python常用模块：pickle、shelve、json、xml、configparser

本文目录：

一、pickle模块
二、shelve模块
三、json模块
四、json练习
五、xml模块
六、xml练习
七、configparser模块

一、pickle模块

pickle是一个用来序列化的模块
序列化是什么？
#指的是将内存中的数据结构转换为一种中间格式 并存储到硬盘上

反序列化是什么？
#将硬盘上存储的中间格式数据再还原为内存中的数据结构

为什么要序列化？
就是为了将数据持久存储
之前学过的文件也能持久化存储 但是操作起来非常麻烦
总结：pickle模块主要功能
    dump
    load
    dumps 序列化
    loads  序列化
   不带s是帮你封装了read和writh

import pickle


#用户注册得到的数据
name = "高根"
password = "123"
height = "1.5"
hobby = ["吃","喝","飘"]

with open("userdb.txt","wt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
    text="|".join([name,password,str(height)])
    f.write(text)

#序列化的过程
user={"name":name,"password":password,"height":height,"hobby":hobby}


#支持python中所有格式
with open("userdb.pkl","wb",)as f:
    userbytes=pickle.dumps(user)
    f.write(userbytes)

#反序列化过程
with open("userdb.pkl","rb")as f:
    userbytes=f.read()
    user=pickle.loads(userbytes)
    print(user)
    print(type(user))

#dump使用 直接序列化到文件

with open("userdb.pkl","wb")as f:
    pickle.dump(user,f)


#load从文件反序列化
with open("userdb.pkl","rb")as f:
    user=pickle.load(f)
    print(user)

#打包成函数（序列化）
def myload(filename):
    with open(filename,"rb") as f:
        return pickle.load(f)

二、shelve模块

shelve模块也用于序列化
    它与pickle不同之处在于 不需要关心文件模式什么的 直接把他当成一个字典来看待
    它可用于进行修改

#内存->内置->sys.path
import shelve

""""""
user={"name":"高根"}
s = shelve.open("userdb.shv")
s["user"]=user
s.close()


s=shelve.open("userdb.shv",writeback=True)
print(s["user"])
s["user"]["age"] = 20
s.close()

 

三、json模块

"""
    pickle和shelve 序列化后的到的数据只能python才能解析
    通常企业开发不可能做一个当即程序 都需要联网进行计算机间交互
    我么必须要保证这个数据 能够跨平台使用

    JSON是什么？ Java script object notation 就是对象表示法
    var obj = {“name”：“egon”}
    
    
    对于我们开发而言，json就是一种通用的数据格式 任何语言都能解析
    js中的数据类型  python数据类型的对应关系
    {}              字典
    []              list
    string“”        str
    int/float       int/float
    true/false      True/False
    null            None
    
    
    json的语法规范
    最外层通常是一个字典或列表
    {} or []
    只要你想写个json格式的数据最外层直接写{}
    
    字符串必须是双引号，可以在面套任意多的层次
    
    json模块的核心功能
    dump
    dumps
    load
    loads
    不带s 封装了write和read功能
"""

import json

# 反序列化
with open("a.json","rt",encoding="utf-8")as f:
    res=json.loads(f.read())
    print(type(res))

with open("a.json",encoding="utf-8") as f:
    print(json.load(f))

# 直接解析字符串的json为python对象

jsontext = """{
    "user": [{
            "name": "egon",
            "age": "18"
        },
        {
            "name": "egon",
            "age": "18"
        }
    ]
}"""

res=json.loads(jsontext)
print(res)


mydic={
    "user": [{
            "name": "egon",
            "age": "18"
        },
        {
            "name": "egon",
            "age": "18"
        }
    ]
}

with open("b.json", "wt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
    f.write(json.dumps(mydic))

with open("b.json", "wt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
    json.dump(mydic, f)

dic = {"a":"理查德姑妈","b":"杰克船长","c":"神秘客人"}
with open("c.json","wt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
    f.write(json.dumps(dic))

with open("c.json","rt",encoding="utf-8")as f:
    d = json.loads(f.read())
    print(d)

