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  • Mysql Join语法解析与性能分析

    一.Join语法概述

    join 用于多表中字段之间的联系,语法如下:

    ... FROM table1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN table2 ON condition

    table1:左表;table2:右表。

    JOIN 按照功能大致分为如下三类:

    INNER JOIN(内连接,或等值连接):取得两个表中存在连接匹配关系的记录。

    LEFT JOIN(左连接):取得左表(table1)完全记录,即是右表(table2)并无对应匹配记录。

    RIGHT JOIN(右连接):与 LEFT JOIN 相反,取得右表(table2)完全记录,即是左表(table1)并无匹配对应记录。

    注意:mysql不支持Full join,不过可以通过UNION 关键字来合并 LEFT JOIN 与 RIGHT JOIN来模拟FULL join.

    接下来给出一个列子用于解释下面几种分类。如下两个表(A,B)

    mysql> select A.id,A.name,B.name from A,B where A.id=B.id;
    +----+-----------+-------------+
    | id | name       | name             |
    +----+-----------+-------------+
    |  1 | Pirate       | Rutabaga      |
    |  2 | Monkey    | Pirate            |
    |  3 | Ninja         | Darth Vader |
    |  4 | Spaghetti  | Ninja             |
    +----+-----------+-------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    二.Inner join

    内连接,也叫等值连接,inner join产生同时符合A和B的一组数据。

    mysql> select * from A inner join B on A.name = B.name;
    +----+--------+----+--------+
    | id | name   | id | name   |
    +----+--------+----+--------+
    |  1 | Pirate |  2 | Pirate |
    |  3 | Ninja  |  4 | Ninja  |
    +----+--------+----+--------+

    SELECT <select_list>
    FROM TableA A
    INNER JOIN TableB B
    ON A.Key = B.Key

    三.Left join

    mysql> select * from A left join B on A.name = B.name;
    #或者:select * from A left outer join B on A.name = B.name;
    
    +----+-----------+------+--------+
    | id | name      | id   | name   |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+
    |  1 | Pirate    |    2 | Pirate |
    |  2 | Monkey    | NULL | NULL   |
    |  3 | Ninja     |    4 | Ninja  |
    |  4 | Spaghetti | NULL | NULL   |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    eft join,(或left outer join:在Mysql中两者等价,推荐使用left join.)左连接从左表(A)产生一套完整的记录,与匹配的记录(右表(B)) .如果没有匹配,右侧将包含null。

    SELECT <select_list>
    FROM TableA A
    LEFT JOIN TableB B
    ON A.Key = B.Key

    如果想只从左表(A)中产生一套记录,但不包含右表(B)的记录,可以通过设置where语句来执行,如下:

    mysql> select * from A left join B on A.name=B.name where A.id is null or B.id is null;
    +----+-----------+------+------+
    | id | name      | id   | name |
    +----+-----------+------+------+
    |  2 | Monkey    | NULL | NULL |
    |  4 | Spaghetti | NULL | NULL |
    +----+-----------+------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    同理,还可以模拟inner join. 如下:

    mysql> select * from A left join B on A.name=B.name where A.id is not null and B.id is not null;
    +----+--------+------+--------+
    | id | name   | id   | name   |
    +----+--------+------+--------+
    |  1 | Pirate |    2 | Pirate |
    |  3 | Ninja  |    4 | Ninja  |
    +----+--------+------+--------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    求差集:

    根据上面的例子可以求差集,如下:

    SELECT * FROM A LEFT JOIN B ON A.name = B.name
    WHERE B.id IS NULL
    union
    SELECT * FROM A right JOIN B ON A.name = B.name
    WHERE A.id IS NULL;
    # 结果
        +------+-----------+------+-------------+
    | id   | name      | id   | name        |
    +------+-----------+------+-------------+
    |    2 | Monkey    | NULL | NULL        |
    |    4 | Spaghetti | NULL | NULL        |
    | NULL | NULL      |    1 | Rutabaga    |
    | NULL | NULL      |    3 | Darth Vader |
    +------+-----------+------+-------------+

    SELECT <select_list>
    FROM TableA A
    FULL OUTER JOIN TableB B
    ON A.Key = B.Key
    WHERE A.Key IS NULL
    OR B.Key IS NULL

    四.Right join

    mysql> select * from A right join B on A.name = B.name;
    +------+--------+----+-------------+
    | id   | name   | id | name        |
    +------+--------+----+-------------+
    | NULL | NULL   |  1 | Rutabaga    |
    |    1 | Pirate |  2 | Pirate      |
    | NULL | NULL   |  3 | Darth Vader |
    |    3 | Ninja  |  4 | Ninja       |
    +------+--------+----+-------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    同left join。

    五.Cross join

    cross join:交叉连接,得到的结果是两个表的乘积,即笛卡尔积

    笛卡尔(Descartes)乘积又叫直积。假设集合A={a,b},集合B={0,1,2},则两个集合的笛卡尔积为{(a,0),(a,1),(a,2),(b,0),(b,1), (b,2)}。可以扩展到多个集合的情况。类似的例子有,如果A表示某学校学生的集合,B表示该学校所有课程的集合,
    则A与B的笛卡尔积表示所有可能的选课情况。
    mysql> select * from A cross join B;
    +----+-----------+----+-------------+
    | id | name      | id | name        |
    +----+-----------+----+-------------+
    |  1 | Pirate    |  1 | Rutabaga    |
    |  2 | Monkey    |  1 | Rutabaga    |
    |  3 | Ninja     |  1 | Rutabaga    |
    |  4 | Spaghetti |  1 | Rutabaga    |
    |  1 | Pirate    |  2 | Pirate      |
    |  2 | Monkey    |  2 | Pirate      |
    |  3 | Ninja     |  2 | Pirate      |
    |  4 | Spaghetti |  2 | Pirate      |
    |  1 | Pirate    |  3 | Darth Vader |
    |  2 | Monkey    |  3 | Darth Vader |
    |  3 | Ninja     |  3 | Darth Vader |
    |  4 | Spaghetti |  3 | Darth Vader |
    |  1 | Pirate    |  4 | Ninja       |
    |  2 | Monkey    |  4 | Ninja       |
    |  3 | Ninja     |  4 | Ninja       |
    |  4 | Spaghetti |  4 | Ninja       |
    +----+-----------+----+-------------+
    16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #再执行:mysql> select * from A inner join B; 试一试
    
