如何在 CPU 上优化 GEMM
(TL;DR) TVM 提供抽象接口，允许用户分别描述算法和算法的实施组织（所谓的调度）。通常，在高性能调度中编写算法，会破坏算法的可读性和模块化。尝试各种看似有前途的调度也很耗时。在 TVM 的帮助下，可以有效地尝试这些调度，提高性能。
将演示如何使用 TVM 优化矩阵乘法，通过简单地添加 18 行额外代码，实现比基线快 200 倍。
在 CPU 上执行的密集计算应用程序，有两个重要的优化：
- 提高内存访问的缓存命中率。复杂的数值计算和热点内存访问，都可以通过高缓存命中率加速。需要将原始内存访问模式，转换为适合缓存策略的模式。
- SIMD（单指令多数据），或者称向量处理单元。每次都会处理一小批数据，不是单个网格。需要统一模式，转换循环体中的数据访问模式， LLVM 后端可以降低为 SIMD。
实际上，所有方法都是repo 中提到的一个子技巧 。一些已被 TVM 抽象自动应用，由于 TVM 的限制，一些不能简单地应用。
下面所有实验结果，都是在配备 Intel i7-4770HQ CPU 的，15' MacBook 上实现的。对于所有 x86 CPU，缓存行大小应为 64 字节。
准备和基线
将演示如何使用 TVM 优化矩阵乘法。在实际演示前，先定义这些变量。然后编写一个基线实现，这是在 TVM 中编写矩阵乘法的最简单方法。
import tvm
import tvm.testing
from tvm import te
import numpy
import timeit
# The size of the matrix
# (M, K) x (K, N)
# You are free to try out different shapes, sometimes TVM optimization outperforms numpy with MKL.
M = 1024
K = 1024
N = 1024
# The default tensor type in tvm
dtype = "float32"
# using Intel AVX2(Advanced Vector Extensions) ISA for SIMD
# To get the best performance, please change the following line
# to llvm -mcpu=core-avx2, or specific type of CPU you use
target = "llvm"
dev = tvm.device(target, 0)
# Random generated tensor for testing
a = tvm.nd.array(numpy.random.rand(M, K).astype(dtype), dev)
b = tvm.nd.array(numpy.random.rand(K, N).astype(dtype), dev)
np_repeat = 100
np_runing_time = timeit.timeit(
setup="import numpy "
"M = " + str(M) + " "
"K = " + str(K) + " "
"N = " + str(N) + " "
'dtype = "float32" '
"a = numpy.random.rand(M, K).astype(dtype) "
"b = numpy.random.rand(K, N).astype(dtype) ",
stmt="answer = numpy.dot(a, b)",
number=np_repeat,
)
print("Numpy running time: %f" % (np_runing_time / np_repeat))
answer = numpy.dot(a.numpy(), b.numpy())
# Algorithm
k = te.reduce_axis((0, K), "k")
A = te.placeholder((M, K), name="A")
B = te.placeholder((K, N), name="B")
C = te.compute((M, N), lambda m, n: te.sum(A[m, k] * B[k, n], axis=k), name="C")
# Default schedule
s = te.create_schedule(C.op)
func = tvm.build(s, [A, B, C], target=target, name="mmult")
assert func
c = tvm.nd.array(numpy.zeros((M, N), dtype=dtype), dev)
func(a, b, c)
tvm.testing.assert_allclose(c.numpy(), answer, rtol=1e-5)
evaluator = func.time_evaluator(func.entry_name, dev, number=1)
print("Baseline: %f" % evaluator(a, b, c).mean)
输出：
Numpy running time: 0.009345
Baseline: 3.291115
在 TVM 中，检查较低级别的 IR，调试或优化调度。这是使用基线调度生成的 IR。
print(tvm.lower(s, [A, B, C], simple_mode=True))
输出：
primfn(A_1: handle, B_1: handle, C_1: handle) -> ()
attr = {"from_legacy_te_schedule": True, "global_symbol": "main", "tir.noalias": True}
buffers = {C: Buffer(C_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
A: Buffer(A_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
B: Buffer(B_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], [])}
buffer_map = {A_1: A, B_1: B, C_1: C} {
for (m: int32, 0, 1024) {
for (n: int32, 0, 1024) {
C_2[((m*1024) + n)] = 0f32
for (k: int32, 0, 1024) {
