urllib.request
import urllib.request url = 'http://www.baidu.com/' response = urllib.request.urlopen(url).read() #使用urllib.request.urlopen可以读取网页内容
import urllib.request url = 'https://timgsa.baidu.com/timg?image&quality=80&size=b9999_10000&sec=1543822283&di=b327e6e2dc59105bcb73a174bff94919&imgtype=jpg&er=1&src=http%3A%2F%2Ftupian.qqjay.com%2Fu%2F2017%2F1201%2F2_161641_2.jpg' res = urllib.request.urlopen(url) # 图片下载方式一 with open('fengjing.jpg','wb') as f: f.write(res.read()) # 图片下载方式二 urllib.request.urlretrieve(url,'tupian.jpg') #使用urllib.request.urlretrieve可以将图片直接下载到指定的路径
import urllib.request url = 'http://www.baidu.com/' headers = { 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36', 'Accept-Language':'zh-CN,zh;q=0.9' } # 构建请求对象 request = urllib.request.Request(url=url,headers=headers)
#使用urllib.request.Request可以构建带请求头的请求对象
import urllib.request handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({'http': '124.243.226.18:8888'}) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) url = 'http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=IP' headers = { "Host": "www.baidu.com", "Connection": "keep-alive", "Cache-Control": "max-age=0", "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8", "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1", "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.112 Safari/537.36", "Accept-Language": "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8", } request = urllib.request.Request(url=url,headers=headers) response = opener.open(request) print(response.read().decode()) #给程序设置代理
urllib.parse
import urllib.parse res = urllib.parse.urlparse(url) print(res) #输出结果： ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/s', params='', query='wd=%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%8E', fragment='') #使用 urllib.parse.urlparse可以分割url
import urllib.parse word = '知乎' res = urllib.parse.quote(word) print(res) res = urllib.parse.unquote(res) print(res) #输出结果： %E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%8E 知乎 #使用urllib.parse.quote和urllib.parse.unquote可以对字符进行编码
import urllib.parse params = { 'wd':'知乎' } word = urllib.parse.urlencode(params) print(word) #输出结果： wd=%E7%9F%A5%E4%B9%8E #使用urllib.parse.urlencode可以把一个字典编码成以上格式
requests
import requests response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com/') print(response.url) print(response.text) print(response.status_code) print(response.headers) print(response.cookies) print(response.content.decode())
http://www.baidu.com/ <!DOCTYPE html> <!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>ç¾åº¦ä¸ä¸ï¼ä½ å°±ç¥é</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=ç¾åº¦ä¸ä¸ class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>æ°é»</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>å°å¾</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>è§é¢</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>è´´å§</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>ç»å½</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">ç»å½</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">æ´å¤äº§å</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>å ³äºç¾åº¦</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使ç¨ç¾åº¦åå¿ è¯»</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>æè§åé¦</a> 京ICPè¯030173å· <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> 200 {'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Date': 'Mon, 03 Dec 2018 13:39:39 GMT', 'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:32 GMT', 'Pragma': 'no-cache', 'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18', 'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked'} <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]> <!DOCTYPE html> <!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号 <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
''' 目标网站： http://www.shicimingju.com/book/sanguoyanyi.html 代码思路： 1、确定url 2、伪装浏览器信息 3、获取request 4、获取url指向页面的内容 5、解析获取到的网页，获取标题标题和文章链接 6、下载文章内容到本地 ''' import urllib.request import urllib.parse from bs4 import BeautifulSoup import requests import lxml def handle_requests(url): headers = { 'User-Agent': ' Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36', } response = requests.get(url,headers) return response def download_text(title, href): response = handle_requests(href) content = response.text soup = BeautifulSoup(content,'lxml') res = soup.find('div',class_ = 'chapter_content').find_all('p') f = open('hongloumeng.txt', 'a',encoding='utf-8') f.write(title) print(title) for p in res: f.write(p.text) f.close() def parse_content(content): soup = BeautifulSoup(content,'lxml') res = soup.select('.book-mulu > ul > li > a') for i in res: title = i.text href = 'http://www.shicimingju.com' + i['href'] download_text(title,href) print('正在下载。。。') def main(): url = 'http://www.shicimingju.com/book/hongloumeng.html' # 获取包装头信息，获取request对象 response = handle_requests(url) # 根据得到的request发送请求，获取页面所有内容 content = response.text # 解析页面内容，获取文章标题和内容链接 parse_content(content) if __name__ == '__main__': main()
import requests url = 'http://www.kfc.com.cn/kfccda/ashx/GetStoreList.ashx?op=keyword' data = { 'cname':'', 'pid':'', 'keyword':'杭州', 'pageIndex':'1', 'pageSize':'10', } headers = { 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36', } response = requests.post(url,data,headers=headers) print(response.text)
selenium
selenium最初是一个测试工具，而爬虫中使用它主要是为了解决requests无法直接执行JavaScript代码的问题
selenium本质是通过驱动浏览器，完全模拟浏览器的操作，比如跳转、输入、点击、下拉等，来拿到网页渲染之后的结果，可支持多种浏览器
import requests from selenium import webdriver import time from bs4 import BeautifulSoup path = r'D:Python1806spiderday5chromedriver.exe' url = 'https://so.gushiwen.org/user/login.aspx' browser = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=path) # 指定url browser.get(url) time.sleep(2) # 找到用户名和密码等输入项 username = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//input[@id="email"]') username.send_keys('wusir666666@163.com') time.sleep(1) pwd = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='pwd']") pwd.send_keys('ymmnxhwm13579') time.sleep(1) soup = BeautifulSoup(browser.page_source,'lxml') browser.save_screenshot('login.png') code = input("请输入验证码：") checkcode = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='code']") checkcode.send_keys(code) login = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='denglu']") login.click()