实战c++中的vector系列--构造、operator=和assign差别

vector或许是实际过程中使用最多的stl容器。看似简单，事实上有非常多技巧和陷阱。

着重看一看vector的构造，临时依照C++11：

default (1) 
explicit vector (const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type());

fill (2)    
explicit vector (size_type n);
         vector (size_type n, const value_type& val,
                 const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type());

range (3)   
template <class InputIterator>
  vector (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
          const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type());

copy (4)    
vector (const vector& x);
vector (const vector& x, const allocator_type& alloc);

move (5)    
vector (vector&& x);
vector (vector&& x, const allocator_type& alloc);

initializer list (6)    
vector (initializer_list<value_type> il,
       const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type());

直接看看以下的代码，就知道怎样构造一个vector了：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main ()
{

  std::vector<int> first;                                // default (1) 
  std::vector<int> second (4,100);                       // fill (2)
  std::vector<int> third (second.begin(),second.end());  // range (3)
  std::vector<int> fourth (third);                       // a copy of third

  // the iterator constructor can also be used to construct from arrays:
  int myints[] = {16,2,77,29};
  std::vector<int> fifth (myints, myints + sizeof(myints) / sizeof(int) );

  std::cout << "The contents of fifth are:";
  for (std::vector<int>::iterator it = fifth.begin(); it != fifth.end(); ++it)
    std::cout << ' ' << *it;
  std::cout << '
';

  return 0;
}

===========================================================
vector重载了=运算符，也有一个叫assign的方法，并且有什么差别吗？

std::vector::operator=
直接代码：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main ()
{
  std::vector<int> foo (3,0);
  std::vector<int> bar (5,0);

  bar = foo;
  foo = std::vector<int>();

  std::cout << "Size of foo: " << int(foo.size()) << '
';
  std::cout << "Size of bar: " << int(bar.size()) << '
';
  return 0;
}

//结果：
Size of foo: 0
Size of bar: 3

这里须要说明的是：
replacing its current contents
modifying its size accordingly

std::vector::assign
相同直接代码：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main ()
{
  std::vector<int> first;
  std::vector<int> second;
  std::vector<int> third;

  first.assign (7,100);             // 7 ints with a value of 100

  std::vector<int>::iterator it;
  it=first.begin()+1;

  second.assign (it,first.end()-1); // the 5 central values of first

  int myints[] = {1776,7,4};
  third.assign (myints,myints+3);   // assigning from array.

  std::cout << "Size of first: " << int (first.size()) << '
';
  std::cout << "Size of second: " << int (second.size()) << '
';
  std::cout << "Size of third: " << int (third.size()) << '
';
  return 0;
}
//输出：
Size of first: 7
Size of second: 5
Size of third: 3

这里相同须要说明：
replacing its current contents
modifying its size accordingly