一般在使用SpingMVC开发的项目中,一般都会在web.xml文件中配置ContextLoaderListener监听器,如下:
<listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener>
在开始讲解这个之前先讲讲web工程的上下文,对于一个web容器,web容器提供了一个全局的上下文环境,这个上下文就是ServletContext,其为后面Spring IOC容器提供宿主环境。
在web容器启动时会触发容器初始化事件,contextLoaderListener监听到这个事件后其contextInitialized方法就会被调用,在这个方法中,spring会初始化一个启动上下文,这个上下文就是根上下文,也就是WebApplicationContext,实际实现类一般是XmlWebApplicationContext,这个其实就是spring的IoC容器,这个IoC容器初始化完后,Spring会将它存储到ServletContext,可供后面获取到该IOC容器中的bean。
下面一步步来跟进,看下ContextLoaderListener源码:
public class ContextLoaderListener extends ContextLoader implements ServletContextListener { public ContextLoaderListener() { } public ContextLoaderListener(WebApplicationContext context) { super(context); } @Override public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) { initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext()); } @Override public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent event) { closeWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext()); ContextCleanupListener.cleanupAttributes(event.getServletContext()); } }
从上面可以看出ContextLoaderListener继承ContextLoader类并实现了ServletContextListener接口,ServletContextListener接口中只有初始化和销毁的两个方法,如下:
public interface ServletContextListener extends EventListener { /** ** Notification that the web application initialization ** process is starting. ** All ServletContextListeners are notified of context ** initialization before any filter or servlet in the web ** application is initialized. */ public void contextInitialized ( ServletContextEvent sce ); /** ** Notification that the servlet context is about to be shut down. ** All servlets and filters have been destroy()ed before any ** ServletContextListeners are notified of context ** destruction. */ public void contextDestroyed ( ServletContextEvent sce ); }
ContextLoaderListener主要的功能还是在继承的ContextLoader类中实现,接下来看看ContextLoaderListener中上下文初始化的方法,也就是:
/** * Initialize the root web application context. */ @Override public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) { initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext()); }
跟进initWebApplicationContext()方法,其调用的实现就在ContextLoader类中:
/** * Initialize Spring's web application context for the given servlet context, * using the application context provided at construction time, or creating a new one * according to the "{@link #CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM contextClass}" and * "{@link #CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM contextConfigLocation}" context-params. * @param servletContext current servlet context * @return the new WebApplicationContext * @see #ContextLoader(WebApplicationContext) * @see #CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM * @see #CONFIG_LOCATION_PARAM */ public WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext) { // 先判断ServletContext中是否已存在上下文,有的话说明已加载或配置信息有误(看下面抛出的异常信息) if (servletContext.getAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE) != null) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Cannot initialize context because there is already a root application context present - " + "check whether you have multiple ContextLoader* definitions in your web.xml!"); } Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ContextLoader.class); servletContext.log("Initializing Spring root WebApplicationContext"); if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) { logger.info("Root WebApplicationContext: initialization started"); } long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); try { // Store context in local instance variable, to guarantee that // it is available on ServletContext shutdown. if (this.context == null) { // 创建WebApplicationContext上下文 this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext); } if (this.context instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) { ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) this.context; if (!cwac.isActive()) { // The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as // setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc if (cwac.getParent() == null) { // The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> // determine parent for root web application context, if any. // 加载父上下文 ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext); cwac.setParent(parent); } // 对WebApplicationContext进行初始化,初始化参数从web.xml中取 configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac, servletContext); } } servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context); ClassLoader ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(); if (ccl == ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader()) { currentContext = this.context; } else if (ccl != null) { currentContextPerThread.put(ccl, this.context); } /* 省略部分代码 */ }
