects the data written.
            """
            pass
     
        def writelines(self, sequence_of_strings): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            将一个字符串列表写入文件
            """
            writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None.  Write the strings to the file.
             
            Note that newlines are not added.  The sequence can be any iterable object
            producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string.
            """
            pass
     
        def xreadlines(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            可用于逐行读取文件,非全部
            """
            xreadlines() -> returns self.
             
            For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance
            optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module.
            """
            pass
    复制代码
    复制代码
    class TextIOWrapper(_TextIOBase):
        """
        Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.
        
        encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
        decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False).
        
        errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see
        help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and
        defaults to "strict".
        
        newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',
        '
    ', '
    ', and '
    '.  It works as follows:
        
        * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
          enabled. Lines in the input can end in '
    ', '
    ', or '
    ', and
          these are translated into '
    ' before being returned to the
          caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
          endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
          the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
          string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
        
        * On output, if newline is None, any '
    ' characters written are
          translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
          newline is '' or '
    ', no translation takes place. If newline is any
          of the other legal values, any '
    ' characters written are translated
          to the given string.
        
        If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to
        write contains a newline character.
        """
        def close(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            关闭文件
            pass
    
        def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            文件描述符  
            pass
    
        def flush(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            刷新文件内部缓冲区
            pass
    
        def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            判断文件是否是同意tty设备
            pass
    
        def read(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            读取指定字节数据
            pass
    
        def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            是否可读
            pass
    
        def readline(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            仅读取一行数据
            pass
    
        def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            指定文件中指针位置
            pass
    
        def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            指针是否可操作
            pass
    
        def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            获取指针位置
            pass
    
        def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            截断数据,仅保留指定之前数据
            pass
    
        def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            是否可写
            pass
    
        def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            写内容
            pass
    
        def __getstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            pass
    
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            pass
    
        @staticmethod # known case of __new__
        def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
            pass
    
        def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """ Implement next(self). """
            pass
    
        def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
            """ Return repr(self). """
            pass
    
        buffer = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    
        closed = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    
        encoding = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    
        errors = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    
        line_buffering = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    
        name = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    
        newlines = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    
        _CHUNK_SIZE = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    
        _finalizing = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    复制代码

    三、管理上下文

    为了避免打开文件后忘记关闭,可以通过管理上下文,即:

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    with open('log','r') as f:
           
        ...

    如此方式,当with代码块执行完毕时,内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。

    在Python 2.7 后,with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理,即:

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    with open('log1') as obj1, open('log2') as obj2:
        pass

    lambda表达式

    学习条件运算时,对于简单的 if else 语句,可以使用三元运算来表示,即:

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    # 普通条件语句
    if 1 == 1:
        name = 'wupeiqi'
    else:
        name = 'alex'
       
    # 三元运算
    name = 'wupeiqi' if 1 == 1 else 'alex'

    对于简单的函数,也存在一种简便的表示方式,即:lambda表达式

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    # ###################### 普通函数 ######################
    # 定义函数(普通方式)
    def func(arg):
        return arg + 1
       
    # 执行函数
    result = func(123)
       
    # ###################### lambda ######################
       
    # 定义函数(lambda表达式)
    my_lambda = lambda arg : arg + 1
       
    # 执行函数
    result = my_lambda(123)

    lambda存在意义就是对简单函数的简洁表示

    递归

    利用函数编写如下数列:

    斐波那契数列指的是这样一个数列 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,377,610,987,1597,2584,4181,6765,10946,17711,28657,46368...

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    def func(arg1,arg2):
        if arg1 == 0:
            print arg1, arg2
        arg3 = arg1 + arg2
        print arg3
        func(arg2, arg3)
     
    func(0,1)

    装饰器

    装饰器是函数,只不过该函数可以具有特殊的含义,装饰器用来装饰函数或类,使用装饰器可以在函数执行前和执行后添加相应操作。

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    def wrapper(func):
        def result():
            print 'before'
            func()
            print 'after'
        return result
      
    @wrapper
    def foo():
        print 'foo'
    复制代码
    import functools
    
    
    def wrapper(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper():
            print 'before'
            func()
            print 'after'
        return wrapper
    
    @wrapper
    def foo():
        print 'foo'
    复制代码

    详细猛击这里

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/weiman3389/p/6223496.html
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