C_2[((m*1024) + n)] = ((float32*)C_2[((m*1024) + n)] + ((float32*)A_2[((m*1024) + k)]*(float32*)B_2[((k*1024) + n)]))
}
}
}
}
阻塞
提高缓存命中率的一个重要技巧是阻塞——数据块将逐块计算。块内部的内存访问是一个具有高内存局部性的小邻域。选择了 32 作为分块因子。该块将填充 32 * 32 * sizeof(float) 即 4KB 的缓存，总大小为 32KB（L1 数据缓存）。
bn = 32
kfactor = 4
s = te.create_schedule(C.op)
# Blocking by loop tiling
mo, no, mi, ni = s[C].tile(C.op.axis[0], C.op.axis[1], bn, bn)
(kaxis,) = s[C].op.reduce_axis
ko, ki = s[C].split(kaxis, factor=kfactor)
# Hoist reduction domain outside the blocking loop
s[C].reorder(mo, no, ko, ki, mi, ni)
func = tvm.build(s, [A, B, C], target=target, name="mmult")
assert func
c = tvm.nd.array(numpy.zeros((M, N), dtype=dtype), dev)
func(a, b, c)
tvm.testing.assert_allclose(c.numpy(), answer, rtol=1e-5)
# By simply tiling the loop 32x32, and hoisting ko, ki outside the blocking loops,
# we can see big speedup compared with the baseline.
evaluator = func.time_evaluator(func.entry_name, dev, number=10)
print("Opt1: %f" % evaluator(a, b, c).mean)
输出：
Opt1: 0.310688
这是阻塞后，生成的IR。
print(tvm.lower(s, [A, B, C], simple_mode=True))
输出：
primfn(A_1: handle, B_1: handle, C_1: handle) -> ()
attr = {"from_legacy_te_schedule": True, "global_symbol": "main", "tir.noalias": True}
buffers = {C: Buffer(C_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
A: Buffer(A_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
B: Buffer(B_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], [])}
buffer_map = {A_1: A, B_1: B, C_1: C} {
for (m.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (m.inner.init: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.inner.init: int32, 0, 32) {
C_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner.init*1024)) + (n.outer*32)) + n.inner.init)] = 0f32
}
}
for (k.outer: int32, 0, 256) {
for (k.inner: int32, 0, 4) {
for (m.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
C_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)) + n.inner)] = ((float32*)C_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)) + n.inner)] + ((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + k.inner)]*(float32*)B_2[((((k.outer*4096) + (k.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)) + n.inner)]))
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
向量化
另一个重要的技巧是向量化。当内存访问模式一致时，编译器可以检测到这种模式，将连续内存传递给向量处理器。在 TVM 中，可以使用vectorize接口，提示编译器这种模式，这样就可以大大加速。
选择向量化内循环行数据，这是缓存友好的。
s = te.create_schedule(C.op)
mo, no, mi, ni = s[C].tile(C.op.axis[0], C.op.axis[1], bn, bn)
(kaxis,) = s[C].op.reduce_axis
ko, ki = s[C].split(kaxis, factor=kfactor)
s[C].reorder(mo, no, ko, ki, mi, ni)
# Vectorization
s[C].vectorize(ni)
func = tvm.build(s, [A, B, C], target=target, name="mmult")
assert func
c = tvm.nd.array(numpy.zeros((M, N), dtype=dtype), dev)
func(a, b, c)
tvm.testing.assert_allclose(c.numpy(), answer, rtol=1e-5)
evaluator = func.time_evaluator(func.entry_name, dev, number=10)
print("Opt2: %f" % evaluator(a, b, c).mean)
输出：
Opt2: 0.341067
向量化后，生成的 IR。