上面initWebApplicationContext()方法中,通过createWebApplicationContext(servletContext)创建root上下文(即IOC容器),之后Spring会以WebApplicationContext.ROOTWEBAPPLICATIONCONTEXTATTRIBUTE属性为Key,将该root上下文存储到ServletContext中,下面看看createWebApplicationContext(servletContext)源码:
/** * Instantiate the root WebApplicationContext for this loader, either the * default context class or a custom context class if specified. * <p>This implementation expects custom contexts to implement the * {@link ConfigurableWebApplicationContext} interface. * Can be overridden in subclasses. * <p>In addition, {@link #customizeContext} gets called prior to refreshing the * context, allowing subclasses to perform custom modifications to the context. * @param sc current servlet context * @return the root WebApplicationContext * @see ConfigurableWebApplicationContext */ protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(ServletContext sc) { // 确定载入的上下文的类型,参数是在web.xml中配置的contextClass(没有则使用默认的) Class<?> contextClass = determineContextClass(sc); if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) { throw new ApplicationContextException("Custom context class [" + contextClass.getName() + "] is not of type [" + ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.getName() + "]"); } // 初始化WebApplicationContext并强转为ConfigurableWebApplicationContext类型 return (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass); }
从上面源码也可以看出使用createWebApplicationContext方法创建的上下文肯定是实现了ConfigurableWebApplicationContext接口,否则抛出异常。上面createWebApplicationContext(servletContext)方法里的determineContextClass方法用于查找root上下文的Class类型,看源码:
/** * Return the WebApplicationContext implementation class to use, either the * default XmlWebApplicationContext or a custom context class if specified. * @param servletContext current servlet context * @return the WebApplicationContext implementation class to use * @see #CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM * @see org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext */ protected Class<?> determineContextClass(ServletContext servletContext) { String contextClassName = servletContext.getInitParameter(CONTEXT_CLASS_PARAM); if (contextClassName != null) { try { return ClassUtils.forName(contextClassName, ClassUtils.getDefaultClassLoader()); } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) { throw new ApplicationContextException( "Failed to load custom context class [" + contextClassName + "]", ex); } } else { contextClassName = defaultStrategies.getProperty(WebApplicationContext.class.getName()); try { return ClassUtils.forName(contextClassName, ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader()); } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) { throw new ApplicationContextException( "Failed to load default context class [" + contextClassName + "]", ex); } } }
从以上可以看到如果web.xml中配置了实现ConfigurableWebApplicationContext的contextClass类型就用那个参数,否则使用默认的XmlWebApplicationContext。
上面ContextLoader类的initWebApplicationContext()方法里还有个加载父上下文的方法loadParentContext(ServletContext servletContext),也来看看其源码:
/** * Template method with default implementation (which may be overridden by a * subclass), to load or obtain an ApplicationContext instance which will be * used as the parent context of the root WebApplicationContext. If the * return value from the method is null, no parent context is set. * <p>The main reason to load a parent context here is to allow multiple root * web application contexts to all be children of a shared EAR context, or * alternately to also share the same parent context that is visible to * EJBs. For pure web applications, there is usually no need to worry about * having a parent context to the root web application context. * <p>The default implementation uses * {@link org.springframework.context.access.ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator}, * configured via {@link #LOCATOR_FACTORY_SELECTOR_PARAM} and * {@link #LOCATOR_FACTORY_KEY_PARAM}, to load a parent context * which will be shared by all other users of ContextsingletonBeanFactoryLocator * which also use the same configuration parameters. * @param servletContext current servlet context * @return the parent application context, or {@code null} if none * @see org.springframework.context.access.ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator */ protected ApplicationContext loadParentContext(ServletContext servletContext) { ApplicationContext parentContext = null; String locatorFactorySelector = servletContext.getInitParameter(LOCATOR_FACTORY_SELECTOR_PARAM); String parentContextKey = servletContext.getInitParameter(LOCATOR_FACTORY_KEY_PARAM); if (parentContextKey != null) { // locatorFactorySelector may be null, indicating the default "classpath*:beanRefContext.xml" BeanFactoryLocator locator = ContextSingletonBeanFactoryLocator.getInstance(locatorFactorySelector); Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ContextLoader.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Getting parent context definition: using parent context key of '" + parentContextKey + "' with BeanFactoryLocator"); } this.parentContextRef = locator.useBeanFactory(parentContextKey); parentContext = (ApplicationContext) this.parentContextRef.getFactory(); } return parentContext; }
上面源码就是实现根据locatorFactorySelector和parentContextKey来给上下文设置父上下文,前提是我们在web.xml中配置了这两个参数,不过一般开发中很少会设置这两个参数,从上面源码的大段注释也可以看出如果没有的话父上下文就为空。
在contextLoaderListener监听器初始化完毕后,开始初始化web.xml中配置的Servlet,这个servlet可以配置多个,以DispatcherServlet为例,这个servlet实际上是一个标准的前端控制器,用以转发、处理每个servlet请求。DispatcherServlet上下文在初始化的时候会建立自己的IoC上下文,用以持有spring mvc相关的bean。在建立DispatcherServlet自己的IoC上下文时,会利用WebApplicationContext.ROOTWEBAPPLICATIONCONTEXTATTRIBUTE先从ServletContext中获取之前的根上下文(即WebApplicationContext)作为自己上下文的parent上下文。有了这个parent上下文之后,再初始化自己持有的上下文。这个DispatcherServlet初始化自己上下文的工作在其initStrategies方法中实现的,基本工作就是初始化处理器映射、视图解析等。这个servlet自己持有的上下文默认实现类也是XmlWebApplicationContext。初始化完毕后,spring以与servlet的名字相关的属性为Key,也将其存到ServletContext中。这样每个servlet就持有自己的上下文,即拥有自己独立的bean空间,同时各个servlet共享相同的bean,即根上下文(WebApplicationContext)。
最后讲讲ContextLoaderListener与DispatcherServlet所创建的上下文ApplicationContext的区别:
- ContextLoaderListener中创建ApplicationContext主要用于整个Web应用程序需要共享的一些组件,比如DAO,数据库的ConnectionFactory等。而由DispatcherServlet创建的ApplicationContext主要用于和该Servlet相关的一些组件,比如Controller、ViewResovler等。
- 对于作用范围而言,在DispatcherServlet中可以引用由ContextLoaderListener所创建的ApplicationContext,而反过来不行。
这两个ApplicationContext都是通过ServletContext的setAttribute方法放到ServletContext中的。从web.xml的配置可知ContextLoaderListener会先于DispatcherServlet创建ApplicationContext,DispatcherServlet在创建ApplicationContext时会先找到由ContextLoaderListener所创建的ApplicationContext,再将后者的ApplicationContext作为参数传给DispatcherServlet的ApplicationContext的setParent()方法,作为它的父上下文,在Spring源代可以看出:
protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(ApplicationContext parent) { Class<?> contextClass = getContextClass(); if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) { this.logger.debug("Servlet with name '" + getServletName() + "' will try to create custom WebApplicationContext context of class '" + contextClass.getName() + "'" + ", using parent context [" + parent + "]"); } if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) { throw new ApplicationContextException( "Fatal initialization error in servlet with name '" + getServletName() + "': custom WebApplicationContext class [" + contextClass.getName() + "] is not of type ConfigurableWebApplicationContext"); } ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass); wac.setEnvironment(getEnvironment()); // 设置父ApplicationContext wac.setParent(parent); wac.setConfigLocation(getContextConfigLocation()); configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(wac); return wac; }
这里wac即为由DisptcherServlet创建的ApplicationContext,而parent则为有ContextLoaderListener创建的ApplicationContext。
当Spring在执行ApplicationContext的getBean时,如果在自己context中找不到对应的bean,则会在父ApplicationContext中去找。这也解释了为什么我们可以在DispatcherServlet中获取到由ContextLoaderListener对应的ApplicationContext中的bean。
父子两个WebApplicationContext带来的麻烦
父WebApplicationContext里的bean可以在不同的子WebApplicationContext里共享,而不同的子WebApplicationContext里的bean区不干扰。
但是实际上有会不少的问题:
如果开发者不知道Spring mvc里分有两个WebApplicationContext,导致各种重复构造bean,各种bean无法注入的问题。
有一些bean,比如全局的aop处理的类,如果先父WebApplicationContext里初始化了,那么子WebApplicationContext里的初始化的bean就没有处理到。如果在子WebApplicationContext里初始化,在父WebApplicationContext里的类就没有办法注入了。