 

四、json练习

#将下面内容存储到（news.json）文件

"reason":"成功的返回",
    "result":{
        "stat":"1",
        "data":[
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                "title":"原油技术分析：API意外减少油价暂获支撑 晚间EIA将决定油价命运",
                "date":"2018-10-17 10:15",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"FX168财经",
                "url":"http://mini.eastday.com/mobile/181017101548328.html",
                "thumbnail_pic_s":"http://05imgmini.eastday.com/mobile/20181017/20181017101548_ce78d3f30d852abd47767db8f203f2fc_1_mwpm_03200403.jpg"
            },
            {
                "uniquekey":"1618e0662b838a153513c5b2a052e25f",
                "title":"战胜荷兰后，中国女排已提前完成目标，郎平27个字霸气宣战意大利",
                "date":"2018-10-17 10:08",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"蓝天侃球",
                "url":"http://mini.eastday.com/mobile/181017100831808.html",
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                "title":"华为何刚：华为Mate20系列国内版比海外版配置更高！",
                "date":"2018-10-17 10:03",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"锋科技",
                "url":"http://mini.eastday.com/mobile/181017100355012.html",
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            },
            {
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                "title":"盘点NBA4大“绝世好男人”，威少为妻不逛夜店，库里初中定情",
                "date":"2018-10-17 10:02",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"体坛之王",
                "url":"http://mini.eastday.com/mobile/181017100227516.html",
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            },
            {
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                "title":"一个番茄5味药！男人强身，女人养颜，老人抗癌，错过真亏",
                "date":"2018-10-17 10:01",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"39健康网",
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            {
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                "title":"创业板估值位于历史最低 但业绩增速放缓分析师继续唱空",
                "date":"2018-10-17 10:00",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"财联社",
                "url":"http://mini.eastday.com/mobile/181017100055547.html",
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                "title":"2018赛季奖励一览 S8赛季胜利女神皮肤奖励介绍",
                "date":"2018-10-17 10:00",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"斗玩网",
                "url":"http://mini.eastday.com/mobile/181017100045828.html",
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                "date":"2018-10-17 10:00",
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                "date":"2018-10-17 10:00",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"用微笑离开后的坚强",
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                "title":"RNG小组第一EDG小组第二 这让网友产生一个可怕的想法！",
                "date":"2018-10-17 09:58",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"淘游助手",
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                "date":"2018-10-17 09:52",
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                "date":"2018-10-17 09:45",
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                "date":"2018-10-17 09:44",
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                "date":"2018-10-17 09:37",
                "category":"头条",
                "author_name":"快乐分享",
                "url":"http://mini.eastday.com/mobile/181017093735819.html",
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                "url":"http://mini.eastday.com/mobile/181017093650361.html",
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}

习题：把news.json中的新闻数据提取出来打印控制台

with open("news.json","rt",encoding="utf-8") as f:
    res = json.load(f)
    print(type(res))
    for dic in res["result"]["data"]:
        for key in dic:
            print("%s:%s"%(key,dic[key]))

 

五、xml模块

"""
    XML  可扩展的标记语言
    <> </>
    也是一种通用的数据格式，也是一种跨平台

    学习的重点还是语法格式

    一、任何的起始标签都必须有⼀一个结束标签。
     <> </>

    二、可以采用另一种简化语法，可以在一个标签中同时表示起始和结束标
    签。这种语法是在⼤于符号之前紧跟一个斜线（/），XML
    解析器会将其翻译成<百度百科词条></百度百科词条>。
    例例如<百度百科词条/>。

    三、标签必须按合适的顺序进⾏行行嵌套，所以结束标签必须按镜像顺序匹配
    起始标签。这好⽐比是将起始和结束标签看作是数学中的左右括号：在没有关闭所有
    的内部括号之前，是不不能关闭外⾯面的括号的。