print(tvm.lower(s, [A, B, C], simple_mode=True))
输出：
primfn(A_1: handle, B_1: handle, C_1: handle) -> ()
attr = {"from_legacy_te_schedule": True, "global_symbol": "main", "tir.noalias": True}
buffers = {C: Buffer(C_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
A: Buffer(A_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
B: Buffer(B_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], [])}
buffer_map = {A_1: A, B_1: B, C_1: C} {
for (m.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (m.inner.init: int32, 0, 32) {
C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner.init*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] = broadcast(0f32, 32)
}
for (k.outer: int32, 0, 256) {
for (k.inner: int32, 0, 4) {
for (m.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + k.inner)], 32)*(float32x32*)B_2[ramp((((k.outer*4096) + (k.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)]))
}
}
}
}
}
}
循环排列
查看上面的 IR，可以看到 B 和 C 的内循环行数据，都进行了向量化。接下来，查看 A 的访问模式。在当前调度中，A 是逐列访问的，这对缓存不友好. 如果改变 ki 和内轴 mi 的嵌套循环顺序，A 矩阵的访问模式，对缓存更友好。
s = te.create_schedule(C.op)
mo, no, mi, ni = s[C].tile(C.op.axis[0], C.op.axis[1], bn, bn)
(kaxis,) = s[C].op.reduce_axis
ko, ki = s[C].split(kaxis, factor=kfactor)
# re-ordering
s[C].reorder(mo, no, ko, mi, ki, ni)
s[C].vectorize(ni)
func = tvm.build(s, [A, B, C], target=target, name="mmult")
assert func
c = tvm.nd.array(numpy.zeros((M, N), dtype=dtype), dev)
func(a, b, c)
tvm.testing.assert_allclose(c.numpy(), answer, rtol=1e-5)
evaluator = func.time_evaluator(func.entry_name, dev, number=10)
print("Opt3: %f" % evaluator(a, b, c).mean)
输出：
Opt3: 0.111449
循环排列后，生成的 IR。
print(tvm.lower(s, [A, B, C], simple_mode=True))
输出：
primfn(A_1: handle, B_1: handle, C_1: handle) -> ()
attr = {"from_legacy_te_schedule": True, "global_symbol": "main", "tir.noalias": True}
buffers = {C: Buffer(C_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
A: Buffer(A_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
B: Buffer(B_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], [])}
buffer_map = {A_1: A, B_1: B, C_1: C} {
for (m.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (m.inner.init: int32, 0, 32) {
C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner.init*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] = broadcast(0f32, 32)
}
for (k.outer: int32, 0, 256) {
for (m.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
for (k.inner: int32, 0, 4) {
C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + k.inner)], 32)*(float32x32*)B_2[ramp((((k.outer*4096) + (k.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)]))
}
}
}
}
}
}
阵列封装
另一个重要的技巧是数组打包。诀窍是对多维数组的存储，进行重新排序，展平存储在一维内存中后，按顺序访问。
可以使用数组打包，解决 B 的访问模式。观察扁平化后 B 的数组访问模式，在 K 维度上迭代时，这不是连续的。可以用维度 [K][N] 重新排序 B，使其具有维度 [N/bn][K][bn]，bn 是阻塞因子，也是内循环中 B 的向量大小。这种重新排序，将 N 分成两个维度 — bigN (N/bn) 和 littleN (bn) —新维度 [N/bn][K][bn] 匹配 B，从外循环到内循环的索引（no, ko, ki, ni) ，在展平后，导致 B 的顺序访问模式。
