本文介绍了java的自定义注解及注解类编写的规则, 并通过实例来说明下如何使用java的注解. 实例演示了注解在类,构造方法,方法和字段的使用. 可以从这里下载到完成的工程代码: http://dl.iteye.com/topics/download/f74972df-234f-30c9-aadd-ca2ed1376bc2
自定义注解类编写的一些规则:
1. Annotation型定义为@interface, 所有的Annotation会自动继承java.lang.Annotation这一接口,并且不能再去继承别的类或是接口.
2. 参数成员只能用public或默认(default)这两个访问权修饰
3. 参数成员只能用基本类型byte,short,char,int,long,float,double,boolean八种基本数据类型和String、Enum、Class、annotations等数据类型,以及这一些类型的数组.
4. 要获取类方法和字段的注解信息,必须通过Java的反射技术来获取 Annotation对象,因为你除此之外没有别的获取注解对象的方法
5. 注解也可以没有定义成员, 不过这样注解就没啥用了
自定义注解类时, 可以指定目标 (类、方法、字段, 构造函数等) , 注解的生命周期(运行时,class文件或者源码中有效), 是否将注解包含在javadoc中及是否允许子类继承父类中的注解, 具体如下:
1. @Target 表示该注解目标,可能的 ElemenetType 参数包括:
ElemenetType.CONSTRUCTOR 构造器声明 ElemenetType.FIELD 域声明(包括 enum 实例) ElemenetType.LOCAL_VARIABLE 局部变量声明 ElemenetType.METHOD 方法声明 ElemenetType.PACKAGE 包声明 ElemenetType.PARAMETER 参数声明 ElemenetType.TYPE 类,接口(包括注解类型)或enum声明
2. @Retention 表示该注解的生命周期,可选的 RetentionPolicy 参数包括
RetentionPolicy.SOURCE 注解将被编译器丢弃
RetentionPolicy.CLASS 注解在class文件中可用,但会被VM丢弃
RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME VM将在运行期也保留注释,因此可以通过反射机制读取注解的信息
3. @Documented 指示将此注解包含在 javadoc 中
4. @Inherited 指示允许子类继承父类中的注解
好, 该介绍的介绍了, 看下自定义的注解应用实例:
1. 首先看下定义的注解类:
类注解定义, MyClassAnnotation.java:
package com.ross.annotation; import java.lang.annotation.*; /** * Author: Jiangtao He; Email: ross.jiangtao.he@gmail.com * Date: 2012-1-29 * Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0 * Description: class annotation */ @Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target (ElementType.TYPE) public @interface MyClassAnnotation { String uri(); String desc(); }
默认构造方法注解定义,MyConstructorAnnotation.java:
package com.ross.annotation; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; /** * Author: Jiangtao He; Email: ross.jiangtao.he@gmail.com * Date: 2012-1-29 * Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0 * Description: Constructor annotation */ @Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target (ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR) public @interface MyConstructorAnnotation { String uri(); String desc(); }
方法注解定义,MyMethodAnnotation.java:
package com.ross.annotation; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; /** * Author: Jiangtao He; Email: ross.jiangtao.he@gmail.com * Date: 2012-1-29 * Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0 * Description: method annotation */ @Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target (ElementType.METHOD) public @interface MyMethodAnnotation { String uri(); String desc(); }
字段注解定义, MyFieldAnnotation.java:
package com.ross.annotation; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; /** * Author: Jiangtao He; Email: ross.jiangtao.he@gmail.com * Date: 2012-1-29 * Since: MyJavaExpert v1.0 * Description: field annotation */ @Retention (RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target (ElementType.FIELD) public @interface MyFieldAnnotation { String uri(); String desc(); }
2. 再看下我们注解的应用和测试 MySample.java:
在类上面使用了MyClassAnnotation注解, 默认构造方法上使用了MyConstructorAnnotation注解, 自定义方法上使用了MyMethodAnnotation注解, 自定义字段上使用了MyFieldAnnotation注解, 在Mail函数中则实现了访问这些注解,并打印注解信息.
package com.ross.annotation; import java.lang.reflect.Constructor; import java.lang.reflect.Field; import java.lang.reflect.Method; import com.myinterface.MyClassAnnotation; import com.myinterface.MyConstructorAnnotation; import com.myinterface.MyFieldAnnotation; import com.myinterface.MyMethodAnnotation; /** * Author: Jiangtao He; Email: ross.jiangtao.he@gmail.com Date: 2012-1-29 Since: * MyJavaExpert v1.0 Description: This class is used to show how to use the * annotation of each level */ @MyClassAnnotation(uri = "com.ross.MySample", desc = "The class name") public class MySample { @MyFieldAnnotation(uri = "com.ross.MySample#id", desc = "The class field") public String id; /** * Description: default constructor */ @MyConstructorAnnotation(uri = "com.ross.MySample#MySample", desc = "The default constuctor") public MySample() { } /** * Description: normal method */ @MyMethodAnnotation(uri = "com.ross.MySample#setId", desc = "The class method") public void setId(String id) { this.id = id; } /** * Description: MyAnnotation test * * @throws NoSuchMethodException * @throws SecurityException * @throws NoSuchFieldException */ public static void main(String[] args) throws SecurityException, NoSuchMethodException, NoSuchFieldException { MySample oMySample = new MySample(); // get class annotation MyClassAnnotation oMyAnnotation = MySample.class.getAnnotation(MyClassAnnotation.class); System.out.println("Class's uri: " + oMyAnnotation.uri() + "; desc: " + oMyAnnotation.desc()); // get constructor annotation Constructor oConstructor = oMySample.getClass().getConstructor(); MyConstructorAnnotation oMyConstructorAnnotation = (MyConstructorAnnotation) oConstructor.getAnnotation(MyConstructorAnnotation.class); System.out.println("Constructor's uri: " + oMyConstructorAnnotation.uri() + "; desc: " + oMyConstructorAnnotation.desc()); // get method annotation Method oMethod = oMySample.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("setId", String.class); MyMethodAnnotation oMyMethodAnnotation = oMethod.getAnnotation(MyMethodAnnotation.class); System.out.println("Method's uri: " + oMyMethodAnnotation.uri() + "; desc: " + oMyMethodAnnotation.desc()); //use method reflect oMethod.invoke(sMySample); // get field annotation Field oField = oMySample.getClass().getDeclaredField("id"); MyFieldAnnotation oMyFieldAnnotation = oField.getAnnotation(MyFieldAnnotation.class); System.out.println("Field's uri: " + oMyFieldAnnotation.uri() + "; desc: " + oMyFieldAnnotation.desc()); } }
控制台打印结果:
Class's uri: com.ross.MySample; desc: The class name Constructor's uri: com.ross.MySample#MySample; desc: The default constuctor Method's uri: com.ross.MySample#setId; desc: The class method Field's uri: com.ross.MySample#id; desc: The class field
至此本实例就完成了, 其实就是抓住两点一个是定义注解类,另外一个是如何访问注解, 就算是学会了.
完全引用自:
Java注解应用实例 - Annotation, 自定义注解, 注解类规则--http://hejiangtao.iteye.com/blog/1381225
- MyJavaExpert_V1.0-java注解应用实例.rar (10.1 KB)