    四、所有的特性都必须有值。

    五、所有的特性都必须在值的周围加上双引号。

    一个标签的组成部分
    <tagname 属性名称=“属性值”>文本内容
        <></>

    单标签写法
    </tagename> 属性名称=“属性值”/>

    镜像关闭顺序实例：
    <a>
        <b>
            <c>
            </c>
        </b>
    </a>
案例：
<studentinfo>
    <张三>
        <age>20</age>
        <gender>boy</gender>
    </张三>
    <李四>
        <age>21</age>
        <gender>gril</gender>
    </李四>
</studentinfo>


总结：
    xml也是一种中间格式 也属于序列化之一
    与json相比较，同样的数据 json会比xml更小， 效率更高
    xml 需要根据文档结构 手动解析 而json直接对象

"""

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ElementTree
#解析 d.xml
tree = ElementTree.parse("d.xml")
print(tree)
#获取根标签
rootTree = tree.getroot()
#三种获取数据的方式
#获取所有人的年龄 iter 是用于在全文范围获取标签
#
for item in rootTree.iter("age"):
    #一个标签三个组成部分
    print(item.tag)#标签名称
    print(item.attrib)#标签的属性
    print(item.text)#文本内容

#第二种 从当前标签的子标签重找到一个名称为age标签 如果有多个 找到的是第一个
print(rootTree.find("age").attrib)

#第三种 从当前标签的子标签中找到所有名称为age的标签
print(rootTree.findall("age"))

# 获取单个属性
stu = rootTree.find("stu")
print(stu.get("age"))
print(stu.get("name"))

#删除子标签
rootTree.remove(stu)

#添加子标签
#要创建一个子标签出来
newTag = ElementTree.Element("这是新标签",{"一个属性":"值"})
rootTree.append(newTag)

#写入文件
tree.write("f.xml",encoding="utf-8")

#ElementTree.pasre

六、xml模块的练习

#f.xml文件

<studentinfo>

   <stu name="张三" age="20">
        <girlfriend name="张三女朋友" age="19"></girlfriend>
    </stu>
    <stu name="李四" age="21">
        <girlfriend name="李四女朋友" age="19"></girlfriend>
    </stu>


<这是新标签 一个属性="值" /></studentinfo>

#执行文件

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ElementTree
tree = ElementTree.parse("f.xml")

rootTree = tree.getroot()
users=[]
for item in rootTree.iter("stu"):
    user = item.attrib
    print(user)
    gitem = item.find("girlfriend")
    user["girlfriend"] = gitem.attrid
    users.append(user)
print(users)

七、configparser模块

"""
    config  parser
    用于解析配置文件的模块
    何为配置文件
    包含配置程序信息的文件就称为配置文件
    什么样的数据应作为配置信息
    需要改  但是不经常改的信息  例如数据文件的路径 DB_PATH

    配置文件中 只有两种内容
    一种是section 分区
    一种是option  选项 就是一个key=value形式

    我们用的最多的就是get功能 用来从配置文件获取一个配置选项

    练习:
    做一个登录 首先查看配置文件 是否有包含 用户名和密码 如果有直接登录 如果没有就进行输入用户名密码登录
    登录成功后 询问是否要保存密码  如果是 写入配置文件

"""

import configparser
# 创建一个解析器
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
# 读取并解析test.cfg
config.read("test.cfg",encoding="utf-8")
# 获取需要的信息
# 获取所有分区
print(config.sections())
# 获取所有选项
print(config.options("user"))
# 获取某个选项的值
print(config.get("path","DB_PATH"))
print(type(config.get("user","age")))
#
# # get返回的都是字符串类型  如果需要转换类型 直接使用get+对应的类型(bool int float)
print(type(config.getint("user","age")))
print(type(config.get("user","age")))

# 是否由某个选项
config.has_option()
# 是否由某个分区
config.has_section()