# We have to re-write the algorithm slightly.
packedB = te.compute(
(N / bn, K, bn), lambda bigN, k, littleN: B[k, bigN * bn + littleN], name="packedB"
)
C = te.compute(
(M, N),
lambda m, n: te.sum(A[m, k] * packedB[n // bn, k, tvm.tir.indexmod(n, bn)], axis=k),
name="C",
)
s = te.create_schedule(C.op)
mo, no, mi, ni = s[C].tile(C.op.axis[0], C.op.axis[1], bn, bn)
(kaxis,) = s[C].op.reduce_axis
ko, ki = s[C].split(kaxis, factor=kfactor)
s[C].reorder(mo, no, ko, mi, ki, ni)
s[C].vectorize(ni)
bigN, _, littleN = s[packedB].op.axis
s[packedB].vectorize(littleN)
s[packedB].parallel(bigN)
func = tvm.build(s, [A, B, C], target=target, name="mmult")
assert func
c = tvm.nd.array(numpy.zeros((M, N), dtype=dtype), dev)
func(a, b, c)
tvm.testing.assert_allclose(c.numpy(), answer, rtol=1e-5)
evaluator = func.time_evaluator(func.entry_name, dev, number=10)
print("Opt4: %f" % evaluator(a, b, c).mean)
输出：
Opt4: 0.217310
阵列打包后，生成的IR。
print(tvm.lower(s, [A, B, C], simple_mode=True))
输出：
primfn(A_1: handle, B_1: handle, C_1: handle) -> ()
attr = {"from_legacy_te_schedule": True, "global_symbol": "main", "tir.noalias": True}
buffers = {C: Buffer(C_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
A: Buffer(A_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
B: Buffer(B_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], [])}
buffer_map = {A_1: A, B_1: B, C_1: C} {
allocate(packedB: Pointer(global float32x32), float32x32, [32768]), storage_scope = global {
for (bigN: int32, 0, 32) "parallel" {
for (k: int32, 0, 1024) {
packedB[ramp(((bigN*32768) + (k*32)), 1, 32)] = (float32x32*)B_2[ramp(((k*1024) + (bigN*32)), 1, 32)]
}
}
for (m.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (m.inner.init: int32, 0, 32) {
C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner.init*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] = broadcast(0f32, 32)
}
for (k.outer: int32, 0, 256) {
for (m.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
for (k.inner: int32, 0, 4) {
C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C_2[ramp((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + k.inner)], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp((((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)) + (k.inner*32)), 1, 32)]))
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
块的写缓存
阻塞后，程序将结果逐块写入C，访问模式不是顺序的。可以使用一个顺序缓存数组，保存块结果，在所有块结果准备好时，写入 C。
s = te.create_schedule(C.op)
# Allocate write cache
CC = s.cache_write(C, "global")
mo, no, mi, ni = s[C].tile(C.op.axis[0], C.op.axis[1], bn, bn)
# Write cache is computed at no
s[CC].compute_at(s[C], no)
# New inner axes
mc, nc = s[CC].op.axis
(kaxis,) = s[CC].op.reduce_axis
ko, ki = s[CC].split(kaxis, factor=kfactor)
s[CC].reorder(ko, mc, ki, nc)
s[CC].vectorize(nc)
# TODO: Add separate optimization step to discuss loop unrolloing
# unrolling is a loop optimization strategy which can reduce branch
# prediction failures and increases the chance of concurrent execution
# unroll kfactor loops
s[CC].unroll(ki)
bigN, _, littleN = s[packedB].op.axis
s[packedB].vectorize(littleN)
s[packedB].parallel(bigN)
func = tvm.build(s, [A, B, C], target=target, name="mmult")
assert func
c = tvm.nd.array(numpy.zeros((M, N), dtype=dtype), dev)
func(a, b, c)
tvm.testing.assert_allclose(c.numpy(), answer, rtol=1e-5)
evaluator = func.time_evaluator(func.entry_name, dev, number=10)
print("Opt5: %f" % evaluator(a, b, c).mean)
输出：
Opt5: 0.215912
阻塞后，生成的IR。
print(tvm.lower(s, [A, B, C], simple_mode=True))
输出：
primfn(A_1: handle, B_1: handle, C_1: handle) -> ()
attr = {"from_legacy_te_schedule": True, "global_symbol": "main", "tir.noalias": True}
buffers = {C: Buffer(C_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
A: Buffer(A_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
B: Buffer(B_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], [])}
buffer_map = {A_1: A, B_1: B, C_1: C} {
allocate(packedB: Pointer(global float32x32), float32x32, [32768]), storage_scope = global;
allocate(C.global: Pointer(global float32), float32, [1024]), storage_scope = global {
for (bigN: int32, 0, 32) "parallel" {
for (k: int32, 0, 1024) {
packedB[ramp(((bigN*32768) + (k*32)), 1, 32)] = (float32x32*)B_2[ramp(((k*1024) + (bigN*32)), 1, 32)]
}
}
for (m.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (m.c.init: int32, 0, 32) {
C.global[ramp((m.c.init*32), 1, 32)] = broadcast(0f32, 32)
}
for (k.outer: int32, 0, 256) {
for (m.c: int32, 0, 32) {