    #在执行mysql> select * from A cross join B on A.name = B.name; 试一试

    实际上,在 MySQL 中(仅限于 MySQL) CROSS JOIN 与 INNER JOIN 的表现是一样的,在不指定 ON 条件得到的结果都是笛卡尔积,反之取得两个表完全匹配的结果。
    INNER JOIN 与 CROSS JOIN 可以省略 INNER 或 CROSS 关键字,因此下面的 SQL 效果是一样的:

    ... FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2
    ... FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2
    ... FROM table1 JOIN table2

    六.Full join

    mysql> select * from A left join B on B.name = A.name 
        -> union 
        -> select * from A right join B on B.name = A.name;
    +------+-----------+------+-------------+
    | id   | name      | id   | name        |
    +------+-----------+------+-------------+
    |    1 | Pirate    |    2 | Pirate      |
    |    2 | Monkey    | NULL | NULL        |
    |    3 | Ninja     |    4 | Ninja       |
    |    4 | Spaghetti | NULL | NULL        |
    | NULL | NULL      |    1 | Rutabaga    |
    | NULL | NULL      |    3 | Darth Vader |
    +------+-----------+------+-------------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    全连接产生的所有记录(双方匹配记录)在表A和表B。如果没有匹配,则对面将包含null。

    七.性能优化

    1.显示(explicit) inner join VS 隐式(implicit) inner join

    如:

    select * from
    table a inner join table b
    on a.id = b.id;

    VS

    select a.*, b.*
    from table a, table b
    where a.id = b.id;

    我在数据库中比较(10w数据)得之,它们用时几乎相同,第一个是显示的inner join,后一个是隐式的inner join。

    参照:Explicit vs implicit SQL joins

    2.left join/right join VS inner join

    尽量用inner join.避免 LEFT JOIN 和 NULL.

    在使用left join(或right join)时,应该清楚的知道以下几点:

    (1). on与 where的执行顺序

    ON 条件(“A LEFT JOIN B ON 条件表达式”中的ON)用来决定如何从 B 表中检索数据行。如果 B 表中没有任何一行数据匹配 ON 的条件,将会额外生成一行所有列为 NULL 的数据,在匹配阶段 WHERE 子句的条件都不会被使用。仅在匹配阶段完成以后,
    WHERE 子句条件才会被使用。它将从匹配阶段产生的数据中检索过滤。

    所以我们要注意:在使用Left (right) join的时候,一定要在先给出尽可能多的匹配满足条件,减少Where的执行。如:

    PASS

    select * from A
    inner join B on B.name = A.name
    left join C on C.name = B.name
    left join D on D.id = C.id
    where C.status>1 and D.status=1;

    Great

    select * from A
    inner join B on B.name = A.name
    left join C on C.name = B.name and C.status>1
    left join D on D.id = C.id and D.status=1

    从上面例子可以看出,尽可能满足ON的条件,而少用Where的条件。从执行性能来看第二个显然更加省时。

    (2).注意ON 子句和 WHERE 子句的不同

    如作者举了一个列子:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details
           ON (product.id = product_details.id)
           AND product_details.id=2;
    +----+--------+------+--------+-------+
    | id | amount | id   | weight | exist |
    +----+--------+------+--------+-------+
    |  1 |    100 | NULL |   NULL |  NULL |
    |  2 |    200 |    2 |     22 |     0 |
    |  3 |    300 | NULL |   NULL |  NULL |
    |  4 |    400 | NULL |   NULL |  NULL |
    +----+--------+------+--------+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> SELECT * FROM product LEFT JOIN product_details
           ON (product.id = product_details.id)
           WHERE product_details.id=2;
    +----+--------+----+--------+-------+
    | id | amount | id | weight | exist |
    +----+--------+----+--------+-------+
    |  2 |    200 |  2 |     22 |     0 |
    +----+--------+----+--------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    从上可知,第一条查询使用 ON 条件决定了从 LEFT JOIN的 product_details表中检索符合的所有数据行。第二条查询做了简单的LEFT JOIN,然后使用 WHERE 子句从 LEFT JOIN的数据中过滤掉不符合条件的数据行。

    (3).尽量避免子查询,而用join

    往往性能这玩意儿,更多时候体现在数据量比较大的时候,此时,我们应该避免复杂的子查询。如下:

    PASS

    insert into t1(a1) select b1 from t2 where not exists(select 1 from t1 where t1.id = t2.r_id); 

    Great

    insert into t1(a1)  
    select b1 from t2  
    left join (select distinct t1.id from t1 ) t1 on t1.id = t2.r_id   
    where t1.id is null;  

    这个可以参考mysql的exists与inner join 和 not exists与 left join 性能差别惊人

    Refer:

    A Visual Explanation of SQL Joins

    五种提高 SQL 性能的方法

    关于 MySQL LEFT JOIN 你可能需要了解的三点

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/winner-0715/p/6599315.html
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