C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[(((m.outer*32768) + (m.c*1024)) + (k.outer*4))], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp(((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)), 1, 32)]))
C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.c*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + 1)], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp((((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)) + 32), 1, 32)]))
C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.c*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + 2)], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp((((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)) + 64), 1, 32)]))
C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.c*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + 3)], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp((((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)) + 96), 1, 32)]))
}
}
for (m.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
C_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)) + n.inner)] = (float32*)C.global[((m.inner*32) + n.inner)]
}
}
}
}
}
}
并行化
可以利用多核处理器，进行线程级并行化。
s = te.create_schedule(C.op)
CC = s.cache_write(C, "global")
mo, no, mi, ni = s[C].tile(C.op.axis[0], C.op.axis[1], bn, bn)
s[CC].compute_at(s[C], no)
mc, nc = s[CC].op.axis
(kaxis,) = s[CC].op.reduce_axis
ko, ki = s[CC].split(kaxis, factor=kfactor)
s[CC].reorder(ko, mc, ki, nc)
s[CC].vectorize(nc)
s[CC].unroll(ki)
# parallel
s[C].parallel(mo)
bigN, _, littleN = s[packedB].op.axis
s[packedB].vectorize(littleN)
s[packedB].parallel(bigN)
func = tvm.build(s, [A, B, C], target=target, name="mmult")
assert func
c = tvm.nd.array(numpy.zeros((M, N), dtype=dtype), dev)
func(a, b, c)
tvm.testing.assert_allclose(c.numpy(), answer, rtol=1e-5)
evaluator = func.time_evaluator(func.entry_name, dev, number=50)
opt6_time = evaluator(a, b, c).mean
print("Opt6: %f" % opt6_time)
输出：
Opt6: 0.066558
并行化后，生成的IR。
print(tvm.lower(s, [A, B, C], simple_mode=True))
输出：
primfn(A_1: handle, B_1: handle, C_1: handle) -> ()
attr = {"from_legacy_te_schedule": True, "global_symbol": "main", "tir.noalias": True}
buffers = {C: Buffer(C_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
A: Buffer(A_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], []),
B: Buffer(B_2: Pointer(float32), float32, [1024, 1024], [])}
buffer_map = {A_1: A, B_1: B, C_1: C} {
allocate(packedB: Pointer(global float32x32), float32x32, [32768]), storage_scope = global {
for (bigN: int32, 0, 32) "parallel" {
for (k: int32, 0, 1024) {
packedB[ramp(((bigN*32768) + (k*32)), 1, 32)] = (float32x32*)B_2[ramp(((k*1024) + (bigN*32)), 1, 32)]
}
}
for (m.outer: int32, 0, 32) "parallel" {
allocate(C.global: Pointer(global float32), float32, [1024]), storage_scope = global;
for (n.outer: int32, 0, 32) {
for (m.c.init: int32, 0, 32) {
C.global[ramp((m.c.init*32), 1, 32)] = broadcast(0f32, 32)
}
for (k.outer: int32, 0, 256) {
for (m.c: int32, 0, 32) {
C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[(((m.outer*32768) + (m.c*1024)) + (k.outer*4))], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp(((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)), 1, 32)]))
C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.c*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + 1)], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp((((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)) + 32), 1, 32)]))
C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.c*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + 2)], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp((((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)) + 64), 1, 32)]))
C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] = ((float32x32*)C.global[ramp((m.c*32), 1, 32)] + (broadcast((float32*)A_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.c*1024)) + (k.outer*4)) + 3)], 32)*(float32x32*)packedB[ramp((((n.outer*32768) + (k.outer*128)) + 96), 1, 32)]))
}
}
for (m.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
for (n.inner: int32, 0, 32) {
C_2[((((m.outer*32768) + (m.inner*1024)) + (n.outer*32)) + n.inner)] = (float32*)C.global[((m.inner*32) + n.inner)]
}
}
}
}
}
}
总结
仅用 18 行代码，应用上述简单优化后，生成的代码，可以使用 MKL实现numpy性能的60% 。输出反映了非排他性 Docker 容器上的运行时间，是不可靠的。强烈建议自己运行，观察 TVM 实现的性能提升。
参考链接：
https://tvm.apache.org/docs/tutorials/optimize/opt_gemm.html